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Fouad FM, Eid JI. PAX5 fusion genes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33836. [PMID: 37335685 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a common cancer affecting children worldwide. The development of ALL is driven by several genes, some of which can be targeted for treatment by inhibiting gene fusions. PAX5 is frequently mutated in ALL and is involved in chromosomal rearrangements and translocations. Mutations in PAX5 interact with other genes, such as ETV6 and FOXP1, which influence B-cell development. PAX5/ETV6 has been observed in both B-ALL patients and a mouse model. The interaction between PAX5 and FOXP1 negatively suppresses the Pax5 gene in B-ALL patients. Additionally, ELN and PML genes have been found to fuse with PAX5, leading to adverse effects on B-cell differentiation. ELN-PAX5 interaction results in the decreased expression of LEF1, MB1, and BLNK, while PML-PAX5 is critical in the early stages of leukemia. PAX5 fusion genes prevent the transcription of the PAX5 gene, making it an essential target gene for the study of leukemia progression and the diagnosis of B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Mohamed Fouad
- Biology Department, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Chemistry Department, Biotechnology/Bimolecular Chemistry program, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jehane I Eid
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Ko J, Fonseca VA, Wu H. Pax4 in Health and Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098283. [PMID: 37175989 PMCID: PMC10179455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired box 4 (Pax4) is a key transcription factor involved in the embryonic development of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Consisting of a conserved paired box domain and a homeodomain, this transcription factor plays an essential role in early endocrine progenitor cells, where it is necessary for cell-fate commitment towards the insulin-secreting β cell lineage. Knockout of Pax4 in animal models leads to the absence of β cells, which is accompanied by a significant increase in glucagon-producing α cells, and typically results in lethality within days after birth. Mutations in Pax4 that cause an impaired Pax4 function are associated with diabetes pathogenesis in humans. In adulthood, Pax4 expression is limited to a distinct subset of β cells that possess the ability to proliferate in response to heightened metabolic needs. Upregulation of Pax4 expression is known to promote β cell survival and proliferation. Additionally, ectopic expression of Pax4 in pancreatic islet α cells or δ cells has been found to generate functional β-like cells that can improve blood glucose regulation in experimental diabetes models. Therefore, Pax4 represents a promising therapeutic target for the protection and regeneration of β cells in the treatment of diabetes. The purpose of this review is to provide a thorough and up-to-date overview of the role of Pax4 in pancreatic β cells and its potential as a therapeutic target for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Ko
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hongju Wu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Yang Y, Shi W, Li C, Li L, Li J, Chen Y, Shi Q, Xie Z, Wang M, Zhang H, Zhao X, Chen Y, Li R, Liu S, Ye Z, Zhang L, Liang X. Growth associated protein 43 deficiency promotes podocyte injury by activating the calmodulin/calcineurin pathway under hyperglycemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 656:104-114. [PMID: 36963347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Podocyte injury is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and finding potential therapeutic interventions that can mitigate podocyte injury holds significant clinical relevance. This study was to elucidate the role of growth associated protein-43(Gap43) in podocyte injury of high glucose (HG). We confirmed the expression of Gap43 in human glomerulus and found that Gap43 expression was downregulated in podocytes of patients with DKD and HG-treated podocytes in vitro. Gap43 knockdown in podocytes promoted podocyte apoptosis, increased migration ability and decreased nephrin expression, while overexpression of Gap43 markedly suppressed HG-induced injury. Moreover, the increased expression and activity of calcineurin (CaN) were also abrogated by overexpression Gap43 in HG. Pretreatment with a typical CaN inhibitor FK506 in Gap43 knockdown podocytes restored the injury. Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that Gap43 could bind to calmodulin (CaM). Pull-down assay further demonstrated that Gap43 and CaM directly interacts with each other via amino acids 30-52 of Gap43 and amino acids 133-197 of CaM. In addition, we also identified Pax5 as potential transcription inhibitor factor mediating Gap43 expression. In conclusion, the study indicated that the Gap43/CaM-CaN pathway may be exploited as a promising therapeutic target for protecting against podocyte injury in high glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wanxin Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Cuili Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Luan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yingwen Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingying Shi
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuanhan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ruizhao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuangxin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiming Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xinling Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Pax3 Hypomorphs Reveal Hidden Pax7 Functional Genetic Compensation in Utero. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10020019. [PMID: 35645295 PMCID: PMC9149870 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax3 and Pax7 transcription factors are paralogs within the Pax gene family that that are expressed in early embryos in partially overlapping expression domains and have distinct functions. Significantly, mammalian development is largely unaffected by Pax7 systemic deletion but systemic Pax3 deletion results in defects in neural tube closure, neural crest emigration, cardiac outflow tract septation, muscle hypoplasia and in utero lethality by E14. However, we previously demonstrated that Pax3 hypomorphs expressing only 20% functional Pax3 protein levels exhibit normal neural tube and heart development, but myogenesis is selectively impaired. To determine why only some Pax3-expressing cell lineages are affected and to further titrate Pax3 threshold levels required for neural tube and heart development, we generated hypomorphs containing both a hypomorphic and a null Pax3 allele. This resulted in mutants only expressing 10% functional Pax3 protein with exacerbated neural tube, neural crest and muscle defects, but still a normal heart. To examine why the cardiac neural crest appears resistant to very low Pax3 levels, we examined its paralog Pax7. Significantly, Pax7 expression is both ectopically expressed in Pax3-expressing dorsal neural tube cells and is also upregulated in the Pax3-expressing lineages. To test whether this compensatory Pax7 expression is functional, we deleted Pax7 both systemically and lineage-specifically in hypomorphs expressing only 10% Pax3. Removal of one Pax7 allele resulted in partial outflow tract defects, and complete loss of Pax7 resulted in full penetrance outflow tract defects and in utero lethality. Moreover, combinatorial loss of Pax3 and Pax7 resulted in severe craniofacial defects and a total block of neural crest cell emigration from the neural tube. Pax7Cre lineage mapping revealed ectopic labeling of Pax3-derived neural crest tissues and within the outflow tract of the heart, experimentally confirming the observation of ectopic activation of Pax7 in 10% Pax3 hypomorphs. Finally, genetic cell ablation of Pax7Cre-marked cells is sufficient to cause outflow tract defects in hypomorphs expressing only 10% Pax3, confirming that ectopic and induced Pax7 can play an overlapping functional genetic compensational role in both cardiac neural crest lineage and during craniofacial development, which is normally masked by the dominant role of Pax3.
