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Sysoeva OV, Molholm S, Djukic A, Frey HP, Foxe JJ. Atypical processing of tones and phonemes in Rett Syndrome as biomarkers of disease progression. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:188. [PMID: 32522978 PMCID: PMC7287060 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to severe motor impairments and the lack of expressive language abilities seen in most patients with Rett Syndrome (RTT), it has proven extremely difficult to obtain accurate measures of auditory processing capabilities in this population. Here, we examined early auditory cortical processing of pure tones and more complex phonemes in females with Rett Syndrome (RTT), by recording high-density auditory evoked potentials (AEP), which allow for objective evaluation of the timing and severity of processing deficits along the auditory processing hierarchy. We compared AEPs of 12 females with RTT to those of 21 typically developing (TD) peers aged 4-21 years, interrogating the first four major components of the AEP (P1: 60-90 ms; N1: 100-130 ms; P2: 135-165 ms; and N2: 245-275 ms). Atypicalities were evident in RTT at the initial stage of processing. Whereas the P1 showed increased amplitude to phonemic inputs relative to tones in TD participants, this modulation by stimulus complexity was absent in RTT. Interestingly, the subsequent N1 did not differ between groups, whereas the following P2 was hugely diminished in RTT, regardless of stimulus complexity. The N2 was similarly smaller in RTT and did not differ as a function of stimulus type. The P2 effect was remarkably robust in differentiating between groups with near perfect separation between the two groups despite the wide age range of our samples. Given this robustness, along with the observation that P2 amplitude was significantly associated with RTT symptom severity, the P2 has the potential to serve as a monitoring, treatment response, or even surrogate endpoint biomarker. Compellingly, the reduction of P2 in patients with RTT mimics findings in animal models of RTT, providing a translational bridge between pre-clinical and human research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Sysoeva
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.240283.f0000 0001 2152 0791The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA ,grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124The Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sophie Molholm
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.240283.f0000 0001 2152 0791The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Aleksandra Djukic
- grid.240283.f0000 0001 2152 0791The Rett Syndrome Center, Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center & Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Hans-Peter Frey
- grid.240283.f0000 0001 2152 0791The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - John J. Foxe
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.240283.f0000 0001 2152 0791The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
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Sysoeva OV, Smirnov K, Stroganova TA. Sensory evoked potentials in patients with Rett syndrome through the lens of animal studies: Systematic review. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 131:213-224. [PMID: 31812082 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systematically review the abnormalities in event related potential (ERP) recorded in Rett Syndrome (RTT) patients and animals in search of translational biomarkers of deficits related to the particular neurophysiological processes of known genetic origin (MECP2 mutations). METHODS Pubmed, ISI Web of Knowledge and BIORXIV were searched for the relevant articles according to PRISMA standards. RESULTS ERP components are generally delayed across all sensory modalities both in RTT patients and its animal model, while findings on ERPs amplitude strongly depend on stimulus properties and presentation rate. Studies on RTT animal models uncovered the abnormalities in the excitatory and inhibitory transmission as critical mechanisms underlying the ERPs changes, but showed that even similar ERP alterations in auditory and visual domains have a diverse neural basis. A range of novel approaches has been developed in animal studies bringing along the meaningful neurophysiological interpretation of ERP measures in RTT patients. CONCLUSIONS While there is a clear evidence for sensory ERPs abnormalities in RTT, to further advance the field there is a need in a large-scale ERP studies with the functionally-relevant experimental paradigms. SIGNIFICANCE The review provides insights into domain-specific neural basis of the ERP abnormalities and promotes clinical application of the ERP measures as the non-invasive functional biomarkers of RTT pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Sysoeva
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA; The Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Kirill Smirnov
- Department of Neuroontogenesis, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tatiana A Stroganova
- Center for Neurocognitive Research (MEG-Center), Moscow State University of Psychology and Education (MSUPE), Moscow, Russia; Autism Research Laboratory, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education (MSUPE), Moscow, Russia.
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Auditory sensory memory span for duration is severely curtailed in females with Rett syndrome. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:130. [PMID: 30967526 PMCID: PMC6456588 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene, is typified by profound cognitive impairment and severe language impairment, rendering it very difficult to accurately measure auditory processing capabilities behaviorally in this population. Here we leverage the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the event-related potential to measure the ability of RTT patients to decode and store occasional duration deviations in a stream of auditory stimuli. Sensory memory for duration, crucial for speech comprehension, has not been studied in RTT.High-density electroencephalography was successfully recorded in 18 females with RTT and 27 age-matched typically developing (TD) controls (aged 6-22 years). Data from seven RTT and three TD participants were excluded for excessive noise. Stimuli were 1 kHz tones with a standard duration of 100 ms and deviant duration of 180 ms. To assess the sustainability of sensory memory, stimulus presentation rate was varied with stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 450, 900, and 1800 ms. MMNs with maximum negativity over fronto-central scalp and a latency of 220-230 ms were clearly evident for each presentation rate in the TD group, but only for the shortest SOA in the RTT group. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant group by SOA interaction. MMN amplitude correlated with age in the TD group only. MMN amplitude was not correlated with the Rett Syndrome Severity Scale. This study indicates that while RTT patients can decode deviations in auditory duration, the span of this sensory memory system is severely foreshortened, with likely implications for speech decoding abilities.
