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Sarbu M, Ica R, Zamfir AD. Developments and applications of separation and microfluidics methods coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry in glycomics of nervous system gangliosides. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:429-449. [PMID: 33314304 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are particularly abundant in the nervous system (NS) where their pattern and structure in a certain milieu or a defined region exhibit a pronounced specificity. Since gangliosides are useful biomarkers for diagnosis of NS ailments, a clear-cut mapping of individual components represents a prerequisite for designing ganglioside-based diagnostic procedures, treatments, or vaccines. These bioclinical aspects and the high diversity of ganglioside species claim for development of specific analytical strategies. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art in the implementation of separation techniques and microfluidics coupled to MS, which have contributed significantly to the advancement of the field. In the first part, the review discusses relevant approaches based on HPLC MS and CE coupled to ESI MS and their applications in the characterization of gangliosides expressed in healthy and diseased NS. A considerable section is dedicated to microfluidics MS and ion mobility separation MS, developed for the study of brain gangliosidome and its changes triggered by various factors, as well as for ganglioside biomarker discovery in neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancer. In the last part of the review, the benefits and perspectives in ganglioside research of these high-performance techniques are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Sarbu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Raluca Ica
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania.,Department of Physics, West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alina D Zamfir
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania.,Department of Technical and Natural Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, Arad, Romania
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Sarbu M, Raab S, Henderson L, Fabris D, Vukelić Ž, Clemmer DE, Zamfir AD. Cerebrospinal fluid: Profiling and fragmentation of gangliosides by ion mobility mass spectrometry. Biochimie 2020; 170:36-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yamato O, Satoh H, Matsuki N, Ono K, Yamasaki M, Maede Y. Laboratory Diagnosis of Canine GM2-Gangliosidosis using Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:39-44. [PMID: 14974845 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, laboratory techniques were used to diagnose canine GM2-gangliosidosis using blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that can be collected noninvasively from living individuals. Lysosomal acid β-hexosaminidase (Hex) was measured spectrofluorometrically using 4-methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide and 4-methylumbelliferyl 7-(6-sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside) as substrates. Main isoenzymes A and B of Hex in leukocytes were also analyzed using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. GM2-ganglioside in CSF was detected and determined quantitatively by using thin-layer chromatography/enzyme-immunostaining method with anti-GM2-ganglioside antibody. In normal dogs, Hex activities could be determined in leukocytes, serum, and CSF, and the total activities were markedly reduced in all the enzyme sources in a dog with Sandhoff disease. Electrophoresis of a leukocyte lysate from a normal dog showed that the Hex A and Hex B were not separated distinctively with formation of a broad band, whereas there were no bands in electrophoresis of a lysate from a dog with Sandhoff disease, showing a deficiency in the total enzyme activity. GM2-ganglioside could be detected and determined quantitatively in as little as 100 μl of canine CSF. GM2-ganglioside in CSF in a dog with Sandhoff disease increased to 46 times the normal level. In conclusion, the methods in the present study are useful for diagnosis of canine GM2-gangliosidosis. These techniques enable definitive and early diagnosis of canine GM2-gangliosidosis even if tissues and organs cannot be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamato
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Satoh H, Yamato O, Asano T, Yamasaki M, Maede Y. Increased Concentration of GM1-Ganglioside in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Dogs with GM1- and GM2-Gangliosidoses and its Clinical Application for Diagnosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:223-6. [PMID: 15152837 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GM1- and GM2-gangliosidoses are lethal lysosomal diseases that are caused by a defect of acid hydrolases, resulting in the intralysosomal accumulation of the specific physiological substrates, GM1- and GM2-gangliosides, respectively. In the present study a method for the diagnosis of canine GM1-gangliosidosis was established using canine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The concentration of GM1-ganglioside in CSF was determined by thin-layer chromatography–enzyme immunostaining using biotin-conjugated cholera toxin B, which specifically binds with GM1-ganglioside. The concentration of CSF GM1-ganglioside was increased in Shiba dogs with GM1-gangliosidosis, and the increased level was approximately proportional to the age of the dogs. The concentration was high in the affected dog even at 5 months of age, when Shiba dogs with GM1-gangliosidosis first manifest neurologic signs. In addition, the concentration of CSF GM1-ganglioside in a dog with the GM2-gangliosidosis 0 variant (Sandhoff disease) was also 7 times the normal level. From these results it was concluded that this laboratory technique enables a definitive and early diagnosis of canine GM1-gangliosidosis even if tissues and organs cannot be obtained. However, because GM1-ganglioside can also be elevated in cases of GM2-gangliosidosis, it is necessary to assay for specific enzyme deficiencies to definitively separate GM1- from GM2-gangliosidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Satoh