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Leung RF, George AM, Roussel EM, Faux MC, Wigle JT, Eisenstat DD. Genetic Regulation of Vertebrate Forebrain Development by Homeobox Genes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:843794. [PMID: 35546872 PMCID: PMC9081933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.843794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Forebrain development in vertebrates is regulated by transcription factors encoded by homeobox, bHLH and forkhead gene families throughout the progressive and overlapping stages of neural induction and patterning, regional specification and generation of neurons and glia from central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells. Moreover, cell fate decisions, differentiation and migration of these committed CNS progenitors are controlled by the gene regulatory networks that are regulated by various homeodomain-containing transcription factors, including but not limited to those of the Pax (paired), Nkx, Otx (orthodenticle), Gsx/Gsh (genetic screened), and Dlx (distal-less) homeobox gene families. This comprehensive review outlines the integral role of key homeobox transcription factors and their target genes on forebrain development, focused primarily on the telencephalon. Furthermore, links of these transcription factors to human diseases, such as neurodevelopmental disorders and brain tumors are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F. Leung
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ankita M. George
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Enola M. Roussel
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maree C. Faux
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David D. Eisenstat
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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6
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Gualtieri A, Kyprianou N, Gregory LC, Vignola ML, Nicholson JG, Tan R, Inoue SI, Scagliotti V, Casado P, Blackburn J, Abollo-Jimenez F, Marinelli E, Besser REJ, Högler W, Karen Temple I, Davies JH, Gagunashvili A, Robinson ICAF, Camper SA, Davis SW, Cutillas PR, Gevers EF, Aoki Y, Dattani MT, Gaston-Massuet C. Activating mutations in BRAF disrupt the hypothalamo-pituitary axis leading to hypopituitarism in mice and humans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2028. [PMID: 33795686 PMCID: PMC8016902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in BRAF and other components of the MAPK pathway are associated with the congenital syndromes collectively known as RASopathies. Here, we report the association of Septo-Optic Dysplasia (SOD) including hypopituitarism and Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous (CFC) syndrome in patients harbouring mutations in BRAF. Phosphoproteomic analyses demonstrate that these genetic variants are gain-of-function mutations leading to activation of the MAPK pathway. Activation of the MAPK pathway by conditional expression of the BrafV600E/+ allele, or the knock-in BrafQ241R/+ allele (corresponding to the most frequent human CFC-causing mutation, BRAF p.Q257R), leads to abnormal cell lineage determination and terminal differentiation of hormone-producing cells, causing hypopituitarism. Expression of the BrafV600E/+ allele in embryonic pituitary progenitors leads to an increased expression of cell cycle inhibitors, cell growth arrest and apoptosis, but not tumour formation. Our findings show a critical role of BRAF in hypothalamo-pituitary-axis development both in mouse and human and implicate mutations found in RASopathies as a cause of endocrine deficiencies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Gualtieri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nikolina Kyprianou
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louise C Gregory
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Maria Lillina Vignola
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James G Nicholson
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Tan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Valeria Scagliotti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pedro Casado
- Integrative Cell Signalling and Proteomics, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James Blackburn
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fernando Abollo-Jimenez
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eugenia Marinelli
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rachael E J Besser
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Högler
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - I Karen Temple
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Justin H Davies
- Child Health Directorate, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton and Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrey Gagunashvili
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Children NHS Foundation Trust and UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pedro R Cutillas
- Integrative Cell Signalling and Proteomics, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Evelien F Gevers
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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7
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Benáková Š, Holendová B, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Redox Homeostasis in Pancreatic β-Cells: From Development to Failure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040526. [PMID: 33801681 PMCID: PMC8065646 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox status is a key determinant in the fate of β-cell. These cells are not primarily detoxifying and thus do not possess extensive antioxidant defense machinery. However, they show a wide range of redox regulating proteins, such as peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins or thioredoxin reductases, etc., being functionally compartmentalized within the cells. They keep fragile redox homeostasis and serve as messengers and amplifiers of redox signaling. β-cells require proper redox signaling already in cell ontogenesis during the development of mature β-cells from their progenitors. We bring details about redox-regulated signaling pathways and transcription factors being essential for proper differentiation and maturation of functional β-cells and their proliferation and insulin expression/maturation. We briefly highlight the targets of redox signaling in the insulin secretory pathway and focus more on possible targets of extracellular redox signaling through secreted thioredoxin1 and thioredoxin reductase1. Tuned redox homeostasis can switch upon chronic pathological insults towards the dysfunction of β-cells and to glucose intolerance. These are characteristics of type 2 diabetes, which is often linked to chronic nutritional overload being nowadays a pandemic feature of lifestyle. Overcharged β-cell metabolism causes pressure on proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum, mainly due to increased demand on insulin synthesis, which establishes unfolded protein response and insulin misfolding along with excessive hydrogen peroxide production. This together with redox dysbalance in cytoplasm and mitochondria due to enhanced nutritional pressure impact β-cell redox homeostasis and establish prooxidative metabolism. This can further affect β-cell communication in pancreatic islets through gap junctions. In parallel, peripheral tissues losing insulin sensitivity and overall impairment of glucose tolerance and gut microbiota establish local proinflammatory signaling and later systemic metainflammation, i.e., low chronic inflammation prooxidative properties, which target β-cells leading to their dedifferentiation, dysfunction and eventually cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpánka Benáková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 1660/32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-296-442-285
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8
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Grant MK, Bobilev AM, Branch A, Lauderdale JD. Structural and functional consequences of PAX6 mutations in the brain: Implications for aniridia. Brain Res 2021; 1756:147283. [PMID: 33515537 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The paired-box 6 (PAX6) gene encodes a highly conserved transcription factor essential for the proper development of the eye and brain. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in PAX6 are causal for a condition known as aniridia in humans and the Small eye phenotype in mice. Aniridia is characterized by iris hypoplasia and other ocular abnormalities, but recent evidence of neuroanatomical, sensory, and cognitive impairments in this population has emerged, indicating brain-related phenotypes as a prevalent feature of the disorder. Determining the neurophysiological origins of brain-related phenotypes in this disorder presents a substantial challenge, as the majority of extra-ocular traits in aniridia demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity. Here, we summarize and integrate findings from human and rodent model studies, which have focused on neuroanatomical and functional consequences of PAX6 mutations. We highlight novel findings from PAX6 central nervous system studies in adult mammals, and integrate these findings into what we know about PAX6's role in development of the central nervous system. This review presents the current literature in the field in order to inform clinical application, discusses what is needed in future studies, and highlights PAX6 as a lens through which to understand genetic disorders affecting the human nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison K Grant
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Anastasia M Bobilev
- Neuroscience Division of the Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Audrey Branch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - James D Lauderdale
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Neuroscience Division of the Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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9
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Lv N, Wang Y, Zhao M, Dong L, Wei H. The Role of PAX2 in Neurodevelopment and Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:3559-3567. [PMID: 34908837 PMCID: PMC8665868 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s332747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In developmental biology, transcription factors are involved in regulating the process of neural development, controlling the differentiation of nerve cells, and affecting the normal functioning of neural circuits. Transcription factors regulate the expression of multiple genes at the same time and have become a key gene category that is recognized to be disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders. This paper briefly introduces the expression and role of PAX2 in neurodevelopment and discusses the neurodevelopmental disorders associated with Pax2 mutations and its possible mechanism. Firstly, mutations in the human Pax2 gene are associated with abnormalities in multiple systems which can result in neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders. Secondly, the structure of Pax2 gene and PAX2 protein, as well as the function of Pax2 gene in neural development, was discussed. Finally, a diagram of the PAX2 protein regulatory network was made and a possible molecular mechanism of Pax2 mutations leading to neurodevelopmental disorders from the perspectives of developmental process and protein function was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lv
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Dong
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongen Wei
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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10
