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Fagbohun OF, Olawoye B, Ademakinwa AN, Oriyomi OV, Fagbohun OS, Fadare OA, Msagati TAM. UHPLC/GC-TOF-MS metabolomics, MTT assay, and molecular docking studies reveal physostigmine as a new anticancer agent from the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. fruit extracts. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4979. [PMID: 32895963 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kigelia africana plant is widely used as a herbal remedy in preventing the onset and the treatment of cancer-related infections. With the increase in the research interest of the plant, the specific chemical compound or metabolite that confers its anticancer properties has not been adequately investigated. The ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of the fruit extracts were evaluated by 2-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay against four different cell lines, with the ethyl acetate fraction having inhibition concentration values of 0.53 and 0.42 μM against Hep G2 and HeLa cells, respectively. More than 235 phytoconstituents were profiled using UHPLC-TOF-MS, while more than 15 chemical compounds were identified using GC-MS from the fractions. Molecular docking studies revealed that physostigmine, fluazifop, dexamethasone, sulfisomidine, and desmethylmirtazapine could favorably bind at higher binding energies of -8.3, -8.6, -8.2, and -8.1 kcal/mol, respectively, better than camptothecin with a binding energy of -7.9 kcal/mol. The results of this study showed that physostigmine interacted well with topoisomerase IIα and had a high score of pharmacokinetic prediction using absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity profiles, thereby suggesting that drug design using physostigmine as a base structure could serve as an alternative against the toxic side effects of doxorubicin and camptothecin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo F Fagbohun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, First Technical University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde Olawoye
- Department of Food Science and Technology, First Technical University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adedeji N Ademakinwa
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria
| | | | - Oladoyin S Fagbohun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Olatomide A Fadare
- Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa (UNISA), Johannesburg, South Africa
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Liang Q, Zeng J, Wu J, Qiao L, Chen Q, Chen D, Zhang Y. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors induced hepatocellular mitochondrial DNA lesions and compensatory enhancement of mitochondrial function and DNA repair. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 51:385-392. [PMID: 28843815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are the backbone of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and are widely used in anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy. Long-term administration of NRTIs can result in mitochondrial dysfunction in certain HIV-1-infected patients. However, NRTI-associated liver mitochondrial toxicity is not well known. Herein, the liver autopsy of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and the liver tissues of mice with 12 months of NRTI exposure were used to identify NRTI-associated liver toxicity with immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Amplex red and horseradish peroxidase, and cloning and sequencing. Laser capture microdissection was used to capture hepatocytes from liver tissues. We observed DNA oxidative damage and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) loss in the livers of AIDS patients, and cART patients had higher DNA oxidative damage and lower DNA repair function in liver tissues than non-cART patients. We also observed liver oxidative damage, increased DNA repair and mtDNA loss in mice with exposure to four different NRTIs for 12 months, and hepatocytes had no more mtDNA loss than liver tissues. Although NRTIs could induce mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production, increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption was found with a Clark-type electrode. The captured hepatocytes had greater diversity in their mtDNA D-loop, dehydrogenase subunit1 (ND1) and ND4 than the controls. Long-term NRTI exposure induced single nucleotide variation in hepatocellular mtDNA D-loop, ND1 and ND4. Our findings indicate that NRTIs can induce liver mtDNA lesions, but simultaneously enhance mitochondrial function and mtDNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province 637000, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry of Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Luxin Qiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qinghai Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Dexi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Zhang Y, Wang B, Liang Q, Qiao L, Xu B, Zhang H, Yang S, Chen J, Guo H, Wu J, Chen D. Mitochondrial DNA D-loop AG/TC transition mutation in cortical neurons of mice after long-term exposure to nucleoside analogues. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:500-7. [PMID: 26015313 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With the wide application of combined antiretroviral therapy, the prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infected patient has been significantly improved. However, long-term administration of antiretroviral drugs can result in various drug-associated toxicities. Among them, nucleoside analogues were confirmed to inhibit DNA polymerase gamma, resulting in mitochondrial toxicity. Our previous study indicated that long-term exposure of mice to nucleoside analogue could induce mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) loss in cortical neurons. Herein, we further identify mitochondrial toxicity of four nucleoside analogues (zidovudine (AZT), stavudine (D4T), lamivudine (3TC), and didanosine (DDI)) by cloning and sequencing mtDNA D-loop region in mice neurons captured with laser capture microdissection. The results showed that mutation of neuronal mtDNA D-loop sequences increased in mice treated with each of the four nucleoside analogues for 4 months and D4T and DDI induced more severe D-loop lesion than the other two nucleoside analogues. The major type of D-loop point mutations induced by four nucleoside analogues was transition, in particular of "A→G" and "T→C" transition, but the point transition sites were variable. Our findings suggest that long-term exposure to nucleoside analogue can result in mtDNA D-loop region lesion in mouse cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhang
- Department of Hepatology and Endocrinology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Bishi Wang
- The Fourth General Surgery Division, Shandong Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan - Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, 637000, China
| | - Luxin Qiao
- Department of Hepatology and Endocrinology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Hepatology and Endocrinology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Hepatology and Endocrinology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Sufang Yang
- Department of Hepatology and Endocrinology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Geriatric Hospital, Jiangsu Geriatric Medicine Research Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210024, China.
