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Solaymani-Mohammadi S. Mucosal Defense Against Giardia at the Intestinal Epithelial Cell Interface. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817468. [PMID: 35250996 PMCID: PMC8891505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia, Giardia intestinalis, Lamblia intestinalis), is one of the most commonly-identified parasitic diseases worldwide. Chronic G. duodenalis infections cause a malabsorption syndrome that may lead to failure to thrive and/or stunted growth, especially in children in developing countries. Understanding the parasite/epithelial cell crosstalk at the mucosal surfaces of the small intestine during human giardiasis may provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the parasite-induced immunopathology and epithelial tissue damage, leading to malnutrition. Efforts to identify new targets for intervening in the development of intestinal immunopathology and the progression to malnutrition are critical. Translating these findings into a clinical setting will require analysis of these pathways in cells and tissues from humans and clinical trials could be devised to determine whether interfering with unwanted mucosal immune responses developed during human giardiasis provide better therapeutic benefits and clinical outcomes for G. duodenalis infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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Comparative therapeutic effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei alone and in conjunction with antiprotozoal drugs in murine giardiasis. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2143-9. [PMID: 23559378 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Various antiprotozoal drugs have been used to counteract the spread of giardiasis. However, due to increase in resistance to these compounds, there is an urgent need to find a natural biocompatible product to fight the pathogen in more healthy and effective way. The present study was designed to compare the therapeutic effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei alone and in conjunction with antiprotozoal drugs on the outcome of giardiasis in murine model. BALB/c mice were challenged with Giardia intestinalis trophozoites, and 1 day after infection, these mice were treated with either probiotic alone or in conjunction with antiprotozoal drugs. Cyst, trophozoite, and lactobacilli counts were monitored vis-a-vis histopathological alterations in the small intestine. It was found that albendazole administered orally 1 day after Giardia infection was the most effective antiprotozoal drug among albendazole, tinidazole, metronidazole, and nitazoxanide. It reduced both the severity and duration of giardiasis. More specifically, oral administration of the probiotic L. casei in conjunction with albendazole further reduced the Giardia infection as was evident by the restored normal gut morphology. This suggests that probiotics and antiprotozoal drugs in combination may be the better alternative therapy for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and enhanced recovery.
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Charrier L, Yan Y, Nguyen HTT, Dalmasso G, Laboisse CL, Gewirtz AT, Sitaraman SV, Merlin D. ADAM-15/metargidin mediates homotypic aggregation of human T lymphocytes and heterotypic interactions of T lymphocytes with intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16948-58. [PMID: 17416588 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700158200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) play an immunoregulatory role in the intestine. This role involves cell-cell interactions with intraepithelial lymphocytes that may also play a role in some enteropathies. The discovery of the RGD motif-containing Protein ADAM-15 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease-15) raises the question of its involvement in these cell-cell interactions. Cell adhesion assays were performed using the Jurkat E6.1 T cell line as a model of T lymphocytes and Caco2-BBE monolayers as a model of intestinal epithelia. Our results show that an anti-ADAM-15 ectodomain antibody inhibited the attachment of Jurkat cells on Caco2-BBE monolayers. Overexpression of ADAM-15 in Caco2-BBE cells enhanced Jurkat cell binding, and overexpression of ADAM-15 in Jurkat cells enhanced their aggregation. Mutagenesis experiments showed that both the mutation of ADAM-15 RGD domain or the deletion of its cytoplasmic tail decreased these cell-cell interactions. Moreover, wound-healing experiments showed that epithelial ADAM-15-mediated Jurkat cell adhesion to Caco2-BBE cells enhances the mechanisms of wound repair. We also found that ADAM-15-mediated aggregation of Jurkat cells increases the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA. These results demonstrate the following: 1) ADAM-15 is involved in heterotypic adhesion of intraepithelial lymphocytes to IEC as well as in homotypic aggregation of T cells; 2) both the RGD motif and the cytoplasmic tail of ADAM-15 are involved for these cell-cell interactions; and 