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Lima Cunha D, Arno G, Corton M, Moosajee M. The Spectrum of PAX6 Mutations and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in the Eye. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121050. [PMID: 31861090 PMCID: PMC6947179 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor PAX6 is essential in ocular development in vertebrates, being considered the master regulator of the eye. During eye development, it is essential for the correct patterning and formation of the multi-layered optic cup and it is involved in the developing lens and corneal epithelium. In adulthood, it is mostly expressed in cornea, iris, and lens. PAX6 is a dosage-sensitive gene and it is highly regulated by several elements located upstream, downstream, and within the gene. There are more than 500 different mutations described to affect PAX6 and its regulatory regions, the majority of which lead to PAX6 haploinsufficiency, causing several ocular and systemic abnormalities. Aniridia is an autosomal dominant disorder that is marked by the complete or partial absence of the iris, foveal hypoplasia, and nystagmus, and is caused by heterozygous PAX6 mutations. Other ocular abnormalities have also been associated with PAX6 changes, and genotype-phenotype correlations are emerging. This review will cover recent advancements in PAX6 regulation, particularly the role of several enhancers that are known to regulate PAX6 during eye development and disease. We will also present an updated overview of the mutation spectrum, where an increasing number of mutations in the non-coding regions have been reported. Novel genotype-phenotype correlations will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin Arno
- Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Marta Corton
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Correspondence:
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11
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Unexpected PAX8 Immunoreactivity in Metastatic High-grade Breast Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 27:637-643. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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López JM, Morona R, Moreno N, Lozano D, Jiménez S, González A. Pax6 expression highlights regional organization in the adult brain of lungfishes, the closest living relatives of land vertebrates. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:135-159. [PMID: 31299095 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Pax6 gene encodes a regulatory transcription factor that is key in brain development. The molecular structure of Pax6, the roles it plays and its patterns of expression in the brain have been highly conserved during vertebrate evolution. As neurodevelopment proceeds, the Pax6 expression changes from the mitotic germinal zone in the ventricular zone to become distributed in cell groups in the adult brain. Studies in various vertebrates, from fish to mammals, found that the Pax6 expression is maintained in adults in most regions that express it during development. Specifically, in amphibians, Pax6 is widely expressed in the adult brain and its distribution pattern serves to highlight regional organization of the brain. In the present study, we analyzed the detailed distribution of Pax6 cells in the adult central nervous system of lungfishes, the closest living relatives of all tetrapods. Immunohistochemistry performed using double labeling techniques with several neuronal markers of known distribution patterns served to evaluate the actual location of Pax6 cells. Our results show that the Pax6 expression is maintained in the adult brain of lungfishes, in distinct regions of the telencephalon (pallium and subpallium), diencephalon, mesencephalon, hindbrain, spinal cord, and retina. The pattern of Pax6 expression is largely shared with amphibians and helps to understand the primitive condition that would have characterized the common ancestors to all sarcopterygians (lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods), in which Pax6 would be needed to maintain specific entities of subpopulations of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Wu L, Gao A, Kong L, Wu S, Yang Y, Bian X, Guo Z, Li Y, Li B, Pan X, Ye J. Molecular characterization and transcriptional expression of a B cell transcription factor Pax5 in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:165-172. [PMID: 31039440 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pax5 (Paired Box 5), a nuclear transcription factor expressed in B cell specifically, is a key regulator for B cell activation. In this study, we cloned and identified a Pax5 gene (OnPax5) from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which has an open reading frame of 1278 bp, encoding deduced amino acid sequence of 425 residues. OnPax5 contains a conserved DNA-binding domain encoding the paired box, an octapeptide, a homeobox homology region, a transactivation and a repressor domain. OnPax5 is constitutively expressed in various analyzed tissues of tilapia, with a relatively high expression in lymphoid organs, including spleen (SPL), anterior kidney (AK), and thymus. What's more, OnPax5 is highly expressed in leukocytes especially in IgM+ lymphocytes sorted from peripheral blood (PBL), SPL and AK. When stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo, OnPax5 expression was significantly up-regulated in PBL, SPL and AK. Upon stimulation with LPS, pokeweed mitogen and mouse anti-OnIgM monoclonal antibody in vitro, the expression of OnPax5 was also significantly up-regulated in leukocytes from SPL and AK. Taken together, Pax5, the B cell lineage specific activator factor, might get involved in B cell activation in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Wu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Along Gao
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Linghe Kong
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Siwei Wu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Yanjian Yang
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xia Bian
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Bingxi Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xunbin Pan
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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14
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The role of Pax6 in brain development and its impact on pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. Brain Res 2019; 1705:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Signaling within the pineal gland: A parallelism with the central nervous system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 95:151-159. [PMID: 30502386 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pineal gland (PG) derives from the neural tube, like the rest of the central nervous system (CNS). The PG is specialized in synthesizing and secreting melatonin in a circadian fashion. The nocturnal elevation of melatonin is a highly conserved feature among species which proves its importance in nature. Here, we review a limited set of intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory elements that have been shown or proposed to influence the PG's melatonin production, as well as pineal ontogeny and homeostasis. Intrinsic regulators include the transcription factors CREB, Pax6 and NeuroD1. In addition, microglia within the PG participate as extrinsic regulators of these functions. We further discuss how these same elements work in other parts of the CNS, and note similarities and differences to their roles in the PG. Since the PG is a relatively well-defined and highly specialized organ within the CNS, we suggest that applying this comparative approach to additional PG regulators may be a useful tool for understanding complex areas of the brain, as well as the influence of the PG in both health and disease, including circadian functions and disorders.
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16
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Ryan BC, Lowe K, Hanson L, Gil T, Braun L, Howard PL, Chow RL. Mapping the Pax6 3' untranslated region microRNA regulatory landscape. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:820. [PMID: 30442116 PMCID: PMC6238409 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PAX6 is a homeodomain transcription factor that acts in a highly dosage-sensitive manner to regulate the development and function of the eyes, nose, central nervous system, gut, and endocrine pancreas. Several individual microRNAs (miRNA) have been implicated in regulating PAX6 in different cellular contexts, but a more general view of how they contribute to the fine-tuning and homeostasis of PAX6 is poorly understood. RESULTS Here, a comprehensive analysis of the Pax6 3' untranslated region was performed to map potential miRNA recognition elements and served as a backdrop for miRNA expression profiling experiments to identify potential cell/tissue-specific miRNA codes. Pax6 3'UTR pull-down studies identified a cohort of miRNA interactors in pancreatic αTC1-6 cells that, based on the spacing of their recognition sites in the Pax6 3'UTR, revealed 3 clusters where cooperative miRNA regulation may occur. Some of these interacting miRNAs have been implicated in α cell function but have not previously been linked to Pax6 function and may therefore represent novel PAX6 regulators. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a regulatory landscape upon which miRNAs may participate in the developmental control, fine-tuning and/or homeostasis of PAX6 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget C. Ryan
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - Kieran Lowe
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - Laura Hanson
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - Talveen Gil
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - Lauren Braun
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - Perry L. Howard
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Robert L. Chow
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
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17
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Huddle BC, Grimley E, Buchman CD, Chtcherbinine M, Debnath B, Mehta P, Yang K, Morgan CA, Li S, Felton J, Sun D, Mehta G, Neamati N, Buckanovich RJ, Hurley TD, Larsen SD. Structure-Based Optimization of a Novel Class of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A (ALDH1A) Subfamily-Selective Inhibitors as Potential Adjuncts to Ovarian Cancer Chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8754-8773. [PMID: 30221940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is commonly used as a marker to identify cancer stem-like cells. The three ALDH1A isoforms have all been individually implicated in cancer stem-like cells and in chemoresistance; however, which isoform is preferentially expressed varies between cell lines. We sought to explore the structural determinants of ALDH1A isoform selectivity in a series of small-molecule inhibitors in support of research into the role of ALDH1A in cancer stem cells. An SAR campaign guided by a cocrystal structure of the HTS hit CM39 (7) with ALDH1A1 afforded first-in-class inhibitors of the ALDH1A subfamily with excellent selectivity over the homologous ALDH2 isoform. We also discovered the first reported modestly selective single isoform 1A2 and 1A3 inhibitors. Two compounds, 13g and 13h, depleted the CD133+ putative cancer stem cell pool, synergized with cisplatin, and achieved efficacious concentrations in vivo following IP administration. Compound 13h additionally synergized with cisplatin in a patient-derived ovarian cancer spheroid model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cameron D Buchman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Mikhail Chtcherbinine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | | | - Pooja Mehta
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Kun Yang
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Cynthia A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
| | - Siwei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy ; University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Jeremy Felton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy ; University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy ; University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Geeta Mehta
