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Xiang Y, Lu X, Liu Y, Yu C, Yang H, Gao N, Chu W, Zhang Y. Influence of chemical speciation on enrofloxacin degradation by UV irradiation: Kinetics, mechanism and disinfection by-products formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131559. [PMID: 34280830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) were frequently detected in aqueous environment. The UV irradiation have been reported as an efficient method for FQs degradation. This study investigated the influence of chemical speciation on enrofloxacin (ENR) photolysis process by UV irradiation. The results showed that chemical speciation of ENR significantly affected the photodegradation kinetics, and the highest degradation rate was observed in the zwitterion form. Presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and inorganic anions had different degrees of influences on ENR photodegradation for three chemical speciation of ENR. The contribution of 1O2 on ENR degradation in neutral and alkalinity condition was significantly higher than that in acidic condition. The cation and zwitterion of ENR was beneficial to the formation of trichloromethane (TCM) and haloacetonitrile (HAN) during the chlorination alone. Compared with the chlorination of ENR, the UV pretreatment respectively caused 4.06-fold and 3.14-fold decrease in TCM formation at acidic and neutral reaction condition during subsequent chlorination. Also the decrease in HAN formation at neutral and alkalinity condition was found after UV treatment followed by chlorination. The UV pretreatment caused higher yield of HAN in the subsequent chlorination at acidic condition than that at neutral and alkalinity condition. Through the UV pretreatment at neutral condition, the generated concentration of halonitromethane (HNM) reached the maximum value during the subsequent chlorination. Potential toxic risk analysis showed the toxicity decreased in zwitterion form of ENR, while toxicity increased in cationic and anionic form after UV irradiation pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanquan Xiang
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xian Lu
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yali Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Changye Yu
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huiting Yang
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yinjiang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Water Environment Ecology in Shanghai, College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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Xiao Y, Wang Q, Huang Y, Ma X, Xiong X, Li H. Synthesis, structure, and biological evaluation of a copper(ii) complex with fleroxacin and 1,10-phenanthroline. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:10928-35. [PMID: 27301999 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00915h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel mixed-ligand Cu(ii) complex combined with the quinolone drug fleroxacin and 1,10-phenanthroline was synthesized in this work. The crystal structure of the complex was characterized via X-ray crystallography, which was the first reported single crystal complex of fleroxacin. Results showed that Cu(ii) was coordinated through pyridone oxygen and one carboxylate oxygen atom of fleroxacin, as well as two nitrogen atoms from 1,10-phenanthroline. Various characterization methods, including Fourier transform infrared, elementary analysis, thermogravimetry, and X-ray powder diffraction, were applied. The Cu(ii)-quinolone complex exhibited favorable biological activities, and was proved to be capable of transforming supercoiled PUC19 DNA into nicked form under hydrolytic conditions. The obtained pseudo-Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameter was 12.64 h(-1), which corresponded to a million-fold rate enhancement in DNA cleavage. In addition, the interaction capacity of the complex with human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated. The results demonstrated a moderately intense combination between HSA and the complex. The complex evidently quenched the fluorescence of HSA. Approximately 19.2% of the quenching was attributed to Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), whereas the rest was caused by ground-state complex formation (molar ratio of HSA : complex = 1 : 2). The energy of the complex was excited during FRET, which increased the fluorescence of the complex by approximately 18%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yanmei Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiangling Ma
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xinnuo Xiong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hui Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Li W, Wang J, Hu YZ. Photodegradation of fleroxacin injection: II. Kinetics and toxicological evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:578-84. [PMID: 23463261 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-9942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodegradation kinetics of fleroxacin were investigated in different injections. Five commercial formulations were analyzed before and after irradiation by determining residual volumes of fleroxacin with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and different decomposition functions and models were obtained. Concentration levels of fleroxacin in injections caused the differences in photodegradation kinetics instead of ingredients. Influences of different pH values and presence of NaCl on photodegradation of fleroxacin were observed. Low pH value decreased the efficacy of photolysis and enhanced photostability of fleroxacin injections. Tentative structure of a new degradation product afforded was proposed. An acute toxicity assay using the bioluminescent bacterium Q67 was performed for fleroxacin injections after exposure to light. The research proved that fleroxacin was more photolabile in dilute injection, and acute toxicity of dilute injection increased more rapidly than that of concentrated injection during irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Antibiotics, Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei 230051, China.
