1
|
Luo M, Reid TE, Wang XS. Discovery of Natural Product-Derived 5-HT1A Receptor Binders by Cheminfomatics Modeling of Known Binders, High Throughput Screening and Experimental Validation. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2016; 18:685-92. [PMID: 26138565 DOI: 10.2174/1386207318666150703113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype 1A (5-HT1A) is highly expressed in the raphe nuclei region and limbic structures; for that reason 5-HT1A has served as a promising target for treating human mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. We have developed binary quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for 5- HT1A binding using data retrieved from the WOMBAT database and the k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) machine learning method. A rigorous QSAR modeling and screening workflow had been followed, with extensive internal and external validation processes. The models' classification accuracies to discriminate 5-HT1A binders from the non-binders are as high as 96% for the external validation. These models were employed further to mine two major natural products screening libraries, i.e. TimTec Natural Product Library (NPL) and Natural Derivatives Library (NDL). In the end five screening hits were tested by radioligand binding assays with a success rate of 40%, and two Library compounds were confirmed to be binders at the μM concentration against the human 5-HT1A receptor. The combined application of rigorous QSAR modeling and model-based virtual screening presents a powerful means for profiling natural products compounds with important biomedical activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiang Simon Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, 2300 4th St. NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin H, Lei Y, Zhang B, Dai Z, Lu X. Common variants of HTR1A and SLC6A4 confer the increasing risk of Schizophrenia susceptibility: A population-based association and epistasis analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:749-55. [PMID: 26408209 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder strongly influenced by genetic variants, some of which are associated with mood disorders. The neurotransmitter 5-hydoxytryptamine (5-HT) and its related biochemical factors have been shown to play a significant role in maintaining mood balance. Recent studies evaluating the association between SZ and genetic polymorphisms in a serotonin transporter (encoded by SLC6A4) and serotonin receptor 1A (encoded by HTR1A) show conflicting results. In this study, we performed a case-control association analysis using 4,000 individuals with Chinese-Han ancestry. Of these participants, 1,000 were SZ cases and 3,000 were healthy controls. Thirty-six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in SLC6A4 and HTR1A were genotyped in our 4,000 study samples. Of those, 33 polymorphic SNPs with a minor allele frequency >0.05 were used for further analysis. We found that rs878567 in HTR1A (asymptotic P-value = 3.89×10(-4) , corrected P-value = 0.0106) was significantly associated with SZ. Further haplotype-based analyses revealed that a two-SNP haplotype, rs2054847-rs140701 (TG) in gene SLC6A4, was significantly associated with SZ (P-value = 1.63×10(-4) and corrected P-value = 0.002799). We did not identify any significant epistatic interactions between the two genes. Our findings provide supportive evidence that genetic polymorphisms in SLC6A4 and HTR1A may influence the risk of SZ in Han Chinese individuals. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huali Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.,Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Ying Lei
- Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zunxiao Dai
- Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Almasy L, Porjesz B, Blangero J, Goate A, Edenberg HJ, Chorlian DB, Kuperman S, O'Connor SJ, Rohrbaugh J, Bauer LO, Foroud T, Rice JP, Reich T, Begleiter H. Genetics of event-related brain potentials in response to a semantic priming paradigm in families with a history of alcoholism. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:128-135. [PMID: 11102287 PMCID: PMC1234905 DOI: 10.1086/316936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2000] [Accepted: 11/13/2000] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) are altered in patients with a variety of psychiatric disorders and may represent quantitative correlates of disease liability that are more amenable to genetic analysis than disease status itself. Results of a genomewide linkage screen are presented for amplitude of the N4 and P3 components of the ERP, measured at 19 scalp locations in response to a semantic priming task for 604 individuals in 100 pedigrees ascertained as part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. N4 and P3 amplitudes in response to three stimuli (nonwords, primed words [i.e., antonyms], and unprimed words) all showed significant heritabilities, the highest being.54. Both N4 and P3 showed significant genetic correlations across stimulus type at a given lead and across leads within a stimulus, indicating shared genetic influences among the traits. There were also substantial genetic correlations between the N4 and P3 amplitudes for a given lead, even across stimulus type. N4 amplitudes showed suggestive evidence of linkage in several chromosomal regions, and P3 amplitudes showed significant evidence of linkage to chromosome 5 and suggestive evidence of linkage to chromosome 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Serretti A, Lilli R, Lorenzi C, Lattuada E, Smeraldi E. Serotonin-2C and serotonin-1A receptor genes are not associated with psychotic symptomatology of mood disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 96:161-6. [PMID: 10893489 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(20000403)96:2<161::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic system is involved in both pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. In the present study we investigated the possible influence of the polymorphisms of the serotonin-1A and 2C receptor genes on the symptomatology of mood disorders. Eighty-four inpatients affected by mood disorders (72 bipolar and 12 major depressive disorder) were assessed by the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness to score their lifetime psychotic symptomatology. The subjects were also typed for 5HT1A and 5HT2C variants using polymerase chain reaction techniques. No association was found between 5HT2C and psychopathology as defined by the four symptomatologic factors used as phenotype definition (mania, depression, delusion, and disorganization) even when bipolar subjects were analyzed separately. Only one subject with the 5HT1A variant was observed. Genetic variation at the 5HT1A and 5HT2C receptor genes does not, therefore, play a major role in the pathogenesis of mood disorders symptomatology. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:161-166, 2000.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Serretti
- Istituto Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, University of Milan School of Medicine, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Serretti A, Lorenzi C, Lilli R, Smeraldi E. Serotonin receptor 2A, 2C, 1A genes and response to lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2000; 34:89-98. [PMID: 10758249 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3956(00)00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of serotonin receptors 2A, 2C and 1A gene variants on lithium prophylactic efficacy in mood disorders. One hundred and twenty-four subjects affected by bipolar (n=102) and major depressive (n=22) disorder were followed prospectively for an average of 52 months and were typed for 5-HT2A (T102C: n=111, HTP: n=104), 5-HT2C (n=110) and 5-HT1A (n=61) variants. Both 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C variants were not associated with lithium outcome. Consideration of possible stratification effects like gender, polarity, family history, age at onset and duration of lithium treatment did not influence results. No 5-HT1A gene variant was identified. 5-HT2A and 2C variants are not, therefore, associated with lithium prophylactic efficacy in mood disorders.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antimanic Agents/adverse effects
- Antimanic Agents/therapeutic use
- Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis
- Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy
- Bipolar Disorder/genetics
- Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis
- Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy
- Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- Genotype
- Humans
- Lithium Carbonate/adverse effects
- Lithium Carbonate/therapeutic use
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1
- Retrospective Studies
- Treatment Outcome
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Serretti
- Istituto Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, University of Milan School of Medicine, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson WG. DNA polymorphism-diet-cofactor-development hypothesis and the gene-teratogen model for schizophrenia and other developmental disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990820)88:4<311::aid-ajmg6>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
Morrison KE, Qureshi SJ, Anderson S, Borrett JP, Theodosiou A, Rodrigues N, Blake D, Nesbit A, Davies KE, Porteous DJ, Brookes AJ. Novel transcribed sequences represented in the complex genomic region 5q13. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1308:97-102. [PMID: 8764824 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(96)00097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
YACs from the complex repetitive human genomic region 5q13, spanning the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) locus, have been searched for transcribed sequences using the method of End Ligation Coincident Sequence Cloning. Six transcripts (PT1-6) have been identified, three of which (PT4, PT5 and PT6) are novel. Five of these elements hybridise to multiple loci in 5q13, but PT5 is single copy and maps very close to markers that show linkage disequilibrium with SMA.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Morrison
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tissir F, Champagne B, Klinga-Levan K, Levan G, Szpirer J, Szpirer C. Regional localization of the rat genes encoding the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases 3 (Pde4d) and 4 (Pde4b) and the tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1). Mamm Genome 1996; 7:222-3. [PMID: 8833246 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Tissir
- Department de Biologie Moleculaire, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Genese, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
van der Steege G, Cobben JM, Osinga J, Scheffer H, van Ommen GJ, Buys CH. A sublocus of the multicopy microsatellite marker CMS1 maps proximal to spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) as shown by recombinant analysis. Hum Genet 1995; 96:589-91. [PMID: 8530008 DOI: 10.1007/bf00197416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The critical region containing the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) gene is flanked by the 5q11-q13 markers, D5S435 and D5S557, as determined by linkage analysis. Here we present the results of an analysis of a Dutch SMA family with the multicopy microsatellite marker CMS1. A crossover is revealed in the critical SMA region. We conclude that at least one of the CMS1 subloci maps proximal to the SMA gene. This reduces the minimal SMA region from approximately 1.4 Mb to 600-700 kb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G van der Steege