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Uchiyama SI, Sekiguchi K, Akaishi M, Anan A, Maeda T, Izumi T. Characterization and chronological changes of preterm human milk gangliosides. Nutrition 2011; 27:998-1001. [PMID: 21288691 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gangliosides are present in high concentrations in the nervous tissue, and some are observed in small amounts in many extraneural tissues and body fluids. Human milk may play important roles in energy supplementation, prophylaxis of infection, and brain development. For preterm infants, human milk gangliosides are also very important substances during the early lactation stage. However, there are no data on human milk gangliosides from mothers at preterm delivery. We investigated the characterization of gangliosides and chronologic changes in human preterm milk earlier than 30 wk of gestation from 1 to 60 d after birth. METHODS Forty-one samples were analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography and a microtechnique using 1 mL of milk from each lactation and compared with 61 full-term human milk samples. RESULTS Total lipid-bound sialic acid of human milk gangliosides after preterm delivery showed a peak concentration at 2 to 3 d postpartum and then remained at a high concentration until approximately 10 d. GD3 was the major ganglioside in the colostrum until approximately 7 to 10 d postpartum. GM3 was scarcely detected until 7 d postpartum and then increased gradually. There was no difference in the GD3 concentration per 1 mL of human milk between preterm and full-term human milk until approximately 5 to 8 d postpartum. After that time, the GD3 concentration decreased sharply. In contrast, the total concentrations of GM3 per 1 mL of human milk from mothers after preterm delivery were lower than those from mothers after full-term delivery throughout the entire period examined. CONCLUSION This finding is essential to elucidate the composition of human milk gangliosides after preterm delivery, which may contribute to the analysis of the physiologic composition and formulation appropriate preterm infant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Uchiyama
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan.
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Satoh H, Yamato O, Asano T, Yonemura M, Yamauchi T, Hasegawa D, Orima H, Arai T, Yamasaki M, Maede Y. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers showing neurodegeneration in dogs with GM1 gangliosidosis: possible use for assessment of a therapeutic regimen. Brain Res 2006; 1133:200-8. [PMID: 17196562 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for estimating degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) in experimental dogs with GM1 gangliosidosis and preliminarily evaluated the efficacy of long-term glucocorticoid therapy for GM1 gangliosidosis using the biomarkers identified here. GM1 gangliosidosis, a lysosomal storage disease that affects the brain and multiple systemic organs, is due to an autosomal recessively inherited deficiency of acid beta-galactosidase activity. Pathogenesis of GM1 gangliosidosis may include neuronal apoptosis and abnormal axoplasmic transport and inflammatory response, which are perhaps consequent to massive neuronal storage of GM1 ganglioside. In the present study, we assessed some possible CSF biomarkers, such as GM1 ganglioside, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and myelin basic protein (MBP). Periodic studies demonstrated that GM1 ganglioside concentration, activities of AST and LDH, and concentrations of NSE and MBP in CSF were significantly higher in dogs with GM1 gangliosidosis than those in control dogs, and their changes were well related with the months of age and clinical course. In conclusion, GM1 ganglioside, AST, LDH, NSE and MBP could be utilized as CSF biomarkers showing CNS degeneration in dogs with GM1 gangliosidosis to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapies proposed for this disease. In addition, we preliminarily treated an affected dog with long-term oral administration of prednisolone and evaluated the efficacy of this therapeutic trial using CSF biomarkers determined in the present study. However, this treatment did not change either the clinical course or the CSF biomarkers of the affected dog, suggesting that glucocorticoid therapy would not be effective for treating GM1 gangliosidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Satoh
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Abstract