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Macromolecular Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | | | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Thomas D Hurley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
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18
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The genetic architecture of aniridia and Gillespie syndrome. Hum Genet 2018; 138:881-898. [PMID: 30242502 PMCID: PMC6710220 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Absence of part or all of the iris, aniridia, is a feature of several genetically distinct conditions. This review focuses on iris development and then the clinical features and molecular genetics of these iris malformations. Classical aniridia, a panocular eye malformation including foveal hypoplasia, is the archetypal phenotype associated with heterozygous PAX6 loss-of-function mutations. Since this was identified in 1991, many genetic mechanisms of PAX6 inactivation have been elucidated, the commonest alleles being intragenic mutations causing premature stop codons, followed by those causing C-terminal extensions. Rarely, aniridia cases are associated with FOXC1, PITX2 and/or their regulatory regions. Aniridia can also occur as a component of many severe global eye malformations. Gillespie syndrome—a triad of partial aniridia, non-progressive cerebellar ataxia and intellectual disability—is phenotypically and genotypically distinct from classical aniridia. The causative gene has recently been identified as ITPR1. The same characteristic Gillespie syndrome-like iris, with aplasia of the pupillary sphincter and a scalloped margin, is seen in ACTA2-related multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome. WAGR syndrome (Wilms tumour, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies and mental retardation/intellectual disability), is caused by contiguous deletion of PAX6 and WT1 on chromosome 11p. Deletions encompassing BDNF have been causally implicated in the obesity and intellectual disability associated with the condition. Lastly, we outline a genetic investigation strategy for aniridia in light of recent developments, suggesting an approach based principally on chromosomal array and gene panel testing. This strategy aims to test all known aniridia loci—including the rarer, life-limiting causes—whilst remaining simple and practical.
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19
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Grimley E, Dressler GR. Are Pax proteins potential therapeutic targets in kidney disease and cancer? Kidney Int 2018; 94:259-267. [PMID: 29685496 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pax genes encode developmental regulators that are expressed in a variety of tissues and control critical events in morphogenesis. In the kidney, Pax2 and Pax8 are expressed in embryonic development and in specific renal diseases associated with aberrant epithelial cell proliferation. Prior genetic and cell biological studies suggest that reducing the activity of Pax proteins in renal cancer or in polycystic kidney disease can slow the progression of these conditions. The Pax proteins may be critical for providing tissue and locus specificity to recruit epigenetic modifiers that control gene expression and chromatin structure. Although they are nuclear, targeting Pax proteins to inhibit function may be feasible with small molecules. Such inhibition of Pax protein function may provide novel therapies for subsets of renal disorders that are tissue- and cell type-specific and avoid systemic effects on non-Pax-expressing cells and tissues. Given the paucity of effective treatments for renal cancer and cystic disease, the Pax family of proteins represents new pharmaceutical targets that merit exploration and further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Grimley
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory R Dressler
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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20
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Liu C, Su C, Chen Y, Li G. MiR-144-3p promotes the tumor growth and metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma by targeting paired box gene 8. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:54. [PMID: 29632436 PMCID: PMC5885360 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paired box gene 8 (PAX8) is expressed in and indispensable to thyroid development. MiR-144-3p is found dys-regulated in cancers, and it can block the expression of target gens. This study sought to understand the effect of MiR-144-3p in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) as well as the associated mechanisms. Materials and methods Real-time PCR, immunohistochemical and Western blot assays were performed to examine the expression of target miRNA and/or genes. CCK-8 and flow cytometry analysis was used to respectively test cell growth, cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to find out whether miR-144-3p could bind to the 3′ untranslated region of PAX8 or not. Results We found that PAX8 decreased in PTC, while miR-144-3p increased in PTC. Over-expression of miR-144-3p promoted the cell viability and cell cycle progression. The expressions of cell-cycle-related genes, cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and CDC25A were modulated by miR-144-3p. Meanwhile, the presence or absence of miR-144-3p both affected epithelial-mesenchymal transition of PTC by regulating the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and vimentin. Moreover, PAX8 may be a potential direct target of miR-144-3p. Mechanically, the activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1/2, Akt and c-Jun N-terminal kinases may be associated with the tumor-promoting effect of miR-144-3p. In addition, the blockage of miR-144-3p forced the anti-tumor effect delivered by X-ray exposure or paclitaxel. Conclusion MiR-144-3p promoted the growth of tumor and the metastasis of PTC by targeting PAX 8. The study provided promising prognosis markers and valuable treatment strategy for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 NanJing North Road, Shenyang, 110000 China
| | - Chang Su
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Liaoning Province People Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Liaoning Province People Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Li
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 NanJing North Road, Shenyang, 110000 China
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21
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Steinmetz EL, Dewald DN, Walldorf U. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase phosphorylates the Drosophila Paired box protein 6 (Pax6) homologues Twin of eyeless and Eyeless. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:198-211. [PMID: 29205612 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (Hipk), the Drosophila homologue of mammalian HIPK2, plays several important roles in regulating differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and stress responses and acts as a mediator for signals of diverse pathways, such as Notch or Wingless signalling. The Paired box protein 6 (Pax6) has two Drosophila homologues, Twin of eyeless (Toy) and Eyeless (Ey). Both stand atop the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which is essential for proper eye development in Drosophila. Here, we set Hipk and the master regulators Toy and Ey in an enzyme-substrate relationship. Furthermore, we prove a physical interaction between Toy and Hipk in vivo using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Using in vitro kinase assays with different truncated Toy constructs and mutational analyses, we mapped four Hipk phosphorylation sites of Toy, one in the paired domain (Ser121 ) and three in the C-terminal transactivation domain of Toy (Thr395 , Ser410 and Thr452 ). The interaction and phosphorylation of the master regulator Toy by Hipk may be important for precise tuning of signalling within the RDGN and therefore for Drosophila eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Steinmetz
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - D N Dewald
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - U Walldorf
- Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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22
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Wang C, Yang YZ, Liu Y, Gong SM, Wang HY, He DQ. Paired box 7 (Pax7) gene: molecular characterisation, polymorphism and its association with growth performance in goose (Anser cygnoides). Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:629-634. [PMID: 28893081 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1379050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
1. Paired box (Pax7) gene is a member of the paired box family and plays a critical role in animal growth and muscle development. However, the molecular characterisation of the goose Pax7 gene is unknown. 2. The open-reading frame of goose Pax7 is composed of 1509 bp, which encodes a protein of 503 amino acids and shares high homology with Pax7 of other birds. 3. Ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the genomic DNA sequence, 8 located in the intron region and two located in the exon region. 4. Association analysis showed the C122T locus was significantly associated with the body weight of Zhedong-White geese in week 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. 5. It was concluded that the goose Pax7 gene may be an important candidate gene for goose growth traits and marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- a Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science , Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Y Z Yang
- a Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science , Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Y Liu
- a Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science , Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - S M Gong
- a Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science , Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - H Y Wang
- a Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science , Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - D Q He
- a Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science , Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , China
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23
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Unveiling differentially expressed genes upon regulation of transcription factors in sepsis. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:46. [PMID: 28444588 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we integrated the gene expression data of sepsis to reveal more precise genome-wide expression signature to shed light on the pathological mechanism of sepsis. Differentially expressed genes via integrating five microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were obtained. The gene function and involved pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected by GeneCodis3. Transcription factors (TFs) targeting top 20 dysregulated DEGs (including up- and downregulated genes) were found based on the TRANSFAC. A total of 1339 DEGs were detected including 788 upregulated and 551 downregulated genes. These genes were mostly involved in DNA-dependent transcription regulation, blood coagulation, and innate immune response, pathogenic escherichia coli infection, epithelial cell signaling in helicobacter pylori infection, and chemokine signaling pathway. TFs bioinformatic analysis of 20 DEGs generated 374 pairs of TF-target gene involving 47 TFs. At last, we found that five top ten upregulated DEGs (S100A8, S100A9, S100A12, PGLYRP1 and MMP9) and three downregulated DEGs (ZNF84, CYB561A3 and BST1) were under the regulation of three hub TFs of Pax-4, POU2F1, and Nkx2-5. The identified eight DEGs may be regarded as the diagnosis marker and drug target for sepsis.