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ríos R, Solé F, Montes C, Vicente A, Pérez MM, Valle M, Gascón F. A new case of trisomy 5 as sole cytogenetic anomaly in acute myeloid leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1995; 84:120-2. [PMID: 8536225 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(95)00098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M2) with trisomy 5 (+5) as the sole cytogenetic abnormality in a woman previously diagnosed with schizophrenia. To date, only two cases of AML (other than M2) with +5 as the only change have been reported. Moreover, an association between schizophrenia and partial trisomy of chromosome 5p has been described recently. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AML (subtype-M2) with +5. Noteworthy is the association with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ríos
- Unit of Hematology, Hospital Valle de los Pedroches, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Del Mastro RG, Wang L, Simmons AD, Gallardo TD, Clines GA, Ashley JA, Hilliard CJ, Wasmuth JJ, McPherson JD, Lovett M. Human chromosome-specific cDNA libraries: new tools for gene identification and genome annotation. Genome Res 1995; 5:185-94. [PMID: 9132272 DOI: 10.1101/gr.5.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To date, only a small percentage of human genes have been cloned and mapped. To facilitate more rapid gene mapping and disease gene isolation, chromosome 5-specific cDNA libraries have been constructed from five sources. DNA sequencing and regional mapping of 205 unique cDNAs indicates that 25 are from known chromosome 5 genes and 138 are from new chromosome 5 genes (a frequency of 79.5%). Sequence complexity estimates indicate that each library contains -20% of the approximately 5000 genes that are believed to reside on chromosome 5. This study more than doubles the number of genes mapped to chromosome 5 and describes an important new tool for disease gene isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Del Mastro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8591, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yaraghi Z, McLean MD, Roy N, Surh L, Ikeda JE, Korneluk RG, MacKenzie A. A recombination event occurring within two complex 5q13.1 microsatellite repeat polymorphisms suggests a telomeric mapping of spinal muscular atrophy. Hum Genet 1995; 96:330-4. [PMID: 7649551 DOI: 10.1007/bf00210417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The gene for the childhood spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs) has been mapped to 5q13.1. The interval containing the SMA gene has been defined by linkage analysis as 5qcen-D5S629-SMA-D5S557-5qter. We have identified a recombination event within this interval on a type-I SMA chromosome. The recombination maps to a region of multilocus microsatellite repeat (MSR) markers, and occurs between different subloci of two such markers, CMS-1 and 7613. While the possibility of a novel mutation caused by the recombination cannot be discounted, we believe when viewed in the context of a similar recombination in a Dutch SMA family, a centromeric boundary at the recombination site for the critical SMA interval is likely. This new proximal boundary would reduce the minimal region harboring the SMA locus from approximately 1.1 Mb to approximately 600 kb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Yaraghi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Selig S, Bruno S, Scharf JM, Wang CH, Vitale E, Gilliam TC, Kunkel LM. Expressed cadherin pseudogenes are localized to the critical region of the spinal muscular atrophy gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:3702-6. [PMID: 7731968 PMCID: PMC42029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.9.3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-copy repeats have been associated with genomic rearrangements and have been implicated in the generation of mutations in several diseases. Here we characterize a subset of low-copy repeats in the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) region in human chromosome 5q13. We show that this repeated sequence, named c41-cad, is a highly expressed pseudogene derived from an intact neuronal cadherin gene, Br-cadherin, situated on 5p13-14. Br-cadherin is expressed specifically in the brain, whereas the c41-cad transcripts are 10-15 times more abundant and are present in all tissues examined. We speculate that the c41-cad repeats, separately or in concert with other repeats in the SMA region, are involved in the pathogenesis of SMA by promoting rearrangements and deletions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Selig
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Roy N, McLean MD, Besner-Johnston A, Lefebvre C, Salih M, Carpten JD, Burghes AH, Yaraghi Z, Ikeda JE, Korneluk RG. Refined physical map of the spinal muscular atrophy gene (SMA) region at 5q13 based on YAC and cosmid contiguous arrays. Genomics 1995; 26:451-60. [PMID: 7607667 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80162-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The gene for the autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder spinal muscular atrophy has been mapped to a region of 5q13 flanked proximally by CMS-1 and distally by D5S557. We present a 2-Mb yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig constructed from three libraries encompassing the D5S435/D5S629/CMS-1-SMA-D5S557/D5S112 interval. The D5S629/CMS-1-SMA-D5S557 interval is unusual insofar as chromosome 5-specific repetitive sequences are present and many of the simple tandem repeats (STR) are located at multiple loci that are unstable in our YAC clones. A long-range restriction map that demonstrates the SMA-containing interval to be 550 kb is presented. Moreover, a 210-kb cosmid array from both a YAC-specific and a chromosome 5-specific cosmid library encompassing the multilocus STRs CATT-1, CMS-1, D5F149, D5F150, and D5F153 has been assembled. We have recently reported strong linkage disequilibrium with Type I SMA for two of these STRs, indicating that the gene is located in close proximity to or within our cosmid clone array.