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Donmez Z, Gica S, Unubol B, Iyisoy MS, Gulec H. The effect of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder comorbidity on cognitive functions and severity of addiction in opioid use disorder. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2020; 20:295-315. [PMID: 32838695 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1808870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the changes in social cognition and other cognitive domains in ADHD comorbidity and to investigate the possible moderation role of these changes in OUD. A hundered inpatients with OUD were included in the study. Cognitive functions, severity of addiction and symptomatology of ADHD were evaluated. ASRS and API scores were in positive correlation and ASRS scores had a moderating effect on the relationship between craving score and emotion recognition. Our study shows that changes in social environment/cognition play an important role in the follow-up/treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeliha Donmez
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sakir Gica
- Department of Psychiatry, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Basak Unubol
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Erenkoy Mental Health and Neurological Disease Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Sinan Iyisoy
- Department of Medical Education and Informatics, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Gulec
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Erenkoy Mental Health and Neurological Disease Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
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Liaci E, Fischer A, Atmanspacher H, Heinrichs M, Tebartz van Elst L, Kornmeier J. Positive and negative hysteresis effects for the perception of geometric and emotional ambiguities. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202398. [PMID: 30256789 PMCID: PMC6157843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study utilizes perceptual hysteresis effects to compare the ambiguity of Mona Lisa's emotional face expression (high-level ambiguity) and of geometric cube stimuli (low-level ambiguity). METHODS In two experiments we presented series of nine Mona Lisa variants and nine cube variants. Stimulus ambiguity was manipulated by changing Mona Lisa's mouth curvature (Exp. 1) and the cubes' back-layer luminance (Exp. 2). Each experiment consisted of three conditions, two with opposite stimulus presentation sequences with increasing and decreasing degrees of ambiguity, respectively, and a third condition with a random presentation sequence. Participants indicated happy or sad face percepts (Exp. 1) and alternative 3D cube percepts (Exp. 2) by key presses. We studied the influences of a priori perceptual biases (long-term memory) and presentation order (short-term memory) on perception. RESULTS Perception followed sigmoidal functions of the stimulus ambiguity morphing parameters. The morphing parameter for the functions' inflection points depended strongly on stimulus presentation order with similar effect sizes but different signs for the two stimulus types (positive hysteresis / priming for the cubes; negative hysteresis / adaptation for Mona Lisa). In the random conditions, the inflection points were located in the middle between those from the two directional conditions for the Mona Lisa stimuli. For the cube stimuli, they were superimposed on one sigmoidal function for the ordered condition. DISCUSSION The hysteresis effects reflect the influence of short-term memory during the perceptual disambiguation of ambiguous sensory information. The effects for the two stimulus types are of similar size, explaining up to 34% of the perceptual variance introduced by the paradigm. We explain the qualitative difference between positive and negative hysteresis with adaptation for Mona Lisa and with priming for the cubes. In addition, the hysteresis paradigm allows a quantitative determination of the impact of adaptation and priming during the resolution of perceptual ambiguities. The asymmetric shifts of inflection points in the case of the cube stimuli is likely due to an a priori perceptual bias, reflecting an influence of long-term memory. Whether corresponding influences also exist for the Mona Lisa variants is so far unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Liaci
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department for Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Atmanspacher
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
- Collegium Helveticum, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Heinrichs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department for Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kornmeier
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department for Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Davies BE, Frude N, Jenkins R, Hill C, Harding C. A study examining the relationship between alexithymia and challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:1022-1032. [PMID: 25683670 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggesting that people with intellectual disabilities (ID) have difficulties in recognising emotions provides a rationale for studying alexithymia in this population. A number of studies have found a relationship between alexithymia and challenging behaviours in various populations and this study aims to discover if this is the case for people with ID. METHOD Cross-sectional data were collected from 96 participants with ID and 95 of their carers. The service user participants completed an alexithymia questionnaire for children while carers completed the checklist for challenging behaviour and the observer alexithymia scale. Correlational analyses were employed to explore relationships between the variables. RESULTS The relationship between service user and carer-rated alexithymia was very weak. The analysis did show significant associations between observer-rated alexithymia and challenging behaviour frequency, management difficulty and severity, but there was no significant relationship between challenging behaviour and alexithymia as rated by service users themselves. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that observer-rated alexithymia is important in understanding challenging behaviour presented by people with ID. Service user-rated alexithymia had no association with challenging behaviour, in contrast to the results from similar research with other challenging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Davies
- Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Psychology, Caswell Clinic, Glanrhyd Hospital, Bridgend, Wales, UK
| | - N Frude
- Doctoral Course in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - R Jenkins
- Doctoral Course in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - C Hill
- Aneurin Bevan Health Board, Learning Disability Services, Gwent, Wales, UK
| | - C Harding
- Aneurin Bevan Health Board, Learning Disability Services, Gwent, Wales, UK
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Vos P, De Cock P, Petry K, Van Den Noortgate W, Maes B. What makes them feel like they do? Investigating the subjective well-being in people with severe and profound disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2010; 31:1623-1632. [PMID: 20547036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the problems measuring subjective well-being in people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities, there are no studies to date which explore the factors contributing to the subjective well-being in these groups. We wanted to explore the client and service characteristics contributing to the subjective well-being of persons with severe and profound intellectual disabilities, as measured by the MIPQ (Ross & Oliver, 2003). MATERIALS AND METHODS The MIPQ was completed for 360 persons with severe or profound intellectual disabilities by a member of the direct support staff. They also provided us with information on client, service and informant characteristics. RESULTS We found that the subjective well-being of persons with profound intellectual disabilities was lower than the subjective well-being of people with mild, moderate or severe intellectual disabilities or people without disabilities. Client and informant characteristics but no service characteristics were found to have an influence on the subjective well-being of people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. CONCLUSION As it is important for policy making to identify residence service and staff factors related to subjective well-being of persons with severe and profound intellectual disabilities, further research should try to identify these factors, taking in account the client characteristics that are found to be related to subjective well-being in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Vos
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Centre for Parenting, Child Welfare and Disability, Vesaliusstraat 2, P.O. Box 3765, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Characterized by frontostriatal dysfunction, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with cognitive and psychiatric abnormalities. Several studies have noted impaired facial emotion recognition abilities in patient populations that demonstrate frontostriatal dysfunction; however, facial emotion recognition abilities have not been systematically examined in HIV patients. The current study investigated facial emotion recognition in 50 nondemented HIV-seropositive adults and 50 control participants relative to their performance on a nonemotional landscape categorization control task. We examined the relation of HIV-disease factors (nadir and current CD4 levels) to emotion recognition abilities and assessed the psychosocial impact of emotion recognition abnormalities. Compared to control participants, HIV patients performed normally on the control task but demonstrated significant impairments in facial emotion recognition, specifically for fear. HIV patients reported greater psychosocial impairments, which correlated with increased emotion recognition difficulties. Lower current CD4 counts were associated with poorer anger recognition. In summary, our results indicate that chronic HIV infection may contribute to emotion processing problems among HIV patients. We suggest that disruptions of frontostriatal structures and their connections with cortico-limbic networks may contribute to emotion recognition abnormalities in HIV. Our findings also highlight the significant psychosocial impact that emotion recognition abnormalities have on individuals with HIV.
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Lin JD, Hu J, Yen CF, Hsu SW, Lin LP, Loh CH, Chen MH, Wu SR, Chu CM, Wu JL. Quality of life in caregivers of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: use of WHOQOL-BREF survey. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2009; 30:1448-1458. [PMID: 19660901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study based on World Health Organization quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) scale to examine quality of life of the caregivers caring for their children/adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan, and the factors contributing to their quality of life. Structured interviews were conducted with 597 caregivers of children/adolescents with intellectual disabilities. The results found that the mean scores in each domain of WHOQOL-BREF of the caregivers as the followings: physical capacity (PC) was 13.71+/-2.35, psychological well-being (PW) was 12.21+/-2.55, social relationship (SR) was 12.99+/-2.43 and environment (EN) was 12.32+/-2.38. These mean scores were lower than the general population and slight higher than the caregivers of adults with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan. Finally, multiple stepwise regressions were conducted to examine the characteristics of caregiver and children/adolescents with intellectual disabilities will more likely explained the WHOQOL-BREF mean scores. The study found the following three factors: self-perceived health status, household income and stress from insufficient family support were significantly correlated to all four domains in multiple stepwise regression analyses. The results highlights that caregivers of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities seem to display a lower WHOQOL-BREF mean score than the general population, probably for a combination of stress, health and household income factors. These finding must be taken into account in policy making to provide better and more specific supports and interventions for the caregivers of people with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ding Lin