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24
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Grimley E, Liao C, Ranghini EJ, Nikolovska-Coleska Z, Dressler GR. Inhibition of Pax2 Transcription Activation with a Small Molecule that Targets the DNA Binding Domain. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:724-734. [PMID: 28094913 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Pax gene family encodes DNA binding transcription factors that control critical steps in embryonic development and differentiation of specific cell lineages. Often, Pax proteins are re-expressed or ectopically expressed in cancer and other diseases of abnormal proliferation, making them attractive targets for tissue specific inhibition by small molecules. In this report, we used a homology model of the Pax2 paired domain and a virtual screen to identify small molecules that can inhibit binding of the paired domain to DNA and Pax2 mediated transcription activation. Candidates from the virtual screen were then confirmed in a cell based Pax2 transactivation assay. Subsequently, we tested analogs of these hits to identify a single compound that effectively blocked Pax2 activity and DNA binding with a Kd of 1.35-1.5 μM. The compound, termed EG1, was used to inhibit embryonic kidney development, a process directly dependent on Pax2 activity. Furthermore, we show that EG1 can inhibit proliferation of Pax2 positive renal and ovarian cancer cell lines but has little effect on Pax2 negative cancer cells. These data confirm that small molecules targeting the DNA binding paired domain can be identified and may be good lead compounds for developing tissue and cell-type specific anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Grimley
- Department
of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Molecular
and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department
of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Egon J. Ranghini
- Department
of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Gregory R. Dressler
- Department
of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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25
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Felisberto R, Matos J, Alves M, Cabeçadas J, Henriques J. Evaluation of Pax5 expression and comparison with BLA.36 and CD79αcy in feline non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1257-1268. [PMID: 27549353 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Paired box gene 5 (Pax5) is a widely used B-cell marker for human and canine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (nHL); however, in the literature there is only one case report using Pax5 in a cat B-cell lymphoma. The purposes of this study were to investigate the expression and detection of B-cell specific activator protein (BSAP) using a monoclonal anti-Pax5 antibody in feline nHL (FnHL) tissue samples to evaluate its diagnostic relevance as a B-cell marker. A total of 45 FnHL samples in 45 cats were evaluated. B-cell lymphoma was the most common immunophenotype (51.1%) for all the samples and T-cell the most common immunophenotype (64.3%) for the gastrointestinal (GI) form. Pax5 stained 82.6% of all B-cell lymphomas and no expression was found in any of the T-cell lymphomas. Anti-Pax5 antibody staining in FnHL is similar to that reported in human and canine counterparts and may offer an excellent B-cell marker in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Felisberto
- Hospital Veterinário Berna, Onevet Group, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Matos
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Alves
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS) / Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Cabeçadas
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Henriques
- Hospital Veterinário Berna, Onevet Group, Lisbon, Portugal
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Perez-Borrajero C, Okon M, McIntosh LP. Structural and Dynamics Studies of Pax5 Reveal Asymmetry in Stability and DNA Binding by the Paired Domain. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2372-2391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cvekl A, Callaerts P. PAX6: 25th anniversary and more to learn. Exp Eye Res 2016; 156:10-21. [PMID: 27126352 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The DNA-binding transcription factor PAX6 was cloned 25 years ago by multiple teams pursuing identification of human and mouse eye disease causing genes, cloning vertebrate homologues of pattern-forming regulatory genes identified in Drosophila, or abundant eye-specific transcripts. Since its discovery in 1991, genetic, cellular, molecular and evolutionary studies on Pax6 mushroomed in the mid 1990s leading to the transformative thinking regarding the genetic program orchestrating both early and late stages of eye morphogenesis as well as the origin and evolution of diverse visual systems. Since Pax6 is also expressed outside of the eye, namely in the central nervous system and pancreas, a number of important insights into the development and function of these organs have been amassed. In most recent years, genome-wide technologies utilizing massively parallel DNA sequencing have begun to provide unbiased insights into the regulatory hierarchies of specification, determination and differentiation of ocular cells and neurogenesis in general. This review is focused on major advancements in studies on mammalian eye development driven by studies of Pax6 genes in model organisms and future challenges to harness the technology-driven opportunities to reconstruct, step-by-step, the transition from naïve ectoderm, neuroepithelium and periocular mesenchyme/neural crest cells into the three-dimensional architecture of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Cvekl
- The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; The Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, K.U. Leuven, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Mapping gene regulatory circuitry of Pax6 during neurogenesis. Cell Discov 2016; 2:15045. [PMID: 27462442 PMCID: PMC4860964 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax6 is a highly conserved transcription factor among vertebrates and is important in various aspects of the central nervous system development. However, the gene regulatory circuitry of Pax6 underlying these functions remains elusive. We find that Pax6 targets a large number of promoters in neural progenitors cells. Intriguingly, many of these sites are also bound by another progenitor factor, Sox2, which cooperates with Pax6 in gene regulation. A combinatorial analysis of Pax6-binding data set with transcriptome changes in Pax6-deficient neural progenitors reveals a dual role for Pax6, in which it activates the neuronal (ectodermal) genes while concurrently represses the mesodermal and endodermal genes, thereby ensuring the unidirectionality of lineage commitment towards neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, Pax6 is critical for inducing activity of transcription factors that elicit neurogenesis and repress others that promote non-neuronal lineages. In addition to many established downstream effectors, Pax6 directly binds and activates a number of genes that are specifically expressed in neural progenitors but have not been previously implicated in neurogenesis. The in utero knockdown of one such gene, Ift74, during brain development impairs polarity and migration of newborn neurons. These findings demonstrate new aspects of the gene regulatory circuitry of Pax6, revealing how it functions to control neuronal development at multiple levels to ensure unidirectionality and proper execution of the neurogenic program.
