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Zendedel A, Delavari S, Ahmadvand H, Ghanadi K, Gholami M. Effects of Selenium on Antioxidant Activity and Recovery From Sciatic Nerve Ischemia–Reperfusion in Adult Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/zjrms-5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sinha BK, Mason RP. IS METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF TOPOISOMERASE II POISONS IMPORTANT IN THE MECHANISM OF CYTOTOXICITY? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 31171989 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor drugs doxorubicin and etoposide, a phodophyllotoxin derivative, are clinically active for the treatment of human malignancies. Because of their extreme effectiveness in the clinic, their modes of actions have been the subject of intense research for over several decades both in the laboratory and in the clinic. It has been found that both doxorubicin and etoposide (VP-16) act on topoisomerase II, induce DNA cleavage, and form double-strand breaks, causing tumor cell death. However, both of these drugs also undergo extensive metabolism in tumor cells and in vivo to various reactive intermediates that bind covalently to cellular DNA and proteins. Moreover, both drugs are metabolized to reactive free radicals that induce lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. However, the role of drug activation in the mechanism of cytotoxicity remains poorly defined. In this review, we critically evaluate the significance of metabolic activation of doxorubicin and etoposide in the mechanism of tumor cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birandra K Sinha
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle, Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle, Park, North Carolina, USA
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Sinha BK, Mason RP. BIOTRANSFORMATION OF HYDRAZINE DERVATIVES IN THE MECHANISM OF TOXICITY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5. [PMID: 31171988 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrazine derivatives are environmental and food pollutants but are also important because of their use in medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis and cancer. However, hydrazines also pose significant health risks to humans as they are mutagenic and carcinogenic. This review examines various metabolic pathways (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) of hydrazines for the formation of reactive species that bind to cellular macromolecules and lead to cellular dysfunction. It is believed that this biotransformation is responsible for the pharmacology and pathophysiology of hydrazine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birandra K Sinha
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, N.C 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, N.C 27709, USA
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Sinha BK, Leinisch F, Bhattacharjee S, Mason RP. DNA cleavage and detection of DNA radicals formed from hydralazine and copper (II) by ESR and immuno-spin trapping. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:674-82. [PMID: 24502259 DOI: 10.1021/tx500011m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal ion-catalyzed oxidation of hydrazine and its derivatives leads to the formation of the hydrazyl radical and subsequently to oxy-radicals in the presence of molecular oxygen. Here, we have examined the role of Cu(2+)-catalyzed oxidation of hydralazine in the induction of DNA damage. Neither 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) nor dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was effective in inhibiting hydralazine-Cu(2+)-induced DNA damage. Singlet oxygen did not appear to participate in this DNA cleavage. The one-electron oxidation of hydralazine also leads to the formation of DNA radicals as confirmed by immuno-spin trapping with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and spin-trapping studies further confirmed the formation of DNA radicals; predominantly, 2'-deoxyadenosine radical adducts were detected, while some radicals were also detected with other nucleosides. Our results suggest that free hydroxyl radicals may not be the main damaging species causing DNA cleavage and that possibly Cu-peroxide complexes, formed from Cu(+)-H2O2, are responsible for this hydralazine-Cu(2+)-induced DNA cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birandra K Sinha
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
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Sinha BK, Bhattacharjee S, Chatterjee S, Jiang J, Motten AG, Kumar A, Espey MG, Mason RP. Role of nitric oxide in the chemistry and anticancer activity of etoposide (VP-16,213). Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:379-87. [PMID: 23402364 DOI: 10.1021/tx300480q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Originally identified as an innate cytotoxin, nitric oxide ((·)NO) formation in tumors can influence chemotherapy and exacerbate cancer progression. Here, we examined the hypothesis that (·)NO generation contributes to cancer cell drug resistance toward the widely used anticancer drug Etoposide (VP-16). The UV-vis spectrum of VP-16 was not changed by exposure of VP-16 to (·)NO in aqueous buffer. In contrast, reddish-orange compound(s) characteristic of o-quinone- and nitroso-VP-16 were readily generated in a hydrophobic medium (chloroform) in an oxygen-dependent manner. Similar products were also formed when the VP-16 radical, generated from VP-16 and horseradish peroxidase/H2O2, was exposed directly to (·)NO in chloroform in the presence of oxygen. Separation and spectral analysis of VP-16 reaction extracts by electron spin resonance and UV-vis indicated the generation of the phenoxy radical and the o-quinone of VP-16, as well as putative nitroxide, iminoxyl, and other nitrogen oxide intermediates. Nitric oxide products of VP-16 displayed significantly diminished topoisomerase II-dependent cleavage of DNA and cytotoxicity to human HL-60 leukemia cells. LPS-mediated induction of nitric oxide synthase in murine macrophages resulted in VP-16 resistance compared to Raw cells. Furthermore, (·)NO products derived from iNOS rapidly reacted with VP-16 leading to decreased DNA damage and cytotoxicity. Together, these observations suggest that the formation of (·)NO in tumors (associated macrophages) can contribute to VP-16 resistance via the detoxification of VP-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birandra K Sinha
- Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Ahmadvand H, Tavafi M, Khosrowbeygi A. Amelioration of altered antioxidant enzymes activity and glomerulosclerosis by coenzyme Q10 in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Complications 2012; 26:476-82. [PMID: 22795334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 is a natural antioxidant and scavenging free radicals. In the present study, we examined antioxidative activities of coenzyme Q10 and possible protective effect of coenzyme Q10 on in vivo and in vitro lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activity and glomerulosclerosis in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into three groups randomly: group 1 as control, group 2 as diabetic untreatment, and group 3 as treatments with coenzyme Q10 by 15 mg/kg i.p. daily, respectively. Diabetes was induced in the second and third groups by alloxan injection subcutaneously. After 8 weeks, animals were anaesthetized, liver and kidney were then removed immediately and used fresh or kept frozen until their lipid peroxidation analysis. Blood samples were also collected before killing to measure the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity. Kidney paraffin sections were prepared and stained by periodic acid-Schiff method. Glomerular volume and leukocyte infiltration were estimated by stereological rules and glomerular sclerosis was studied semi-quantitatively. Coenzyme Q10 significantly inhibited leukocyte infiltration, glomerulosclerosis and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) serum and kidney content in treated group compared with the diabetic untreated group. Coenzyme Q10 significantly inhibited LDL oxidation in vitro. Coenzyme Q10 significantly increased the serum levels of glutathione (GSH) and serum activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in treated group compared with the diabetic untreated group. Coenzyme Q10 alleviates leukocyte infiltration and glomerulosclerosis and exerts beneficial effects on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ahmadvand
- Razi Herbal Researches Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoram Abad, Iran.