The ganglioside compositions of human milk, cow's milk and infant formulas were compared. The results showed that there was a drastic change in the ganglioside composition from the colostrum to later human milk, and that both the patterns and contents of gangliosides in human milk, cow's milk and infant formulas differed markedly. In human milk, the total lipid-bound sialic acid level was two times higher than those in cow's milk and infant formulas. The major ganglioside in the later human milk, GM3 (27.7%), was only a minor component in the colostrum, cow's milk and infant formulas (3.3, 2.8 and 0.4-2.6%, respectively). GD3 represented 49.0, 61.0 and 72.4-86.6%, respectively, of the colostrum, cow's milk and infant formulas, compared to 31.8% of the later human milk gangliosides. Another four gangliosides, which were assumed to be c-series gangliosides, were detected in the colostrum and the later human milk. They represented 33-38% of total lipid-bound sialic acid, and were tentatively designated as GX1, GX2, GX3 and GX4, respectively. However, only GX1 and GX2 were observed in cow's milk and infant formulas. The variation of the gangliosides in human and cow's milk, and infant formulas might have some biological significance regarding neonatal brain development, allergies, infant growth and non-immunoglobulin prophylactic activities against some bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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Abstract
The normal chronological changes in the ganglioside composition of human milk during lactation were examined by means of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) micro-method with 1 ml of milk from each lactation. Six human milk ganglioside compositions were found, which were designated as GM3, GD3, GX1, GX2, GX3 and GX4. GX1-GX4, which had not been described previously, were tentatively assumed to be gangliosides of the c-series because they did not react to the GA1 antibody after sialidase treatment. GD3 was the major composition of the colostrum (GD3, 42-56%; GM3, 2.22-6.5%). GM3 increased sharply at eight days postpartum (GD3, 32.22%; GM3, 27.79%) and then increased gradually after eight days until examined at seven weeks postpartum (GM3/GD3, 0.84-2.67). The newly found GX1-GX4 showed some variability in the percentage composition between individuals, and there were no distinct differences between the colostrum and the later milk. The drastic compositional changes in GM3 and GD3 during lactation might have some biological significance, such as in immunological activity, somatic growth and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita Medical University, Japan
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Nordin V, Lekman A, Johansson M, Fredman P, Gillberg C. Gangliosides in cerebrospinal fluid in children with autism spectrum disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998; 40:587-94. [PMID: 9766735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycolipids found in all cells, especially abundant in nerve cells and mainly situated on outer-membrane surfaces. The aim of this study was to provide data on the concentration of gangliosides in the CSF of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) - 66 with autistic disorder, and 19 with other autism spectrum disorders. The comparison group consisted of 29 children and adolescents, whose CSF had been sampled to exclude acute infectious CNS disorder. The concentrations of the gangliosides GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b were determined using a microimmunoaffinity technique. The ASD group had a significantly higher concentration of ganglioside GM1 compared with the comparison group. The GM1 increase could not be explained as secondary to other clinical factors. Mean ganglioside levels did not differentiate subgroups with autistic disorder and those with a more atypical clinical picture, nor subgroups with known medical disorders and those with idiopathic autism. Altered patterns of gangliosides in the CNS might reflect important correlates of pathogenesis in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nordin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Annedals Clinics, Göteborg, Sweden
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Ladisch S, Chang F, Li R, Cogen P, Johnson D. Detection of medulloblastoma and astrocytoma-associated ganglioside GD3 in cerebrospinal fluid. Cancer Lett 1997; 120:71-8. [PMID: 9570388 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(97)00297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Shedding of gangliosides by tumor cells may enhance tumor development. We recently showed that cells of the human brain tumor, medulloblastoma, shed gangliosides in vitro and have therefore examined ganglioside shedding by pediatric brain tumors into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). GD3, a major ganglioside in medulloblastoma and astrocytoma, was the target for detection in the CSF by immunostaining using the monoclonal antibody R24 and enhanced chemiluminescence detection. Mean CSF GD3 levels in patients with medulloblastomas (n = 9) and astrocytomas (n = 10) were significantly higher than those of controls (mean +/- SD 44.7 +/- 8.4 versus 18.2 +/- 1.9 pmol/ml, n = 20, P < 0.0002). Mass spectrometric analysis showed that tumor-derived ganglioside GD3 contained heterogeneous ceramide structures and, interestingly, the ceramide subspecies with shorter fatty acyl chains were selectively shed. The elevated CSF GD3 concentrations in patients with medulloblastoma and astrocytoma support the concept that ganglioside shedding, which may have significant biological consequences, is characteristic of human brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ladisch