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29
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Deng J, Liang H, Zhang R, Dong Q, Hou Y, Yu J, Fan D, Hao X. Applicability of the methylated CpG sites of paired box 5 (PAX5) promoter for prediction the prognosis of gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7420-30. [PMID: 25277182 PMCID: PMC4202133 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired box gene 5 (PAX5), a member of the paired box gene family, is involved in control of organ development and tissue differentiation. In previous study, PAX5 promoter methylation was found in gastric cancer (GC) cells and tissues. At present study, we found that the inconsistently methylated levels of PAX5 promoter were identified in the different GC tissues. The methylated CpG site count and the methylated statuses of four CpG sites (-236, -183, -162, and -152) were significantly associated with the survival of 460 GC patients, respectively. Ultimately, the methylated CpG -236 was the optimal prognostic predictor of patients identified by using the Cox regression with AIC value calculation. These findings indicated that the methylated CpG -236 of PAX5 promoter has the potential applicability for clinical evaluation the prognosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Rupeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuping Dong
- Central laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yachao Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Chinese University of HongKong, Shatin, HongKong
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xishan Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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Rashmi, Singh R, Gangopadhyay A, Rani A, Shah M. Identification of functional SNPs in PAX3 gene and in silico analysis of damaging SNPs in relation to neural tube defect. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Abraham S, Paknikar R, Bhumbra S, Luan D, Garg R, Dressler GR, Patel SR. The Groucho-associated phosphatase PPM1B displaces Pax transactivation domain interacting protein (PTIP) to switch the transcription factor Pax2 from a transcriptional activator to a repressor. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7185-94. [PMID: 25631048 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax genes encode developmental regulatory proteins that specify cell lineages and tissues in metazoans. Upon binding to DNA through the conserved paired domain, Pax proteins can recruit both activating and repressing complexes that imprint distinct patterns of histone methylation associated with either gene activation or silencing. How the switch from Pax-mediated activation to repression is regulated remains poorly understood. In this report, we identify the phosphatase PPM1B as an essential component of the Groucho4 repressor complex that is recruited by Pax2 to chromatin. PPM1B can dephosphorylate the Pax2 activation domain and displace the adaptor protein PTIP, thus inhibiting H3K4 methylation and gene activation. Loss of PPM1B prevents Groucho-mediated gene repression. Thus, PPM1B helps switch Pax2 from a transcriptional activator to a repressor protein. This can have profound implications for developmental regulation by Pax proteins and suggests a model for imprinting specific epigenetic marks depending on the availability of co-factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Danny Luan
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and
| | - Rohan Garg
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine and
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Zhang S, Han RL, Gao ZY, Zhu SK, Tian YD, Sun GR, Kang XT. A novel 31-bp indel in the paired box 7 (PAX7) gene is associated with chicken performance traits. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:31-6. [PMID: 24251689 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.860215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. A novel 31-bp indel polymorphism in intron 3 of the chicken paired box 7 (PAX7) gene was identified and genotyped in an F2 resource population of Gushi chicken crossed with Anka broiler to analyse its associations with chicken growth, carcass and meat quality traits. 2. Results showed that the 31-bp indel was significantly associated with body weight at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 weeks of age and body size indices including shank length, shank girth, body slanting length at 8 and 12 weeks of age. Significant associations were found for carcass weight, semi-evisceration weight, evisceration weight, breast muscle fibre diameter, leg muscle fibre diameter, breast muscle fibre density, while no significant association with leg muscle fibre density was observed. 3. It was concluded that the 31-bp indel in intron 3 of the PAX7 gene was associated with chicken growth, carcass and meat quality traits where the 31-bp deletion had a negative effect on chicken growth and carcass traits and positive effect on meat quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- a Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Henan Agricultural University, Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource , Zhengzhou 450002 , P.R. China
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33
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A novel duplication in the PAX6 gene in a North Indian family with aniridia. Int Ophthalmol 2014; 34:1183-8. [PMID: 25189681 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-013-9882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Luan Q, Chen Q, Friedrich M. The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless are required for global patterning of the ocular segment in the Tribolium embryo. Dev Biol 2014; 394:367-81. [PMID: 25149513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor gene Pax6 is widely considered a master regulator of eye development in bilaterian animals. However, the existence of visual organs that develop without Pax6 input and the considerable pleiotropy of Pax6 outside the visual system dictate further studies into defining ancestral functions of this important regulator. Previous work has shown that the combinatorial knockdown of the insect Pax6 orthologs eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) perturbs the development of the visual system but also other areas of the larval head in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. To elucidate the role of Pax6 during Tribolium head development in more detail, we studied head cuticle morphology, brain anatomy, embryonic head morphogenesis, and developmental marker gene expression in combinatorial ey and toy knockdown animals. Our experiments reveal that Pax6 is broadly required for patterning the anterior embryonic head. One of the earliest detectable roles is the formation of the embryonic head lobes, which originate from within the ocular segment and give rise to large parts of the supraesophageal brain including the mushroom body, a part of the posterior head capsule cuticle, and the visual system. We present further evidence that toy continues to be required for the development of the larval eyes after formation of the embryonic head lobes in cooperation with the eye developmental transcription factor dachshund (dac). The sum of our findings suggests that Pax6 functions as a competence factor throughout the development of the insect ocular segment. Comparative evidence identifies this function as an ancestral aspect of bilaterian head development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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35
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Moreno N, Joven A, Morona R, Bandín S, López JM, González A. Conserved localization of Pax6 and Pax7 transcripts in the brain of representatives of sarcopterygian vertebrates during development supports homologous brain regionalization. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:75. [PMID: 25147506 PMCID: PMC4123791 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the genes involved in brain patterning during development are highly conserved in vertebrates and similarities in their expression patterns help to recognize homologous cell types or brain regions. Among these genes, Pax6 and Pax7 are expressed in regionally restricted patterns in the brain and are essential for its development. In the present immunohistochemical study we analyzed the distribution of Pax6 and Pax7 cells in the brain of six representative species of tetrapods and lungfishes, the closest living relatives of tetrapods, at several developmental stages. The distribution patterns of these transcription factors were largely comparable across species. In all species only Pax6 was expressed in the telencephalon, including the olfactory bulbs, septum, striatum, and amygdaloid complex. In the diencephalon, Pax6 and Pax7 were distinct in the alar and basal parts, mainly in prosomeres 1 and 3. Pax7 specifically labeled cells in the optic tectum (superior colliculus) and Pax6, but not Pax7, cells were found in the tegmentum. Pax6 was found in most granule cells of the cerebellum and Pax7 labeling was detected in cells of the ventricular zone of the rostral alar plate and in migrated cells in the basal plate, including the griseum centrale and the interpeduncular nucleus. Caudally, Pax6 cells formed a column, whereas the ventricular zone of the alar plate expressed Pax7. Since the observed Pax6 and Pax7 expression patterns are largely conserved they can be used to identify subdivisions in the brain across vertebrates that are not clearly discernible with classical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Joven
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Bandín
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid Madrid, Spain
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36