3) ADAM-15-mediated cell-cell interactions are involved in mechanisms of epithelial restitution and production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Altogether these findings point to ADAM-15 as a possible therapeutic target for prevention of inappropriate T cell activation involved in some pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Charrier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Buret AG. Immunopathology of giardiasis: the role of lymphocytes in intestinal epithelial injury and malfunction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100 Suppl 1:185-90. [PMID: 15962121 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocyte-mediated pathogenesis is common to a variety of enteropathies, including giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, bacterial enteritis, celiac's disease, food anaphylaxis, and Crohn's disease. In giardiasis as well as in these other disorders, a diffuse loss of microvillous brush border, combined or not with villus atrophy, is responsible for disaccharidase insufficiencies and malabsorption of electrolytes, nutrients, and water, which ultimately cause diarrheal symptoms. Other mucosal changes may include crypt hyperplasia and increased infiltration of intra-epithelial lymphocytes. Recent studies using models of giardiasis have shed new light on the immune regulation of these abnormalities. Indeed, experiments using an athymic mouse model of infection have found that these epithelial injuries were T cell-dependent. Findings from further research indicate that that the loss of brush border surface area, reduced disaccharidase activities, and increase crypt-villus ratios are mediated by CD8+ T cells, whereas both CD8+ and CD4+ small mesenteric lymph node T cells regulate the influx of intra-epithelial lymphocytes. Future investigations need to characterize the CD8+ T cell signaling cascades that ultimately lead to epithelial injury and malfunction in giardiasis and other malabsorptive disorders of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Buret
- Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Scott KGE, Yu LCH, Buret AG. Role of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes in jejunal mucosal injury during murine giardiasis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3536-42. [PMID: 15155662 PMCID: PMC415705 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.6.3536-3542.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-mediated pathogenesis has been documented in various idiopathic and microbially induced intestinal disorders. Diffuse microvillous shortening seen in giardiasis is responsible for disaccharidase insufficiencies and malabsorption of electrolytes, nutrients, and water. Other mucosal changes include crypt hyperplasia and increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). A recent report using an athymic mouse model of infection showed that these epithelial injuries were dependent on T cells. The aim of the present study was to identify which subset of superior mesenteric lymph node (SMLN) T cells were responsible for mucosal alterations in giardiasis. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as whole lymphocyte populations, were isolated from SMLN of Giardia muris-infected mice for adoptive transfer. Jejunal segments of recipient mice were assessed for brush border ultrastructure, sucrase activity, crypt/villus ratio, and IEL numbers. Mice that received enriched CD8+ and whole SMLN lymphocytes, but not CD4+ T cells, from infected donors showed diffuse shortening of microvilli, loss of brush border surface area, impaired sucrase activity, and increased crypt/villus ratios compared to respective controls. Transfer of whole SMLN lymphocytes, as well as enriched CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, from infected donors led to increased IEL numbers in the recipient jejunum. The findings indicate that loss of intestinal brush border surface area, reduced disaccharidase activities, and increased crypt/villus ratios in giardiasis are mediated by CD8+ T cells, whereas both CD8+ and CD4+ SMLN T cells regulate the influx of IEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G-E Scott
- Mucosal Inflammation Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Kasper LH, Buzoni-Gatel D. Ups and downs of mucosal cellular immunity against protozoan parasites. Infect Immun 2001; 69:1-8. [PMID: 11119482 PMCID: PMC97848 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.1.1-8.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L H Kasper