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Boakes J, Chapman E, Houghton S, West J. Facial affect interpretation in boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Neuropsychol 2008; 14:82-96. [PMID: 18097801 DOI: 10.1080/09297040701503327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have produced mixed evidence of impairments in facial affect interpretation for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study investigated the presence and nature of such impairments across different stimulus formats. Twenty-four boys with ADHD and 24 age-matched comparison boys completed a 72-trial task that included facial expressions of happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust. Three versions of each expression were used: a static version, a dynamic version, and a dynamic version presented within a relevant situational context. Expressions were also presented in one of two portrayal modes (cartoon versus real-life). Results indicated significant impairments for boys with ADHD on two of the six emotions (fear and disgust), which were consistent across stimulus formats. Directions for further research to identify mediating factors in the expression of such impairments in children with ADHD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolee Boakes
- The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Fishbein DH, Hyde C, Eldreth D, Paschall MJ, Hubal R, Das A, Tarter R, Ialongo N, Hubbard S, Yung B. Neurocognitive skills moderate urban male adolescents' responses to preventive intervention materials. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 82:47-60. [PMID: 16154296 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present experiment was designed to determine whether individual variation in neurobiological mechanisms associated with substance abuse risk moderated effects of a brief preventive intervention on social competency skills. This study was conducted in collaboration with the ongoing preventive intervention study at Johns Hopkins University Prevention Intervention Research Center (JHU PIRC) within the Baltimore City Public Schools. A subsample (N = 120) of male 9th grade students was recruited from the larger JHU study population. Approximately half of the participants had a current or lifetime diagnosis of CD while the other half had no diagnosis of CD or other reported problem behaviors. Measures of executive cognitive function (ECF), emotional perception and intelligence were administered. In a later session, participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. The experimental group underwent a facilitated session using excerpted materials from a model preventive intervention, Positive Adolescent Choices Training (PACT), and controls received no intervention. Outcomes (i.e., social competency skills) were assessed using virtual reality vignettes involving behavioral choices as well as three social cognition questionnaires. Poor cognitive and emotional performance and a diagnosis of CD predicted less favorable change in social competency skills in response to the prevention curriculum. This study provides evidence for the moderating effects of neurocognitive and emotional regulatory functions on ability of urban male youth to respond to preventive intervention materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Fishbein
- RTI International, Transdisciplinary Behavioral Science Program, 6801 Eastern Avenue, Suite 203, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Hetzroni O, Oren B. Effects of intelligence level and place of residence on the ability of individuals with mental retardation to identify facial expressions. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2002; 23:369-378. [PMID: 12426006 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-4222(02)00139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the abilities of individuals with mental retardation to recognize and match emotional facial expressions from a series of photographs depicting various facial expressions. There were four groups of participants according to their place of residence (community or institution) and their intelligence level (mild or moderate). Each individual participated in two tasks: (1) recognizing a facial expression from an array of three pictures presented, and (2) matching a facial expression from one picture with a picture depicting a similar emotion from an array of three pictures. All information was presented to the participants in the native language, Hebrew. The six facial expressions used for the study included happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust. The ability to recognize and match facial expressions was significantly higher for individuals with mild than moderate mental retardation. There was no significant difference for place of residence. Happiness was the easiest feeling to recognize and match for all groups. Fear and anger were the most difficult to recognize, while sadness and anger were most difficult to match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Hetzroni
- Special Education, Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
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Cummins RA. Living with support in the community: predictors of satisfaction with life. MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS 2001; 7:99-104. [PMID: 11389564 DOI: 10.1002/mrdd.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ensuring that people with an intellectual disability have normative levels of life satisfaction is increasingly considered a worthy goal for service providers. This review concerns the determinants of such satisfaction and embeds this literature within the Homeostatic Theory of Subjective Well-Being. This posits that life satisfaction is under considerable endogenous control and, as a consequence, does not normally vary in sympathy with changes in the external environment. This situation changes, however, if the environment is sufficiently aversive to defeat such homeostatic control. Under these conditions the circumstances of living correlate with life satisfaction as they wrest control away from the homeostatic system. One important implication is that the measure of life satisfaction may or may not be a sensitive indicator for changes in service provision, depending on the functional status of the homeostatic system. MRDD Research Reviews 7:99-104, 2001. (c) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Cummins
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Melbourne, Victoria 3125, Australia.
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