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Foxe JJ, Burke KM, Andrade GN, Djukic A, Frey HP, Molholm S. Automatic cortical representation of auditory pitch changes in Rett syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:34. [PMID: 27594924 PMCID: PMC5009506 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the typical course of Rett syndrome, initial language and communication abilities deteriorate dramatically between the ages of 1 and 4 years, and a majority of these children go on to lose all oral communication abilities. It becomes extremely difficult for clinicians and caretakers to accurately assess the level of preserved auditory functioning in these children, an issue of obvious clinical import. Non-invasive electrophysiological techniques allow for the interrogation of auditory cortical processing without the need for overt behavioral responses. In particular, the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory evoked potential (AEP) provides an excellent and robust dependent measure of change detection and auditory sensory memory. Here, we asked whether females with Rett syndrome would produce the MMN to occasional changes in pitch in a regularly occurring stream of auditory tones. Methods Fourteen girls with genetically confirmed Rett syndrome and 22 age-matched neurotypical controls participated (ages 3.9–21.1 years). High-density electrophysiological recordings from 64 scalp electrodes were made while participants passively listened to a regularly occurring stream of 503-Hz auditory tone pips that was occasionally (15 % of presentations) interrupted by a higher-pitched deviant tone of 996 Hz. The MMN was derived by subtracting the AEP to these deviants from the AEP produced to the standard. Results Despite clearly anomalous morphology and latency of the AEP to simple pure-tone inputs in Rett syndrome, the MMN response was evident in both neurotypicals and Rett patients. However, we found that the pitch-evoked MMN was both delayed and protracted in duration in Rett, pointing to slowing of auditory responsiveness. Conclusions The presence of the MMN in Rett patients suggests preserved abilities to process pitch changes in auditory sensory memory. This work represents a beginning step in an effort to comprehensively map the extent of auditory cortical functioning in Rett syndrome. These easily obtained objective brain measures of auditory processing have promise as biomarkers against which future therapeutic efforts can be assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Foxe
- Department of Neuroscience, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461 USA ; The Dominic P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Kelly M Burke
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461 USA ; The Dominic P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Gizely N Andrade
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Aleksandra Djukic
- Department of Neurology, Rett Syndrome Center, Montefiore Medical Center & Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467 USA
| | - Hans-Peter Frey
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461 USA ; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461 USA ; The Dominic P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
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Russo N, Nicol T, Trommer B, Zecker S, Kraus N. Brainstem transcription of speech is disrupted in children with autism spectrum disorders. Dev Sci 2009; 12:557-67. [PMID: 19635083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Language impairment is a hallmark of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The origin of the deficit is poorly understood although deficiencies in auditory processing have been detected in both perception and cortical encoding of speech sounds. Little is known about the processing and transcription of speech sounds at earlier (brainstem) levels or about how background noise may impact this transcription process. Unlike cortical encoding of sounds, brainstem representation preserves stimulus features with a degree of fidelity that enables a direct link between acoustic components of the speech syllable (e.g. onsets) to specific aspects of neural encoding (e.g. waves V and A). We measured brainstem responses to the syllable /da/, in quiet and background noise, in children with and without ASD. Children with ASD exhibited deficits in both the neural synchrony (timing) and phase locking (frequency encoding) of speech sounds, despite normal click-evoked brainstem responses. They also exhibited reduced magnitude and fidelity of speech-evoked responses and inordinate degradation of responses by background noise in comparison to typically developing controls. Neural synchrony in noise was significantly related to measures of core and receptive language ability. These data support the idea that abnormalities in the brainstem processing of speech contribute to the language impairment in ASD. Because it is both passively elicited and malleable, the speech-evoked brainstem response may serve as a clinical tool to assess auditory processing as well as the effects of auditory training in the ASD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Russo
- The Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Galbraith GC, Threadgill MR, Hemsley J, Salour K, Songdej N, Ton J, Cheung L. Putative measure of peripheral and brainstem frequency-following in humans. Neurosci Lett 2000; 292:123-7. [PMID: 10998564 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The human brainstem frequency-following response (FFR) registers phase-locked neural activity to periodic auditory stimuli. FFR waveforms were extracted from the electroencephalogram by averaging responses to repeated auditory stimulation. Two channels of data were simultaneously recorded from horizontally (electrodes placed in ear canals) and vertically (vertex scalp referenced to midline) oriented electrode configurations. Eight participants each received a total of 2000 tone repetitions for each of ten stimulus frequencies ranging from 133 to 950 Hz. FFRs were quantified by fast-Fourier spectral analysis. The largest spectral intensities at the stimulus frequency were recorded in the horizontal FFR, which also followed higher frequencies and showed better signal-to-noise ratios then did the vertical FFR. The horizontal FFR pattern suggests an acoustic nerve origin, while the vertical FFR pattern suggests a central brainstem origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Galbraith
- Mental Retardation Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,
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