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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Scott KG, Logan MR, Klammer GM, Teoh DA, Buret AG. Jejunal brush border microvillous alterations in Giardia muris-infected mice: role of T lymphocytes and interleukin-6. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3412-8. [PMID: 10816492 PMCID: PMC97613 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3412-3418.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal colonization with the protozoan Giardia causes diffuse brush border microvillous alterations and disaccharidase deficiencies, which in turn are responsible for intestinal malabsorption and maldigestion. The role of T cells and/or cytokines in the pathogenesis of Giardia-induced microvillous injury remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the role of T cells and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the brush border pathophysiology of acute murine giardiasis in vivo. Athymic nude (nu(-)/nu(-)) CD-1 mice and isogenic immunocompetent (nu(+)/nu(+)) CD-1 mice (4 weeks old) received an axenic Giardia muris trophozoite inoculum or vehicle (control) via orogastric gavage. Weight gain and food intake were assessed daily. On day 6, segments of jejunum were assessed for parasite load, brush border ultrastructure, IL-6 content, maltase and sucrase activities, villus-crypt architecture, and intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) infiltration. Despite similar parasitic loads on day 6, infected immunocompetent animals, but not infected nude mice, showed a diffuse loss of brush border microvillous surface area, which was correlated with a significant reduction in maltase and sucrase activities and a decrease in jejunal IL-6 concentration. In both athymic control and infected mice, jejunal brush border surface area and disaccharidases were high, but levels of tissue IL-6 were low and comparable to the concentration measured in immunocompetent infected animals. In both immunocompetent and nude mice, infection caused a small but significant increase in the numbers of IELs. These findings suggest that the enterocyte brush border injury and malfunction seen in giardiasis is, at least in part, mediated by thymus-derived T lymphocytes and that suppressed jejunal IL-6 does not necessarily accompany microvillous shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Scott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Abstract
The intestinal protozoan Giardia duodenalis is a widespread opportunistic parasite of humans and animals. This parasite inhabits the upper part of the small intestine and has a direct life cycle. After ingestion of cysts, which are the infective stage, the trophozoites emerge from the cysts in the duodenum and attach to the small intestinal mucosa of the host. Since the migration of trophozoites from the lumen of the intestine into surrounding tissues is an unusual occurrence, the immune response to Giardia remains localized. The identification of antigens that play a role in acquired immunity has been difficult because of the occurrence of antigenic variation and because, Giardia being an ubiquitous organism, it is possible that the antigenic profiles of isolates from different geographic areas will vary. Innate-immunity mechanisms play a role in the control and/or severity of the infection. Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses play a role in acquired immunity, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. A variety of serological assays have been used to detect circulating antibodies in serum. Because of the biological characteristics of the parasite and the lack of suitable antigens, the sensitivity of serological assays remains poor. On the other hand, detection of antigens in feces of infected patients has met with success. Commercial kits are available, and they are reported to be more sensitive than microscopic examination for the detection of giardiasis on a single specimen.
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Abstract
The intestinal protozoan Giardia duodenalis is a widespread opportunistic parasite of humans and animals. This parasite inhabits the upper part of the small intestine and has a direct life cycle. After ingestion of cysts, which are the infective stage, the trophozoites emerge from the cysts in the duodenum and attach to the small intestinal mucosa of the host. Since the migration of trophozoites from the lumen of the intestine into surrounding tissues is an unusual occurrence, the immune response to Giardia remains localized. The identification of antigens that play a role in acquired immunity has been difficult because of the occurrence of antigenic variation and because, Giardia being an ubiquitous organism, it is possible that the antigenic profiles of isolates from different geographic areas will vary. Innate-immunity mechanisms play a role in the control and/or severity of the infection. Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses play a role in acquired immunity, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. A variety of serological assays have been used to detect circulating antibodies in serum. Because of the biological characteristics of the parasite and the lack of suitable antigens, the sensitivity of serological assays remains poor. On the other hand, detection of antigens in feces of infected patients has met with success. Commercial kits are available, and they are reported to be more sensitive than microscopic examination for the detection of giardiasis on a single specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Faubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue, Qu¿ebec, Canada H9X 3V9.