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Wang J, Li W, Li CG, Hu YZ. Photodegradation of fleroxacin injection: different products with different concentration levels. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:872-8. [PMID: 21717376 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodegradation of fleroxacin is investigated in different injections and solutions. After UV irradiation, fleroxacin was degraded to afford two major products in large-volume injection (specification, 200 mg:100 ml), while degraded to afford another major product in small-volume injection (specification, 200 mg:2 ml). The photodegradation products were detected and isolated by reversed-phase HPLC. Based on the spectral data (FT-IR, MS(n), TOF-MS, (1)H/(13)C, DEPT, and 2D NMR), the structures of these products were: 8-fluoro-9-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-6-oxo-2,3-dihydro-6H-1-oxa-3a-aza-phenalene-5-carboxylic acid (impurity-I); 6-fluoro-1-(2-fluoro-ethyl)-7-(2-methylamino-ethylamino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (impurity-II); and 6,8-difluoro-1-(2-fluoro-ethyl)-7-(2-methylamino-ethylamino)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (impurity-III), respectively. Different photodegradation pathways of fleroxacin were proposed, which led to the different stability characteristics of fleroxacin in the injections. The fluorine atom at C8 is more photolabile in dilute injection, so defluorination and cyclization reactions are prone to take place, whereas photo irradiation only cause ring-opening oxidation reaction of piperazine side chain in concentrated injection.
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Salgado HRN, Moreno A, Garg S. LC-DAD Determination of Fleroxacin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dalhoff
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, und Virologie, Brunswiker Strasse 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Zlotos G, Oehlmann M, Nickel P, Holzgrabe U. Determination of protein binding of gyrase inhibitors by means of continuous ultrafiltration. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 18:847-58. [PMID: 9919987 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to characterize the protein binding of a drug, it is necessary to have a method which is close to in vivo conditions and fast in the course of measurement. The continuous ultrafiltration fulfils both requirements for substances with a high extent of protein binding. In this study, 18 gyrase inhibitors in clinical practice, characterized by a lower extent of protein binding, were subjected to the titration procedure of the continuous ultrafiltration using bovine and human serum albumin (BSA, HSA), and human plasma. The results of the continuous ultrafiltration were found to be similar to those obtained by means of the 'classical' discontinuous ultrafiltration using plasma (correlation between continuous and discontinuous ultrafiltration r2 = 0.87). In the cases of pipemidic acid, enoxacin and rufloxacin, the continuous method gave approximately 20% lower degrees of protein binding than the discontinuous procedure, which utilizes plasma having the full range of proteins. It is likely that these drugs bind mainly to other proteins in plasma than HSA. This finding proves that this fast method is worthwhile in the whole range of protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zlotos
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
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Chukwuani CM, Coker HA, Oduola AM, Ifudu ND, Sowunmi A. Single-dose pharmacokinetic study of ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin in healthy adult Nigerian volunteers. Chemotherapy 1998; 44:369-76. [PMID: 9755295 DOI: 10.1159/000007146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of absorption, distribution and elimination of ciprofloxacin and fleroxacin (following an intravenous dose of 200 mg), were evaluated in 24 adult healthy male Nigerian volunteers. Appropriate mathematical models were applied with the aid of a microcomputer software program for the estimation of the basic pharmacokinetic parameters. Appropriate statistical tests and profiles formed the basis for accepting or rejecting a proposed model. For parametric comparisons between the profile of the two drugs, the null hypothesis of no difference in their pharmacokinetic profile was proposed. All statistical tests were performed at a significance level of 95% (alpha = 0.05) and the 95% confidence level was determined where appropriate. Additionally, the model-independent or stochastic method of analysis was also employed in the pharmacokinetic evaluation of the blood level data. The parametric estimates obtained from both methods were compared. The plasma elimination half-life (t1/2) was estimated as 13.8 +/- 5.5 h for fleroxacin and 7.5 +/- 4.0 h for ciprofloxacin; the maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) was 0.8 +/- 0.3 and 2.3 +/- 1.0 mg/l for fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively, whilst the volume of distribution (Vd) was 2.5 +/- 1.6 and 0.4 +/- 0.3 liters/kg for fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. 71 and 70% of unchanged drug were excreted in urine for fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. With respect to comparative values, the results confirmed trends already observed in the literature, particularly as regards the t1/2. However, for fleroxacin there was a significant deviation from the literature trends with respect to Vd, Cmax and AUC. The results also confirmed earlier findings, advocating a once-daily dosage schedule for fleroxacin also in the Negroid population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Chukwuani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
