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Sun Y, Kiraly AJ, Cox M, Mauerhan DR, Hanley EN. The role of inhibition by phosphocitrate and its analogue in chondrocyte differentiation and subchondral bone advance in Hartley guinea pigs. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3320-3328. [PMID: 29545850 PMCID: PMC5841021 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphocitrate (PC) and its analogue, PC-β ethyl ester, inhibit articular cartilage degeneration in Hartley guinea pigs. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that PC exerted its disease-modifying effect on osteoarthritis (OA), in part, by inhibiting a molecular program similar to that in the endochondral pathway of ossification. The results demonstrated that severe proteoglycan loss occurred in the superficial and middle zones, as well as in the calcified zone of articular cartilage in the Hartley guinea pigs. Subchondral bone advance was greater in the control Hartley guinea pigs compared with PC- or PC analogue-treated guinea pigs. Resorption of cartilage bars or islands and vascular invasion in the growth plate were also greater in the control guinea pigs compared with the PC- or PC analogue-treated guinea pigs. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase-13 and type X collagen within the articular cartilage and growth plate were significantly increased in the control guinea pigs compared with PC-treated guinea pigs (P<0.05). These results indicated that articular chondrocytes in Hartley guinea pigs exhibited a hypertrophic phenotype and recapitulated a developmental molecular program similar to the endochondral pathway of ossification. Activation of this molecular program resulted in resorption of calcified articular cartilage and subchondral bone advance. This suggests that PC and PC analogues exerted their OA disease-modifying activity, in part, by inhibiting this molecular program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
| | - Alex J Kiraly
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
| | - Michael Cox
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
| | - David R Mauerhan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
| | - Edward N Hanley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
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Sun Y, Roberts A, Mauerhan DR, Cox M, Hanley EN. Biological effects and osteoarthritic disease-modifying activity of small molecule CM-01. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:309-317. [PMID: 28544002 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphocitrate inhibits cartilage degeneration, however, the prospect of phosphocitrate as an oral disease modifying drug might be limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological effects and disease-modifying activity of a phosphocitrate "analog," CM-01 (Carolinas Molecule-01), and test the hypothesis that CM-01 is a disease modifying drug for osteoarthritis therapy. The effects of CM-01 on calcium crystal-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and interleukin-1 beta, cell-mediated calcification and production of proteoglycan by chondrocytes were examined in cell cultures. Disease-modifying activity was examined using Hartley guinea pig model of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Cartilage degeneration in untreated and CM-01 treated guinea pigs was examined with Indian ink and Safranin-O-fast green. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-13, ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 5, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5, and cyclooxygenase 2 were examined with immunostaining. CM-01 inhibited crystal-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and interleukin-1β, reduced cell-mediated calcification, and stimulated the production of proteoglycan by chondrocytes. In Hartley guinea pigs, CM-01 not only reduced damages in articular surface but also reduced resorption of calcified zone cartilage. The reduction in cartilage degeneration was accompanied by decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-13, ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 5, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 and cyclooxygenase 2. These findings confirmed that CM-01 is a promising candidate to be tested as an oral drug for human OA therapy. CM-01 exerted its disease-modifying activity on osteoarthritis, in part, by inhibiting the production of matrix-degrading enzymes and a molecular program resembling the endochondral pathway of ossification. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:309-317, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| | - Andrea Roberts
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| | - David R Mauerhan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| | - Michael Cox
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
| | - Edward N Hanley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28232
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Dalal P, Zanotti K, Wierzbicki A, Madura JD, Cheung HS. Molecular dynamics simulation studies of the effect of phosphocitrate on crystal-induced membranolysis. Biophys J 2005; 89:2251-7. [PMID: 16040742 PMCID: PMC1366727 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.058503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, following our earlier work on calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal-induced membranolysis, we demonstrate, using the CHARMM method of molecular dynamics simulation, the protective role of phosphocitrate (PC) against solvated dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine phospholipid bilayer disintegration on contact with the CPPD crystal. Our molecular dynamics simulations studies show that coverage of the CPPD crystal with a layer of phosphocitrate molecules results in the conservation of phospholipid bilayer integrity. We show that the rupture of the lipid bilayer in presence of CPPD and the protective effect of PC are primarily due to electrostatic interactions. The protective role of PC, which may also play an important and potentially therapeutic function against crystal-induced membranolysis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Dalal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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Wierzbicki A, Dalal P, Madura JD, Cheung HS. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Crystal-Induced Membranolysis. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0305988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Wierzbicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, V.A. Medical Center, Miami, Florida 33135
| | - Pranav Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, V.A. Medical Center, Miami, Florida 33135
| | - Jeffry D. Madura
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, V.A. Medical Center, Miami, Florida 33135
| | - Herman S. Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, V.A. Medical Center, Miami, Florida 33135
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Kamperman H, Sallis JD. Liposome and multiple emulsion formulations augment the anticalcifying efficacy of phosphocitrate in a cutaneous calcergy model. J Pharm Pharmacol 1995; 47:802-7. [PMID: 8583346 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb05744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The anticalcifying agent phosphocitrate was incorporated into phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol liposomes by reverse-phase evaporation. The compound was entrapped to the extent of 11.6% (mol mol-1 of lipid) and the liposomes exhibited prolonged retention of the compound when incubated with rat plasma. Phosphocitrate's ionic contribution in solution adversely influenced the encapsulation efficiency but improvements were made through ion-pairing with the quaternary ammonium detergent centrimide, or with the inclusion of stearylamine in the lipid phase. The liposomal dose that could be practically administered in-vivo was restricted to 2.5 mg phosphocitrate kg-1 day-1. The formulation of a multiple emulsion preparation of phosphocitrate, however, offered an alternative delivery mode permitting infrequent dosing to be successfully investigated. In a rat calcergy model, both vehicles effectively reduced the formation of induced subcutaneous calcified plaques at doses for which the phosphocitrate salt alone was inactive. The current formulations demonstrate that the therapeutic efficacy of phosphocitrate can be markedly improved through an appropriately designed drug delivery system, signalling a new approach for the future therapeutic application of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kamperman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Cheung HS, Sallis JD, Mitchell PG, Struve JA. Inhibition of basic calcium phosphate crystal-induced mitogenesis by phosphocitrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 171:20-5. [PMID: 2118343 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Basic calcium phosphate crystals control the traverse of cells from the Go/G1 to S-phase of the cell cycle and initiate proliferation by rendering fibroblasts competent to respond to insulin-like growth factors in plasma. Simultaneous addition of phosphocitrate [a powerful inhibitor of hydroxyapatite crystallization] to cells exposed to basic calcium phosphate crystals caused a dose-dependent inhibition of crystal-induced DNA synthesis and c-fos transcription. This inhibition was specific for crystal-induced mitogenesis, since similar concentrations of phosphocitrate had no effects on either PDGF or 10% calf serum-induced thymidine incorporation and c-fos transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Cheung
- Dept. of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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Moro L, Stagni N, Luxich E, Sallis JD, de Bernard B. Evidence in vitro for an enzymatic synthesis of phosphocitrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 170:251-8. [PMID: 2372290 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91267-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A biological synthesis of phosphocitrate is described from precursors, citrate and adenosinetriphosphate reacting in the presence of rat liver homogenate. Identity of the newly formed product was examined by enzymatic digestion of reactions mixtures, HPLC chromatography and 1H-NMR spectra. Authenticity of product was established by comparison to chemically synthesized phosphocitrate. Recognition of the existence of a biologically synthetic pathway adds credence to the known presence of phosphocitrate in mitochondria and a postulated role to control calcium phosphate deposition in that organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moro
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Italy
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