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roy N, Mahadevan MS, McLean M, Shutler G, Yaraghi Z, Farahani R, Baird S, Besner-Johnston A, Lefebvre C, Kang X. The gene for neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein is partially deleted in individuals with spinal muscular atrophy. Cell 1995; 80:167-78. [PMID: 7813013 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 743] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs), characterized by spinal cord motor neuron depletion, are among the most common autosomal recessive disorders. One model of SMA pathogenesis invokes an inappropriate persistence of normally occurring motor neuron apoptosis. Consistent with this hypothesis, the novel gene for neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) has been mapped to the SMA region of chromosome 5q13.1 and is homologous with baculoviral apoptosis inhibitor proteins. The two first coding exons of this gene are deleted in approximately 67% of type I SMA chromosomes compared with 2% of non-SMA chromosomes. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis reveals internally deleted and mutated forms of the NAIP transcript in type I SMA individuals and not in unaffected individuals. These findings suggest that mutations in the NAIP locus may lead to a failure of a normally occurring inhibition of motor neuron apoptosis resulting in or contributing to the SMA phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Roy
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang CH, Kleyn PW, Vitale E, Ross BM, Lien L, Xu J, Carter TA, Brzustowicz LM, Obici S, Selig S. Refinement of the spinal muscular atrophy locus by genetic and physical mapping. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 56:202-9. [PMID: 7825579 PMCID: PMC1801348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the mapping and characterization of 12 microsatellite markers including 11 novel markers. All markers were generated from overlapping YAC clones that span the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) locus. PCR amplification of 32 overlapping YAC clones shows that 9 of the new markers (those set in italics) map to the interval between the two previous closest flanking markers (D5S629 and D5S557): cen-D5S6-D5S125-D5S435-D5S1407- D5S629-D5S1410-D5S1411/D5S1412-D5S1413- D5S1414-D5Z8-D5Z9-CATT1-D5Z10/D5Z6- D5S557-D5S1408-D5S1409-D5S637-D5S351-MA P1B-tel. Four of these new markers detect multiple loci in and out of the SMA gene region. Genetic analysis of recombinant SMA families indicates that D5S1413 is a new proximal flanking locus for the SMA gene. Interestingly, among the 40 physically mapped loci, the 14 multilocus markers map contiguously to a genomic region that overlaps, and perhaps helps define, the minimum genetic region encompassing the SMA gene(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thompson TG, DiDonato CJ, Simard LR, Ingraham SE, Burghes AH, Crawford TO, Rochette C, Mendell JR, Wasmuth JJ. A novel cDNA detects homozygous microdeletions in greater than 50% of type I spinal muscular atrophy patients. Nat Genet 1995; 9:56-62. [PMID: 7704025 DOI: 10.1038/ng0195-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the second most common lethal, autosomal recessive disease in Caucasians (after cystic fibrosis). Childhood SMAs are divided into three groups (type I, II and III), which are allelic variants of the same locus in a region of approximately 850 kb in chromosome 5q12-q13, containing multiple copies of a novel, chromosome 5-specific repeat as well as many atypical pseudogenes. This has hampered the identification of candidate genes. We have identified several coding sequences unique to the SMA region. A genomic fragment detected by one cDNA is homozygously deleted in 17/29 (58%) of type I SMA patients. Of 235 unaffected individuals examined, only two showed the deletion and both are carriers of SMA. Our results suggest that deletion of at least part of this novel gene is directly related to the phenotype of SMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T G Thompson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
DiDonato CJ, Morgan K, Carpten JD, Fuerst P, Ingraham SE, Prescott G, McPherson JD, Wirth B, Zerres K, Hurko O. Association between Ag1-CA alleles and severity of autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy. Am J Hum Genet 1994; 55:1218-29. [PMID: 7977383 PMCID: PMC1918452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene for autosomal recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has been mapped to an 850-kb interval on 5q11.2-q13.3, between the centromeric D5S823 and telomeric D5S557 markers. We report a new complex marker, Ag1-CA, that lies in this interval, whose primers produce one, two, or rarely three amplification-fragment-length variants (AFLVs) per allele. Class I chromosomes are those which amplify a single AFLV allele, and class II chromosomes are those which amplify an allele with two or three AFLVs. Ag1-CA shows highly significant allelic association with type I SMA in both the French Canadian (Hôpital Sainte-Justine [HSJ]) and American (Ohio State University [OSU]) populations (P < .0001). Significant association between the Ag1-CA genotype and disease severity was also observed. Type I patients were predominantly homozygous for class I chromosomes (P = .0003 OSU; P = .0012 HSJ), whereas the majority of type II patients were heterozygous for class I and II chromosomes (P = .0014 OSU; P = .001 HSJ). There was no significant difference in Ag1-CA genotype frequencies between type III patients (P = .5 OSU; P = .25 HSJ) and the paired normal chromosomes from both carrier parents. Our results indicate that Ag1-CA is the most closely linked marker to SMA and defines the critical candidate-gene region. Finally, we have proposed a model that should be taken into consideration when screening candidate SMA genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J DiDonato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Brahe C, Velonà I, van der Steege G, Zappata S, van de Veen AY, Osinga J, Tops CM, Fodde R, Khan PM, Buys CH. Mapping of two new markers within the smallest interval harboring the spinal muscular atrophy locus by family and radiation hybrid analysis. Hum Genet 1994; 93:494-501. [PMID: 8168823 DOI: 10.1007/bf00202811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The locus