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Kanteti R, El-Hashani E, Dhanasingh I, Tretiakova M, Husain AN, Sharma S, Sharma J, Vokes EE, Salgia R. Role of PAX8 in the regulation of MET and RON receptor tyrosine kinases in non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:185. [PMID: 24628993 PMCID: PMC3995599 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are highly heterogeneous at the molecular level and comprise 75% of all lung tumors. We have previously shown that the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) MET frequently suffers gain-of-function mutations that significantly promote lung tumorigenesis. Subsequent studies from our lab also revealed that PAX5 transcription factor is preferentially expressed in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and promotes MET transcription. PAX8, however, is also expressed in NSCLC cell lines. We therefore investigated the role of PAX8 in NSCLC. METHODS Using IHC analysis, PAX8 protein expression was determined in archival NSCLC tumor tissues (n = 254). In order to study the effects of PAX8 knockdown on NSCLC cellular functions such as apoptosis and motility, siRNA against PAX8 was used. Confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to monitor the localization of MET, RON and PAX8. The combinatorial effect of PAX8 knockdown and MET inhibition using SU11274 was investigated in NSCLC cell viability assay. RESULTS Relative levels of PAX8 protein were elevated (≥ + 2 on a scale of 0-3) in adenocarcinoma (58/94), large cell carcinoma (50/85), squamous cell carcinoma (28/47), and metastatic NSCLC (17/28; lymph node). Utilizing early progenitors isolated from NSCLC cell lines and fresh tumor tissues, we observed robust overexpression of PAX8, MET, and RON. PAX8 knockdown A549 cells revealed abrogated PAX8 expression with a concomitant loss in MET and the related RON kinase expression. A dramatic colocalization between the active form of MET (also RON) and PAX8 upon challenging A549 cells with HGF was visualized. A similar colocalization of MET and EGL5 (PAX8 ortholog) proteins was found in embryos of C. elegans. Most importantly, knockdown of PAX8 in A549 cells resulted in enhanced apoptosis (~6 fold) and decreased cell motility (~45%), thereby making PAX8 a potential therapeutic target. However, the combinatorial approach of PAX8 knockdown and treatment with MET inhibitor, SU11274, had marginal additive effect on loss of NSCLC cell viability. CONCLUSION PAX8 provides signals for growth and motility of NSCLC cells and is necessary for MET and RON expression. Further investigations are necessary to investigate the therapeutic potential of PA8 in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Li Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Xie P, Li F, Li G. PAX6, a novel target of microRNA-7, promotes cellular proliferation and invasion in human colorectal cancer cells. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:598-606. [PMID: 24185687 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paired box 6 (PAX6), a highly conserved transcriptional factor, has been implicated in tumorigenesis. AIM We aimed to explore the roles and molecular mechanisms of PAX6 and microRNA (miR-7) in colorectal cancer cells. METHODS Tissue microarray immunohistochemistry and Western blot were applied to examine the PAX6 expression. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot were performed to determine the expression of miR-7 and PAX6. Luciferase reporter assay was used to determine whether PAX6 was a target of miR-7. Effects of miR-7 and PAX6 on colorectal cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, colony formation and invasion were then investigated. Western blot was used to determine the activities of the ERK and PI3K signal pathways, as well as the protein expression of MMP2 and MMP9. RESULTS The protein levels of PAX6 were gradually increased, while the expression of miR-7 was gradually reduced with malignancy of colorectal cancer. PAX6 was further identified as a target of miR-7, and its protein expression was negatively regulated by miR-7 in human colorectal cancer cells. Overexpression of PAX6 in Caco-2 and SW480 cells enhanced cellular proliferation, cell cycle progression, colony formation, and invasion, while miR-7 upregulation repressed these biological processes. Furthermore, the activities of ERK and PI3K signal pathways, as well as the protein levels of MMP2 and MMP9, were upregulated in PAX6-overexpressed Caco-2 and SW480 cells but deregulated in miR-7-overexpressed Caco-2 and SW480 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that as a novel target of miR-7, PAX6 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Li
- Tumor Immunobiology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
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Immunohistochemical localization of Pax6 in the developing tooth germ of mice. J Mol Histol 2014; 45:373-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-014-9564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Schimmenti LA. Genetic and developmental basis of renal coloboma (papillorenal) syndrome. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.09.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Since the seminal discovery of the cell-fate regulator Myod, studies in skeletal myogenesis have inspired the search for cell-fate regulators of similar potential in other tissues and organs. It was perplexing that a similar transcription factor for other tissues was not found; however, it was later discovered that combinations of molecular regulators can divert somatic cell fates to other cell types. With the new era of reprogramming to induce pluripotent cells, the myogenesis paradigm can now be viewed under a different light. Here, we provide a short historical perspective and focus on how the regulation of skeletal myogenesis occurs distinctly in different scenarios and anatomical locations. In addition, some interesting features of this tissue underscore the importance of reconsidering the simple-minded view that a single stem cell population emerges after gastrulation to assure tissuegenesis. Notably, a self-renewing long-term Pax7+ myogenic stem cell population emerges during development only after a first wave of terminal differentiation occurs to establish a tissue anlagen in the mouse. How the future stem cell population is selected in this unusual scenario will be discussed. Recently, a wealth of information has emerged from epigenetic and genome-wide studies in myogenic cells. Although key transcription factors such as Pax3, Pax7, and Myod regulate only a small subset of genes, in some cases their genomic distribution and binding are considerably more promiscuous. This apparent nonspecificity can be reconciled in part by the permissivity of the cell for myogenic commitment, and also by new roles for some of these regulators as pioneer transcription factors acting on chromatin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Comai
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Pax8 has a critical role in epithelial cell survival and proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e729. [PMID: 23868062 PMCID: PMC3730432 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax8, a member of the Paired-box gene family, is a critical regulator required for proper development and differentiation of thyroid follicular cells. Despite being Pax8 well characterized with respect to its role in regulating genes responsible for thyroid differentiation, its involvement in cell survival and proliferation has been hypothesized but remains unclear. Here, we show that Pax8 overexpression significantly increases proliferation and colony-forming efficiency of Fischer rat thyroid line 5 epithelial cells, although it is not sufficient to overcome their hormone dependence. More interestingly, we show that Pax8-specific silencing induces apoptosis through a p53-dependent pathway that involves caspase-3 activation and cleavage of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase. Our data indicate that tumor protein 53 induced nuclear protein 1 (tp53inp1), a positive regulator of p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, is a transcriptional target of Pax8 and is upregulated by Pax8 knockdown. Remarkably, tp53inp1 silencing significantly abolishes Pax8-induced apoptosis thus suggesting that tp53inp1 may be the mediator of the observed effects. In conclusion, our data highlight that Pax8 is required for the survival of differentiated epithelial cells and its expression levels are able to modulate the proliferation rate of such cells.
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42
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Alfano C, Studer M. Neocortical arealization: evolution, mechanisms, and open questions. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:411-47. [PMID: 23239642 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is a structure with no equals in the vertebrates and is the seat of the highest cerebral functions, such as thoughts and consciousness. It is radially organized into six layers and tangentially subdivided into functional areas deputed to the elaboration of sensory information, association between different stimuli, and selection and triggering of voluntary movements. The process subdividing the neocortical field into several functional areas is called "arealization". Each area has its own cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and peculiar functions. In the last century, several neuroscientists have investigated areal structure and the mechanisms that have led during evolution to the rising of the neocortex and its organization. The extreme conservation in the positioning and wiring of neocortical areas among different mammalian families suggests a conserved genetic program orchestrating neocortical patterning. However, the impressive plasticity of the neocortex, which is able to rewire and reorganize areal structures and connectivity after impairments of sensory pathways, argues for a more complex scenario. Indeed, even if genetics and molecular biology helped in identifying several genes involved in the arealization process, the logic underlying the neocortical bauplan is still beyond our comprehension. In this review, we will introduce the present knowledge and hypotheses on the ontogenesis and evolution of neocortical areas. Then, we will focus our attention on some open issues, which are still unresolved, and discuss some recent studies that might open new directions to be explored in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Alfano
- Institute of Biology Valrose, iBV, UMR INSERM1091/CNRS7277/UNS, Nice, F-06108, France.