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Guimarães S, Sogayar MI, de Franco MF. Giardia duodenalis: inter-strain variability of proteins, antigens, proteases, isoenzymes and nucleic acids. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1999; 41:45-58. [PMID: 10436670 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651999000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis isolates from asymptomatic or symptomatic patients and from animals present similarities and differences in the protein composition, antigenic profile, pattern of proteases and isoenzymes, as well as in nucleic acids analysis. In the present overview, these differences and similarities are reviewed with emphasis in the host-parasite interplay and possible mechanisms of virulence of the protozoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guimarães
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu/UNESP, SP, Brasil
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Djamiatun K, Faubert GM. Exogenous cytokines released by spleen and Peyer's patch cells removed from mice infected with Giardia muris. Parasite Immunol 1998; 20:27-36. [PMID: 9491415 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.1998.t01-1-00122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role that T and B lymphocytes play in the clearance of Giardia muris in the mouse model is well known, but the cytokines produced by CD4+ T cells in response to Giardia antigenic stimulation are unknown. In this study, we have determined how Giardia trophozoite antigenic crude extract and T cell mitogens can trigger the production of cytokines by Peyer's patch and spleen cells removed from infected animals. When Giardia trophozoite proteins were used to challenge the cells in vitro, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma were not detected in the culture supernatant. When the cells were challenged with Con-A, all three cytokines were released in vitro. However, the level of each cytokine released by the spleen or Peyer's patch cells varied with the latent, acute and elimination phases of the infection. The high levels of IL-4 and IL-5 released by Peyer's patch cells confirm the importance of IgA in the control of the infection. However, we propose that the relative success of G. muris in completing its life cycle in a primary infection might be due, in part, to the stimulation of a Th2-type response (IL-4, IL-5). A stronger Th1 response (IFN-gamma) may lead to a better control of the primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Djamiatun
- Institute of Parasitology of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
The flagellate Giardia duodenalis has been considered for many years to be a commensal living in the lumen of the small intestine of its host. It is only 25 years ago that it was accepted that Giardia is a significant pathogen of humans. Knowledge that Giardia can elicit an immune response that would probably contribute to the onset or absence of symptoms is not much older. The use of animal models to study the disease in the laboratory, together with the production of the whole life cycle in a test tube, have contributed greatly to our present knowledge of the immune responses to Giardia and of antigens that are specific to the trophozoite or cyst stages. In this review, Gaétan Faubert focuses on studies published since the last review in Parasitology Today in 1988, and examines the roles played by the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in the control of the infection. It also covers the immunodiagnostic assays that have been recently developed on the basis of advances in our knowledge of the antigens of Giardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Faubert
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore Boulevard, Sainte Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada.
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Huh A, Lee SU, Won MH, Jeong YG, Kwon YH, Choi CS. IgA response in mice infected with Neodiplostomum seoulensis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1995; 33:55-60. [PMID: 7735786 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1995.33.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To observe the production of IgA in Balb/c mice with neodiplostomiasis, 20 mice were infected with each 200 metacercariae of Neodiplostomum seoulenis. Sera and the duodenums were obtained 3, 7, 14, 28 days post-infection (PI) from five mice each group. Neodiplostomum specific IgA in serum by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay increased from 7 days PI and persisted till 28 days PI. Immunohistochemistry for IgA was done with sections of the duodenum. The IgA-positive reaction was generally seen in the lamina propria and submucosa. Some of epithelial cells were positive at 7 and 14 days PI. The present finding showed that Neodiplostomun specific IgA antibody increased in serum and that there was local reaction of IgA in the mucosa and submucosa of the duodenum but not directly related with worm expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Huh
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Korea
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Leitch GJ, Udezulu IA, He Q, Visvesvara GS. Effects of protein malnutrition on experimental giardiasis in the Mongolian gerbil. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28:885-93. [PMID: 8266017 DOI: 10.3109/00365529309103130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To determine the effects of protein malnutrition on the severity and duration of infection with Giardia lamblia, Mongolian gerbils were pair-fed a pelleted control (C) diet (20% protein) and a low-protein (5%; LP) diet for 3 weeks before and after being infected with 100,000 cysts orally. Weight loss, fecal fat, enteropooling, and the duration of cyst excretion were all greater in the infected LP than in the infected C animals. During peak infection the upper intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration, crypt enlargement, and villus enterocyte migration were greater in C than in LP animals, as was the villus mast cell number at the end of the infection. It is concluded that in the protein-malnourished host the increased severity of Giardia infection correlates with a reduction in enterocyte production and migration, probably secondary to a reduced lymphocyte infiltration, and the increased infection duration correlates with blunted mast cell migration into affected villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Leitch
- Dept. of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30310-1495
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