responsible for the childhood-onset proximal spinal muscular atrophies (SMA) has recently been mapped to an area of 2-3 Mb in the region q12-q13.3 of chromosome 5. We have used a series of radiation hybrids (RHs) containing distinct parts of the SMA region as defined by reference markers. A cosmid library was constructed from one RH. Thirteen clones were isolated and five of these were mapped within the SMA region. Both RH mapping and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that two clones map in the region between loci D5S125 and D5S351. One of the cosmids contains expressed sequences. Polymorphic dinucleotide repeats were identified in both clones and used for segregation analysis of key recombinant SMA families. One recombination between the SMA locus and the new marker 9Ic (D5S685) indicates that 9Ic is probably the closest distal marker. The absence of recombination between the SMA locus and marker Fc (D5S684) suggests that Fc is located close to the disease gene. These new loci should refine linkage analysis in SMA family studies and may facilitate the isolation of the disease gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Brahe
- Institute of Medical Genetics, A. Gemelli School of Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Clermont O, Burlet P, Burglen L, Lefebvre S, Pascal F, McPherson J, Wasmuth JJ, Cohen D, Le Paslier D, Weissenbach J. Use of genetic and physical mapping to locate the spinal muscular atrophy locus between two new highly polymorphic DNA markers. Am J Hum Genet 1994; 54:687-94. [PMID: 8128967 PMCID: PMC1918112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene for autosomal recessive forms of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has recently been mapped to chromosome 5q13, within a 4-cM region between the blocks D5S465/D5S125 and MAP-1B/D5S112. We identified two new highly polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers--namely, AFM265wf5 (D5S629) and AFM281yh9 (D5S637)--which are the closest markers to the SMA locus. Multilocus analysis by the location-score method was used to establish the best estimate of the SMA gene location. Our data suggest that the most likely location for SMA is between locus D5S629 and the block D5S637/D5S351/MAP-1B/D5S112/D5S357. Genetic analysis of inbred SMA families, based on homozygosity by descent and physical mapping using mega-YACs, gave additional information for the loci order as follows: cen-D5S6-D5S125/D5S465-D5S435-D5S629-SMA-+ ++D5S637-D5S351-MAP-1B/D5S112-D5S357- D5S39-tel. These data give the direction for bidirectional walking in order to clone this interval and isolate the SMA gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Clermont
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U-12, Hôpital des Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Breslau-Siderius EJ, Wijnen JT, Dauwerse JG, de Pater JM, Beemer FA, Khan PM. Paternal duplication of chromosome 5q11.2-5q14 in a male born with craniostenosis, ear tags, kidney dysplasia and several other anomalies. Hum Genet 1993; 92:481-5. [PMID: 8244339 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A de novo duplication of the proximal part of the long arms of chromosome 5 was found in a male born with craniostenosis, ear tags and kidney dysplasia. The nature of the chromosomal aberration was defined by fluorescence in situ hybridization and the origin of the duplication was traced by polymorphic DNA markers. A comparison is made with the published cases showing similar duplications in the long arm of chromosome 5.
Collapse
|
22
|
Morrison KE, Daniels RJ, Suthers GK, Flynn GA, Francis MJ, Grewal PK, Dennis C, Buckle V, Ignatius J, Dubowitz V. Two novel microsatellite markers for prenatal prediction of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Hum Genet 1993; 92:133-8. [PMID: 8370578 DOI: 10.1007/bf00219680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has been mapped to a 6-cM interval on chromosome 5q12-13.3, flanked proximally by locus D5S6 and distally by locus D5S112. In this study we describe the isolation of two new microsatellite markers (EF1/2a and EF13/14) near locus D5S125, which lies 2 cM distal to D5S6. We show by linkage analysis and the study of the recombinants in 55 SMA pedigrees that the disease lies in the 4-cM interval between EF1/2a and D5S112. Fluorescence in situ analysis of cosmids from D5S6, EF1/2 and D5S112 confirms the genetic order and relative distance of markers. The microsatellites EF1/2a and EF13/14 are the first highly polymorphic PCR-based proximal markers in SMA to be described, and will be of value in prenatal prediction of the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Morrison
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kleyn PW, Wang CH, Lien LL, Vitale E, Pan J, Ross BM, Grunn A, Palmer DA, Warburton D, Brzustowicz LM. Construction of a yeast artificial chromosome contig spanning the spinal muscular atrophy disease gene region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:6801-5. [PMID: 8341701 PMCID: PMC47020 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.14.6801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The childhood spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs) are the most common, serious neuromuscular disorders of childhood second to Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A single locus for these disorders has been mapped by recombination events to a region of 0.7 centimorgan (range, 0.1-2.1 centimorgans) between loci D5S435 and MAP1B on chromosome 5q11.2-13.3. By using PCR amplification to screen yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) DNA pools and the PCR-vectorette method to amplify YAC ends, a YAC contig was constructed across the disease gene region. Nine walk steps identified 32 YACs, including a minimum of seven overlapping YAC clones (average size, 460 kb) that span the SMA region. The contig is characterized by a collection of 30 YAC-end sequence tag sites together with seven genetic markers. The entire YAC contig spans a minimum of 3.2 Mb; the SMA locus is confined to roughly half of this region. Microsatellite markers generated along the YAC contig segregate with the SMA locus in all families where the flanking markers (D5S435 and MAP1B) recombine. Construction of a YAC contig across the disease gene region is an essential step in isolation of the SMA-encoding gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P W Kleyn