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Shaham O, Menuchin Y, Farhy C, Ashery-Padan R. Pax6: a multi-level regulator of ocular development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:351-76. [PMID: 22561546 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eye development has been a paradigm for the study of organogenesis, from the demonstration of lens induction through epithelial tissue morphogenesis, to neuronal specification and differentiation. The transcription factor Pax6 has been shown to play a key role in each of these processes. Pax6 is required for initiation of developmental pathways, patterning of epithelial tissues, activation of tissue-specific genes and interaction with other regulatory pathways. Herein we examine the data accumulated over the last few decades from extensive analyses of biochemical modules and genetic manipulation of the Pax6 gene. Specifically, we describe the regulation of Pax6's expression pattern, the protein's DNA-binding properties, and its specific roles and mechanisms of action at all stages of lens and retinal development. Pax6 functions at multiple levels to integrate extracellular information and execute cell-intrinsic differentiation programs that culminate in the specification and differentiation of a distinct ocular lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Shaham
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Sawant A, Chanda D, Isayeva T, Tsuladze G, Garvey WT, Ponnazhagan S. Noggin is novel inducer of mesenchymal stem cell adipogenesis: implications for bone health and obesity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12241-9. [PMID: 22351751 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.293613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Noggin is a glycosylated-secreted protein known so far for its inhibitory effects on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling by sequestering the BMP ligand. We report here for the first time a novel mechanism by which noggin directly induces adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells independently of major human adipogenic signals through C/EBPδ, C/EBPα and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Evaluation of a possible mechanism for noggin-induced adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells identified the role of Pax-1 in mediating such differentiation. The relevance of elevated noggin levels in obesity was confirmed in a preclinical, immunocompetent mouse model of spontaneous obesity and in human patients with higher body mass index. These data clearly provide a novel role for noggin in inducing adipogenesis and possibly obesity and further indicates the potential of noggin as a therapeutic target to control obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandi Sawant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Zong X, Yang H, Yu Y, Zou D, Ling Z, He X, Meng X. Possible role of Pax-6 in promoting breast cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. BMB Rep 2012; 44:595-600. [PMID: 21944253 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.9.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax 6, a member of the paired box (Pax) family, has been implicated in oncogenesis. However, its therapeutic potential has been never examined in breast cancer. To explore the role of Pax6 in breast cancer development, a lentivirus based short hairpin RNA (shRNA) delivery system was used to knockdown Pax6 expression in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (MCF-7) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells. Effect of Pax6 silencing on breast cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis was analyzed. Pax6-RNAi-lentivirus infection remarkably downregulated the expression levels of Pax6 mRNA and protein in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Accordingly, the cell viability, DNA synthesis, and colony formation were strongly suppressed, and the tumorigenesis in xenograft nude mice was significantly inhibited. Moreover, tumor cells were arrested at G0/G1 phase after Pax6 was knocked down. Pax6 facilitates important regulatory roles in breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression, and could serve as a diagnostic marker for clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Zong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
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Takagaki Y, Yamagishi H, Matsuoka R. Factors Involved in Signal Transduction During Vertebrate Myogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 296:187-272. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394307-1.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Thompson JA, Ziman M. Pax genes during neural development and their potential role in neuroregeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:334-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Matsushima D, Heavner W, Pevny LH. Combinatorial regulation of optic cup progenitor cell fate by SOX2 and PAX6. Development 2011; 138:443-54. [PMID: 21205789 DOI: 10.1242/dev.055178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In humans, haploinsufficiency of either SOX2 or PAX6 is associated with microphthalmia, anophthalmia or aniridia. In this study, through the genetic spatiotemporal specific ablation of SOX2 on both wild-type and Pax6-haploinsufficent backgrounds in the mouse, we have uncovered a transcriptionally distinct and developmentally transient stage of eye development. We show that genetic ablation of SOX2 in the optic cup results in complete loss of neural competence and eventual cell fate conversion to non-neurogenic ciliary epithelium. This cell fate conversion is associated with a striking increase in PAX6, and genetically ablating SOX2 on a Pax6-haploinsufficient background partially rescues the Sox2-mutant phenotype. Collectively, these results demonstrate that precise regulation of the ratio of SOX2 to PAX6 is necessary to ensure accurate progenitor cell specification, and place SOX2 as a decisive factor of neural competence in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Matsushima
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Guo Z, Packard A, Krolewski RC, Harris MT, Manglapus GL, Schwob JE. Expression of pax6 and sox2 in adult olfactory epithelium. J Comp Neurol 2011; 518:4395-418. [PMID: 20852734 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium maintains stem and progenitor cells that support the neuroepithelium's life-long capacity to reconstitute after injury. However, the identity of the stem cells--and their regulation--remain poorly defined. The transcription factors Pax6 and Sox2 are characteristic of stem cells in many tissues, including the brain. Therefore, we assessed the expression of Pax6 and Sox2 in normal olfactory epithelium and during epithelial regeneration after methyl bromide lesion or olfactory bulbectomy. Sox2 is found in multiple kinds of cells in normal epithelium, including sustentacular cells, horizontal basal cells, and some globose basal cells. Pax6 is co-expressed with Sox2 in all these, but is also found in duct/gland cells as well as olfactory neurons that innervate necklace glomeruli. Most of the Sox2/Pax6-positive globose basal cells are actively cycling, but some express the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1), and are presumably mitotically quiescent. Among globose basal cells, Sox2 and Pax6 are co-expressed by putatively multipotent progenitors (labeled by neither anti-Mash1 nor anti-Neurog1) and neuron-committed transit amplifying cells (which express Mash1). However, Sox2 and Pax6 are expressed by only a minority of immediate neuronal precursors (Neurog1- and NeuroD1-expressing). The assignment of Sox2 and Pax6 to these categories of globose basal cells is confirmed by a temporal analysis of transcription factor expression during the recovery of the epithelium from methyl bromide-induced injury. Each of the Sox2/Pax6-colabeled cell types is at a remove from the birth of neurons; thus, suppressing their differentiation may be among the roles of Sox2/Pax6 in the olfactory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Abstract
The homeodomain is a protein domain of about 60 amino acids that is encoded by homeobox genes. The homeodomain is a DNA binding domain, and hence homeodomain proteins are essentially transcription factors (TFs). They have been shown to play major roles in many developmental processes of animals, as well as fungi and plants. A primary function of homeodomain proteins is to regulate the expression of other genes in development and differentiation. Thousands of homeobox genes have been identified, and they can be grouped into many different classes. Often other conserved protein domains are found linked to a homeodomain. Several particular types of homeobox genes are organized into chromosomal clusters. The best-known cluster, the HOX cluster, is found in all bilaterian animals. Tetrapods contain four HOX clusters that arose through duplication in early vertebrate evolution. The genes in these clusters are called Hox genes. Lower chordates, insects and nematodes tend to have only one HOX cluster. Of particular interest is that many of the HOX cluster genes function in the process of pattern formation along the anterior-posterior body axis. Many other types of homeodomain proteins play roles in the determination of cell fates and cell differentiation. Homeobox genes thus perform key roles for all aspects of the development of an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Bürglin
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, and Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, SE 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden,
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