| | - Hongliang Guo
- The Fourth General Surgery Division, Shandong Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan - Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry of Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Dexi Chen
- Department of Hepatology and Endocrinology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Zhang Y, Song F, Gao Z, Ding W, Qiao L, Yang S, Chen X, Jin R, Chen D. Long-term exposure of mice to nucleoside analogues disrupts mitochondrial DNA maintenance in cortical neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85637. [PMID: 24465628 PMCID: PMC3896403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), an integral component of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), was widely used to inhibit HIV replication. Long-term exposure to NRTIs can result in mitochondrial toxicity which manifests as lipoatrophy, lactic acidosis, cardiomyopathy and myopathy, as well as polyneuropathy. But the cerebral neurotoxicity of NRTIs is still not well known partly due to the restriction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the complex microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, the Balb/c mice were administered 50 mg/kg stavudine (D4T), 100 mg/kg zidovudine (AZT), 50 mg/kg lamivudine (3TC) or 50 mg/kg didanosine (DDI) per day by intraperitoneal injection, five days per week for one or four months, and primary cortical neurons were cultured and exposed to 25 µM D4T, 50 µM AZT, 25 µM 3TC or 25 µM DDI for seven days. Then, single neuron was captured from mouse cerebral cortical tissues by laser capture microdissection. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels of the primary cultured cortical neurons, and captured neurons or glial cells, and the tissues of brains and livers and muscles were analyzed by relative quantitative real-time PCR. The data showed that mtDNA did not lose in both NRTIs exposed cultured neurons and one month NRTIs treated mouse brains. In four months NRTIs treated mice, brain mtDNA levels remained unchanged even if the mtDNA levels of liver (except for 3TC) and muscle significantly decreased. However, mtDNA deletion was significantly higher in the captured neurons from mtDNA unchanged brains. These results suggest that long-term exposure to NRTIs can result in mtDNA deletion in mouse cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengli Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luxin Qiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sufang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital Of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (DC); (RJ); (XC)
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (DC); (RJ); (XC)
| | - Dexi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (DC); (RJ); (XC)
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Flint OP, Noor MA, Hruz PW, Hylemon PB, Yarasheski K, Kotler DP, Parker RA, Bellamine A. The role of protease inhibitors in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated lipodystrophy: cellular mechanisms and clinical implications. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:65-77. [PMID: 19171928 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308327119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic complications associated with HIV infection and treatment frequently present as a relative lack of peripheral adipose tissue associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. In this review we explain the connection between abnormalities of intermediary metabolism, observed either in vitro or in vivo, and this group of metabolic effects. We review molecular mechanisms by which the HIV protease inhibitor (PI) class of drugs may affect the normal stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose and fat storage. We then propose that both chronic inflammation from HIV infection and treatment with some drugs in this class trigger cellular homeostatic stress responses with adverse effects on intermediary metabolism. The physiologic outcome is such that total adipocyte storage capacity is decreased, and the remaining adipocytes resist further fat storage. The excess circulating and dietary lipid metabolites, normally "absorbed" by adipose tissue, are deposited ectopically in lean (muscle and liver) tissue, where they impair insulin action. This process leads to a pathologic cycle of lipotoxicity and lipoatrophy and a clinical phenotype of body fat distribution with elevated waist-to-hip ratio similar to the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P Flint