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Zlotos G, Bücker A, Kinzig-Schippers M, Sorgel F, Holzgrabe U. Plasma protein binding of gyrase inhibitors. J Pharm Sci 1998; 87:215-20. [PMID: 9519156 DOI: 10.1021/js970181b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasma protein binding of a wide range of gyrase inhibitors in clinical practice or trials has been determined by ultrafiltration to determine structure-protein binding relationships. The protein binding was independent of overall lipophilicity. In particular, the "western" part of the "quinolone" skeleton, consisting of a heterocyclus at position 7 and varying substituents at position 8, strongly influences the extent of protein binding, indicating that this part interacts with the plasma protein. In contrast, substituents in position N1 do not show an effect on the protein binding in this series of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zlotos
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, FRG
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Frankenschmidt A, Naber KG, Bischoff W, Kullmann K. ONCE-DAILY FLEROXACIN VERSUS TWICE-DAILY CIPROFLOXACIN IN THE TREATMENT OF COMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS. J Urol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)64252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Frankenschmidt
- From the Department of Urology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Department of Urology, Elisabeth Hospital, Straubing, Department of Urology, District Hospital, Backnang, and Medical Scientific Section, Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany, and German Fleroxacin Study Group
| | - Kurt G. Naber
- From the Department of Urology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Department of Urology, Elisabeth Hospital, Straubing, Department of Urology, District Hospital, Backnang, and Medical Scientific Section, Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany, and German Fleroxacin Study Group
| | - Werner Bischoff
- From the Department of Urology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Department of Urology, Elisabeth Hospital, Straubing, Department of Urology, District Hospital, Backnang, and Medical Scientific Section, Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany, and German Fleroxacin Study Group
| | - Karlheinz Kullmann
- From the Department of Urology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Department of Urology, Elisabeth Hospital, Straubing, Department of Urology, District Hospital, Backnang, and Medical Scientific Section, Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzach-Wyhlen, Germany, and German Fleroxacin Study Group
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ONCE-DAILY FLEROXACIN VERSUS TWICE-DAILY CIPROFLOXACIN IN THE TREATMENT OF COMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS. J Urol 1997. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199710000-00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Oral Fleroxacin Prophylaxis in Transurethral Surgery. J Urol 1996. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199607000-00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Gasser
- Urologic Clinics and Bacteriology Laboratory, University Hospital, Basel, and Urologic Clinics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Wisard
- Urologic Clinics and Bacteriology Laboratory, University Hospital, Basel, and Urologic Clinics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reno Frei
- Urologic Clinics and Bacteriology Laboratory, University Hospital, Basel, and Urologic Clinics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Prosser BL, Beskid G. Multicenter in vitro comparative study of fluoroquinolones against 25,129 gram-positive and gram-negative clinical isolates. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 21:33-45. [PMID: 7789095 DOI: 10.1016/0732-8893(94)00087-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In vitro activities of fleroxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and lomefloxacin were evaluated against 25,129 fresh bacterial isolates from 51 US hospital or medical center laboratories, beginning in October of 1990. Susceptibility rates were > or = 85% against most species of Gram-negative bacteria. Notable exceptions were Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Xanthomonas, and Providencia. The study drugs displayed similar activity against most Gram-negative species. At least 90% of oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci were susceptible but, of oxacillin-resistant strains, only approximately 60% of Staphylococcus epidermidis and 25% of Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to the quinolones tested. Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains were less susceptible to fleroxacin (42%) than to the other compounds (79%-97%). Ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were more active against streptococci, and none of the compounds demonstrated appreciable activity against enterococci. Thus, the spectra of activity of fluoroquinolones illustrate that they remain effective agents for the treatment of many types of infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Prosser
- Department of Antibacterial Support, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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