- Glycobiology Program, Center for Cancer and Transplantation Biology, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Fredman P, Lekman A. Glycosphingolipids as potential diagnostic markers and/or antigens in neurological disorders. Neurochem Res 1997; 22:1071-83. [PMID: 9239764 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022495430583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are most abundant in the nervous system within which are developmental, regional, structural and cellular differences regarding their composition. The are shedded to the cerebrospinal fluid and thus potential markers for pathogenic alterations in the brain, such as developmental abnormalities, demyelination, gliosis, neuronal cell destruction. The glycosphingolipids have also been found to be antigens in autoimmune processes involving the nervous system, in particular in peripheral neuropathies like Guillain Barré syndrome, multifocal motor neuropathy etc. The immune response might have been triggered by infectious agents with an antigen epitope which mimic the glycosphingolipid or by a primary nerve tissue damage leading to release of glycosphingolipids. There is a series of support for a clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid glycosphingolipid determinations and the presence of anti-glycosphingolipid antibodies but this has to be further explored. This paper is a mini review of the state of the art and discuss methodological aspects and improvements that might help to explore the relevance of glycosphingolipids in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fredman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Göteborg University, Sweden
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Dasgupta S, Hogan EL, Spicer SS. Stage-specific expression of fuco-neolacto- (Lewis X) and ganglio-series neutral glycosphingolipids during brain development: characterization of Lewis X and related glycosphingolipids in bovine, human and rat brain. Glycoconj J 1996; 13:367-75. [PMID: 8781967 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have purified and characterized a bovine brain pentaglycosylceramide as Lewis X and identified it in human and rat brain using anti-Lewis X (anti-SSEA 1) monoclonal antibody. Neutral glycosphingolipid expression in developing rat brain has been examined by digoxigenin immunostaining and TLC-immunostaining using anti-SSEA 1 and anti-GgOse4Cer (GA1) monoclonal antibodies. Five transient Lewis X-series bands were identified in brain at embryonic day 15 that disappear by postnatal day 5 (one disappears at embryonic day 18). Gangliotetraosylceramide (GA1) first appears at embryonic day 21 and increases in concentration with age until postnatal day 21. In addition, we have purified another minor brain neutral glycosphingolipid and tentatively identified it as a Lewis X-series glycolipid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis followed by TLC-immunostaining with anti-SSEA 1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dasgupta
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425-2232, USA
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Izumi T, Hara K, Ogawa T, Osawa M, Saito K, Novo ML, Fukuyama Y, Takashima S. Abnormality of cerebral gangliosides in Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy. Brain Dev 1995; 17:33-7. [PMID: 7762760 DOI: 10.1016/0387-7604(94)00114-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Compared with DMD cases and non-neuromuscular disease controls, FCMD cases showed a reduction of total gangliosides, and an abnormal, immature ganglioside pattern in the cerebral gray and white matter. However, GM4, which is only found in myelin and oligodendroglia, and is a unique quantitative marker of myelination, was present in a relatively high percentage in the white matter, which showed frontal lobe micropolygyria and diffuse low density on CT and MR T1-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Izumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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Izumi T, Ogawa T, Koizumi H, Fukuyama Y. Low levels of CSF gangliotetraose-series gangliosides in West syndrome: implication of brain maturation disturbance. Pediatr Neurol 1993; 9:293-6. [PMID: 8216542 DOI: 10.1016/0887-8994(93)90066-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
One ml of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from each patient with West syndrome and patients from disease control groups were analyzed separately by highly sensitive thin-layer chromatography/enzyme-immunostaining method. The levels (mean +/- S.D.) of GM1, GD1a, sum of GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b, and total gangliotetraose-series gangliosides in West syndrome patients (n = 14) and in an age-matched control group (n = 14) were as follows: 11.6 +/- 7.8 and 30.9 +/- 12.3 ng/ml CSF, 51.5 +/- 23.2 and 91.7 +/- 41.2 ng/ml CSF, 129.6 +/- 57.6 and 195.9 +/- 123.6 ng/ml CSF, and 192.7 +/- 78.6 and 318.4 +/- 131.6 ng/ml CSF, respectively. The differences were statistically significant except for the sum of GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b (by 2 sample t test). Because they are abundant in the outer surface of neuronal plasma membranes, gangliosides may play an important role in the transformation of a neuroblast into a functionally mature neuron. Low levels of CSF gangliotetraose-series gangliosides, especially GM1 and GD1a, in patients with West syndrome may suggest a maturation disturbance of the brain from an early developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Izumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita Medical University, Japan
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