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zatz M, Vallada H, Melo MS, Passos-Bueno MR, Vieira AH, Vainzof M, Gill M, Gentil V. Cosegregation of schizophrenia with Becker muscular dystrophy: susceptibility locus for schizophrenia at Xp21 or an effect of the dystrophin gene in the brain? J Med Genet 1993; 30:131-4. [PMID: 8445617 PMCID: PMC1016270 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A family is reported in which four of five adult patients with Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) also have schizophrenia or related spectrum disorders. Although the estimated lod scores are not sufficient to conclude the existence of linkage between BMD and schizophrenia, it is suggested that there may be an association between these two disorders. Two alternative hypotheses are proposed to explain such an association: (1) the existence of a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia and spectrum disorders on the short arm of the X chromosome at Xp21; (2) that these psychiatric disorders may result from an abnormality in the expression of the dystrophin gene in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zatz
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Niznik HB, Van Tol HH. Dopamine receptor genes: new tools for molecular psychiatry. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1992; 17:158-80. [PMID: 1450188 PMCID: PMC1188440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a decade it has been generally assumed that all the pharmacological and biochemical actions of dopamine within the central nervous system and periphery were mediated by two distinct dopamine receptors. These receptors, termed D1 and D2, were defined as those coupled to the stimulation or inhibition of adenylate cyclase, respectively, and by their selectivity and avidity for various drugs and compounds. The concept that two dopamine receptors were sufficient to account for all the effects mediated by dopamine was an oversimplification. Recent molecular biological studies have identified five distinct genes which encode at least eight functional dopamine receptors. The members of the expanded dopamine receptor family, however, can still be codifed by way of the original D1 and D2 receptor dichotomy. These include two genes encoding dopamine D1-like receptors (D1 [D1A]/D5 [D1B]) and three genes encoding D2-like receptors (D2/D3/D4). We review here our recent work on the cloning and characterization of some of the members of the dopamine receptor gene family (D1, D2, D4, D5), their relationship to neuropsychiatric disorders and their potential role in antipsychotic drug action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H B Niznik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations associated with schizophrenic disorders may suggest regions in which to focus a search for genes predisposing to schizophrenia by a linkage strategy. As for other genetic illnesses, chromosomal abnormalities may also provide useful tools for subsequent physical mapping, fine localisation, and isolation of important susceptibility genes. Identification of several chromosomal aberrations may be especially important, given the unknown pathophysiology, the paucity of known brain genes, and the probable genetic heterogeneity of schizophrenia and manic-depression. However, because psychiatric disorders are common and inherited in a complex manner, researchers must use caution when drawing inferences about associations with chromosomal aberrations. Reported abnormalities involving autosomes (chromosomes 1-22) associated with psychotic disorders are reviewed. Their relevance to linkage studies localising genes for schizophrenia was estimated by standardised criteria for specificity, diagnosis, family history, and overall weight of evidence. Four 'possibly relevant' chromosomal regions were identified: 5q, 11q, 18q, and 19p. This paper outlines strategies for future studies to detect new chromosomal aberrations associated with major psychotic disorders that may be relevant to isolating the genes for schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brzustowicz LM, Kleyn PW, Boyce FM, Lien LL, Monaco AP, Penchaszadeh GK, Das K, Wang CH, Munsat TL, Ott J. Fine-mapping of the spinal muscular atrophy locus to a region flanked by MAP1B and D5S6. Genomics 1992; 13:991-8. [PMID: 1505990 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90012-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) locus has been mapped in close proximity to spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) on chromosome 5q13. We have identified a second microsatellite within a MAP1B intron, which increases the heterozygosity of this locus to 94%. Two unambiguous recombination events establish MAP1B as a closely linked, distal flanking marker for the disease locus, while a third recombinant establishes D5S6 as the proximal flanking marker. The combination of key recombinants and linkage analysis place the SMA gene in an approximately 2-cM interval between loci D5S6 and MAP1B. Physical mapping and cloning locate MAP1B within 250 kb of locus D5S112. The identification and characterization of a highly polymorphic gene locus tightly linked to SMA will facilitate isolation of the disease gene, evaluation of heterogeneity, and development of a prenatal test for SMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Brzustowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Macciardi F, Kennedy JL, Ruocco L, Giuffra L, Carrera P, Marino C, Rinaldi V, Smeraldi E, Ferrari M. A genetic linkage study of schizophrenia to chromosome 5 markers in a northern Italian population. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 31:720-8. [PMID: 1599988 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Some recent findings report that the area 5q11.2-13.3 of chromosome 5 segregates with schizophrenia in an uncle-nephew pair (Bassett et al 1988). However, linkage studies between chromosome 5 markers loci and schizophrenia lead to different results: Sherrington et al (1988) found a positive linkage, whereas other groups of researchers found evidence against linkage (Kennedy et al 1988; St. Clair et al 1989; Detera-Wadleigh et al 1989; McGuffin et al 1990; Aschauer et al 1990; Crowe et al 1991). We have studied five Italian pedigrees segregating schizophrenia using a map of four markers for the chromosomal region 5q11.2-13.3. Linkage analyses revealed negative lod scores, and thus no evidence for linkage was obtained in our Italian families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Macciardi
- Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Clinical Psychiatry 3rd, Milan University School of Medicine, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Morrison KE, Daniels RJ, Suthers GK, Flynn GA, Francis MJ, Buckle VJ, Davies KE. High-resolution genetic map around the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) locus on chromosome 5. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 50:520-7. [PMID: 1539593 PMCID: PMC1684291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has been mapped to chromosome 5q12-q13, there is for this region no genetic map based on highly informative markers. In this study we present the mapping of two previously reported microsatellite markers in 40 CEPH and 31 SMA pedigrees. We also describe the isolation of a new microsatellite marker at the D5S112 locus. The most likely order of markers (with recombination fractions given in parentheses) is 5cen-D5S6-(.02)-D5S125-(.04)-(JK53CA1/2,D5S11 2)-(.04)-D5S39-qter. The relative order of D5S6, D5S112, and D5S39 was confirmed by in situ hybridization. Multipoint linkage analysis in 31 SMA families indicates that the SMA locus lies in the 6-cM interval between D5S6 and JK53CA1/2, D5S112.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Morrison
- Molecular Genetics Group, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Daniels RJ, Thomas NH, MacKinnon RN, Lehner T, Ott J, Flint TJ, Dubowitz V, Ignatius J, Donner M, Zerres K. Linkage analysis of spinal muscular atrophy. Genomics 1992; 12:335-9. [PMID: 1346777 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Linkage data between four markers on chromosome 5 confirm and extend our previous studies that localized the mutation in spinal muscular atrophy to 5q11.2-q13.3. Localization of D5S6 by in situ hybridization refines the mapping of the defective gene to the region 5q12.2-q13. We also report the use of a highly informative PCR-based polymorphism with five alleles. This RFLP will be particularly useful for prenatal diagnosis where only old tissue samples from affected individuals are available. The high heterozygosity of this locus should also assist in identifying recombinants that will refine the genetic mapping of the mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Daniels
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hallmayer J, Maier W, Ackenheil M, Ertl MA, Schmidt S, Minges J, Lichtermann D, Wildenauer D. Evidence against linkage of schizophrenia to chromosome 5q11-q13 markers in systematically ascertained families. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 31:83-94. [PMID: 1543800 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(92)90008-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ten pedigrees systematically ascertained in Germany were tested for linkage to chromosome 5q11-q13. In order to replicate the previous report by Sherrington et al (1988), families with a bipolar family member were omitted from the lod score calculations, all diagnoses were based upon Research Diagnostic Criteria, and four different models of the affection status were calculated, including the model for which Sherrington et al calculated the highest lod scores. None of the families investigated showed a positive lod score. Using multipoint linkage analyses, we were able to exclude the region for which a positive linkage has been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Melmer G, Sherrington R, Mankoo B, Kalsi G, Curtis D, Gurling HM. A cosmid clone for the 5HT1A receptor (HTR1A) reveals a TaqI RFLP that shows tight linkage to dna loci D5S6, D5S39, and D5S76. Genomics 1991; 11:767-9. [PMID: 1685484 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90088-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A human neuroreceptor clone (G21), which was isolated by cross-hybridization with the human clone for the beta 2-adrenergic receptor, has recently been shown to encode the gene for the 5HT1A receptor (HTR1A) subtype. In situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes mapped the G21 sequence to chromosome 5 at bands 5q11.2-q13. The clone G21 recognizes a SacI RFLP with low heterozygosity (0.13). To increase the informativeness of the HTR1A locus we have isolated two new cosmid clones containing the receptor gene. No polymorphic microsatellites were present in the cosmids. However, one cosmid revealed a new TaqI RFLP that showed tight linkage to new highly polymorphic microsatellites for the loci D5S76, D5S39, and D5S6 in seven British and Icelandic reference pedigrees (maximum LOD of 13.2 with D5S76).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Melmer