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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Lund KC, Peterson LL, Wallace KB. Absence of a universal mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity by nucleoside analogs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2531-9. [PMID: 17470651 PMCID: PMC1913246 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00039-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs are associated with various mitochondrial toxicities, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to accommodate these differences solely in the context of DNA polymerase gamma inhibition. Therefore, we examined the toxicities of zidovudine (AZT) (10 and 50 microM; 2.7 and 13.4 microg/ml), didanosine (ddI) (10 and 50 microM; 2.4 and 11.8 microg/ml), and zalcitabine (ddC) (1 and 5 microM; 0.21 and 1.1 microg/ml) in HepG2 and H9c2 cells without the presumption of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion. Ethidium bromide (EtBr) (0.5 microg/ml; 1.3 microM) was used as a positive control. AZT treatment resulted in metabolic disruption (increased lactate and superoxide) and increased cell mortality with decreased proliferation, while mtDNA remained unchanged or increased (HepG2 cells; 50 microM AZT). ddC caused pronounced mtDNA depletion in HepG2 cells but not in H9c2 cells and increased mortality in HepG2 cells, but no significant metabolic disruption in either cell type. ddI caused a moderate depletion of mtDNA in both cell types but showed no other effects. EtBr exposure resulted in metabolic disruption, increased cell mortality with decreased cell proliferation, and mtDNA depletion in both cell types. We conclude that nucleoside analogs display unique toxicities within and between culture models, and therefore, care should be taken when generalizing about the mechanisms of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor toxicity. Additionally, mtDNA abundance does not necessarily correlate with metabolic disruption, especially in cell culture; careful discernment is recommended in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleb C Lund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
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Richardson FC, Kuchta RD, Mazurkiewicz A, Richardson KA. Polymerization of 2'-fluoro- and 2'-O-methyl-dNTPs by human DNA polymerase alpha, polymerase gamma, and primase. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:1045-52. [PMID: 10704933 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to assess the ability of human polymerase alpha (pol alpha) and polymerase gamma (pol gamma) to incorporate 2'-fluoro- and 2'-O-methyldeoxynucleotides into DNA. In vitro DNA synthesis systems were used to detect incorporation and determine K(m) and V(max) for 2'-FdATP, 2'-FdUTP, 2'-FdCTP, 2'-FdGTP, 2'-O-MedATP, 2'-O-MedCTP, 2'-O-MedGTP, 2'-O-MedUTP, dUTP, UTP, and FIAUTP, in addition to normal deoxynucleotides. Pol alpha incorporated all 2'-FdNTPs except 2'-FdATP, but not 2'-O-MedNTPs. Pol gamma incorporated all 2'-FdNTPs, but not 2'-O-MedNTPs. In general, 2'-fluorine substitution decreased V(max)/K(m) 2'-FdUTP. Because kinetics of insertion of pol alpha can be affected by the nature of the primer, we examined the ability of pol alpha to polymerize 2'-fluoro- and 2'-O-MedATP and dGTP when elongating a primer synthesized by DNA primase. Under these conditions, both 2'-FdATP and 2'-FdGTP were polymerized, but 2'-O-MedATP and 2'-O-MedGTP were not. Primase alone could not readily polymerize these analogs into RNA primers. Previous studies showed that 2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytosine (2'-FdC) is incorporated by several non-human DNA polymerases. The current studies showed that human polymerases can polymerize numerous 2'-FdNTPs but cannot polymerize 2'-O-MedNTPs.
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Colacino J, Horn J, Horn D, Richardson F. Incorporation of fialuridine (FIAU) into mitochondrial DNA and effects of FIAU on the morphology of mitochondria in human hepatoblastoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 1996; 10:297-303. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(96)00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/1995] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Colacino JM. Mechanisms for the anti-hepatitis B virus activity and mitochondrial toxicity of fialuridine (FIAU). Antiviral Res 1996; 29:125-39. [PMID: 8739593 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fialuridine (FIAU) is a thymidine nucleoside analog with activity against various herpesviruses and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo. In a clinical evaluation for its use as a treatment for chronic HBV infection, long term (HBV) in vitro and in vivo. In a clinical evaluation for its term oral administration of FIAU resulted in severe multi-organ toxicity characterized by a delayed onset and refractory lactic acidosis. These clinical manifestations led to the hypothesis that the toxicity of FIAU was mediated through mitochondrial dysfunction, possibly as a result of the inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma and/or incorporation of FIAU into mitochondrial DNA. In addition to describing the anti-HBV activity of FIAU, this review discusses results from in vitro experiments carried out by various laboratories in an effort to evaluate and understand more fully the mitochondrial toxicity of FIAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Colacino
- Infectious Diseases Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46285-0438, USA.
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