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Academic Department of Psychiatry, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Weiffenbach B, Falls K, Bricker A, Hall L, McMahon J, Wasmuth J, Funanage V, Donis-Keller H. A genetic linkage map of human chromosome 5 with 60 RFLP loci. Genomics 1991; 10:173-85. [PMID: 1675192 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A genetic map of human chromosome 5 that contains 60 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci in one linkage group has been constructed. Segregation data using these markers and 40 large multigenerational families supplied by the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain have been collected. Linkage analyses were performed with the program package CRI-MAP; using odds greater than 1000:1, 30 RFLP loci could be placed on the map. This genetic map spans 289 cM sex-equal, 353 cM in females, and 244 cM in males. While the relative rate of recombination for female meioses is nearly twice that of males over much of the chromosome, several instances of statistically significant excess male recombination were observed. The order of probes on the genetic map has been confirmed by their physical order as determined by somatic cell hybrid lines containing deletions of normal chromosome 5. There is concordance between the physical positions of markers and their genetic positions. Our most distal probes on the genetic map are cytologically localized to the most distal portions of the chromosome. This suggests that our genetic map spans most of chromosome 5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Weiffenbach
- Collaborative Research, Inc., Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sparkes RS, Lan N, Klisak I, Mohandas T, Diep A, Kojis T, Heinzmann C, Shih JC. Assignment of a serotonin 5HT-2 receptor gene (HTR2) to human chromosome 13q14-q21 and mouse chromosome 14. Genomics 1991; 9:461-5. [PMID: 2032718 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A gene for serotonin 5HT-2 receptor (HTR2) is assigned to human chromosome 13 by somatic cell hybrids and to region 13q14-q21 by in situ hybridization. It is assigned to mouse chromosome 14 by somatic cell hybrid analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Sparkes
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bernard LE, Brooks-Wilson AR, Wood S. Isolation of DNA fragments from a human chromosomal subregion by Alu PCR differential hybridization. Genomics 1991; 9:241-6. [PMID: 2004773 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90248-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The recent advent of Alu element-mediated PCR (Alu PCR) allows the rapid isolation of human-specific fragments from mixed DNA sources. This technique greatly facilitates the isolation of DNA fragments from specific regions of the human genome. We report a novel technique utilizing Alu PCR products as differential hybridization probes to isolate human DNA fragments from a chromosomal subregion. We used the Alu PCR products from a pair of somatic cell hybrids in which the human DNA content differs only in the 5q11.2-q13.3 region as differential hybridization probes. One hybrid (GM10114) retains an intact chromosome 5, while the other (HHW1064) contains a chromosome 5 deleted for the q11.2-q13.3 region. Phage from a flow-sorted chromosome 5 library were hybridized with the Alu PCR synthesis product from the chromosome 5 hybrid. Positively hybridizing phage were then screened with the Alu PCR product from the deletion 5 hybrid. Phage that hybridized to the Alu PCR product of the chromosome 5 hybrid but did not hybridize to the Alu PCR product of the deletion 5 hybrid were further characterized. We isolated five phage from 5q11.2-q13.3 using this differential hybridization procedure. Only one of these phage corresponded to a detectable difference between the ethidium bromide-stained Alu PCR products of the two somatic cell hybrids. This technique should be applicable to any somatic cell hybrid-deletion hybrid pair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L E Bernard
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gilliam TC, Brzustowicz LM, Castilla LH, Lehner T, Penchaszadeh GK, Daniels RJ, Byth BC, Knowles J, Hislop JE, Shapira Y. Genetic homogeneity between acute and chronic forms of spinal muscular atrophy. Nature 1990; 345:823-5. [PMID: 1972783 DOI: 10.1038/345823a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The childhood-onset spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs) describe a heterogeneous group of disorders that selectively affect the alpha motoneuron. We have shown that chronic childhood-onset SMA (SMA II and III) maps to a single locus on chromosome 5q. Acute SMA (SMA Type I/Werdnig-Hoffmann/severe/infantile) is the main cause of heritable infant mortality. Mapping the acute SMA locus by conventional methods is complicated by the rapidly fatal course of the disease and its recessive mode of inheritance. We present here the typing of four inbred acute-SMA families with DNA markers on chromosome 5q and analysis of these together with acute families from our previous study to demonstrate genetic homogeneity between the acute and chronic forms of SMA. The data indicate that the acute SMA locus maps to chromosome 5q11.2-13.3. Two families seem unlinked to 5q markers, raising the possibility of genetic heterogeneity or disease misclassification within the acute and chronic family sets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Gilliam
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Brzustowicz LM, Lehner T, Castilla LH, Penchaszadeh GK, Wilhelmsen KC, Daniels R, Davies KE, Leppert M, Ziter F, Wood D. Genetic mapping of chronic childhood-onset spinal muscular atrophy to chromosome 5q11.2-13.3. Nature 1990; 344:540-1. [PMID: 2320125 DOI: 10.1038/344540a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SPINAL muscular atrophy (SMA) describes a group of heritable degenerative diseases that selectively affect the alpha-motor neuron. Childhood-onset SMAs rank second in frequency to cystic fibrosis among autosomal recessive disorders, and are the leading cause of heritable infant mortality. Predictions that genetic heterogeneity underlies the differences between types of SMA, together with the aggressive nature of the most-severe infantile form, make linkage analysis of SMA potentially complex. We have now analysed 13 clinically heterogeneous SMA families. We find that 'chronic' childhood-onset SMA (including intermediate SMA or SMA type II, and Kugelberg-Welander or SMA type III) is genetically homogeneous, mapping to chromosomal region 5q11.2-13.3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Brzustowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|