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Abstract
Increased catechol thioether formation is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this study, we examined whether catechol thioethers, having a lower oxidation potential than their parent catechols, would cause greater oxidative damage than their parent catechols. We synthesized 5'-S-glutathionyl, cysteinyl, and N-acetylcysteinyl derivatives of dopamine and dopac, encompassing the known catechol thioethers of the mercapturate pathway. Cyclic voltametry studies showed that catechol thioethers had higher reduction potentials than their parent catechols. A higher reduction potential did not correlate with an increase in oxidative damage, measured by metal-catalyzed DNA strand breakage. 5'-S-Glutathionyldopamine and the cysteinyl adducts of dopamine and dopac mediated less oxidative damage than their parent catechols. In contrast, both N-acetylcysteinyl analogs were equipotent to dopamine. Oxygen consumption corresponded to DNA damage except for 5'-S-glutathionyldopamine. The glutathionyl and cysteinyl adducts of dopamine inhibited dopamine-mediated DNA damage indicating that these adducts may have antioxidant properties. 5'-S-Glutathionyldopamine potentiated H2O2-mediated damage whereas 5-S-cysteinyldopamine was inhibitory. Our results show that the ability of catechol thioethers to cause oxidative damage in vitro is not based simply upon the reduction potential but rather, reflects a complex relationship among structures of the parent catechol and thiol adduct, metal catalyst, and oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Picklo
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Abstract
The first demonstration of DNA cleavage by resveratrol '3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene' is presented. Resveratrol mediated relaxation of pBR322 at micromolar concentrations in the presence of Cu2+. Evidence is provided that resveratrol is capable of binding to DNA, and that the Cu(2+)-dependent DNA damage is more likely caused by a copper-peroxide complex rather than by a freely diffusible oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukuhara
- Division of Organic Chemsitry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Tawa R, Gao D, Takami M, Imakura Y, Lee KH, Sakurai H. Binding affinity of Cu(II)-VP-16 (etoposide) complex and its analogues to DNA and hydroxyl radical generation during DNA strand breaks. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:1003-8. [PMID: 9730236 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Conformational effects and affinities of VP-16 (etoposide) and its derivatives to DNA in the presence of Cu(II) ion were examined by circular dichroic (CD) spectra. The Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox kinetics and the hydroxyl radical (.OH) generation from the Cu(II)-complexes were estimated by the stopped-flow kinetics. Based on the results, DNA-cleaving activity of Cu(II)-complexes of VP-16 has been shown to be related with binding affinity of the complex to DNA, Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox and .OH generation, emphasising the mechanism of generated .OH attack to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tawa
- Department of Analytical & Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Tawa R, Takami M, Imakura Y, Lee KH, Sakurai H. Effects of CpG methylation to double stranded DNA breaks by Cu(II)-podophyllotoxin derivative complexes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gantchev TG, Brasseur N, van Lier JE. Combination toxicity of etoposide (VP-16) and photosensitisation with a water-soluble aluminium phthalocyanine in K562 human leukaemic cells. Br J Cancer 1996; 74:1570-7. [PMID: 8932337 PMCID: PMC2074854 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Etoposide (VP-16) is an anti-cancer drug commonly used against several types of tumours and leukaemia, either alone or in combination chemotherapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is another, relatively new modality for treatment of various malignancies. The interactions between VP-16 and PDT, using aluminium tetrasulphophthalocyanine as photosensitiser, in K562 human leukaemic cells were investigated. Cell responses to individual and combined drug treatment under different experimental conditions revealed synergistic drug toxicity. The latter was evident from various events of cell response, including supra-additive accumulation of cells in G2/M cell cycle phase and endonucleolytic DNA fragmentation (apoptosis). The involvement of the cellular antioxidant system in the synergistic interactions of photosensitisation and VP-16 is proposed.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Combined Modality Therapy
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Drug Interactions
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Nucleosomes/drug effects
- Nucleosomes/metabolism
- Organometallic Compounds/pharmacology
- Photochemotherapy/methods
- Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Gantchev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Yalowich J, Tyurina Y, Tyurin V, Allan W, Kagan V. Reduction of phenoxyl radicals of the antitumour agent etoposide (VP-16) by glutathione and protein sulfhydryls in human leukaemia cells: Implications for cytotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 1996; 10:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(95)00106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/1995] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yamashita A, Tawa R, Imakura Y, Lee KH, Sakurai H. Site-specific DNA cleavage by Cu(II) complexes of podophyllotoxin derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47:1920-5. [PMID: 8204110 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific DNA cleavage in the presence of Cu(II) complexes of podophyllotoxin derivatives was investigated with a modified Sanger sequencing method. Cu(II) complexes of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin (DEPD) and syringic acid (SA) cleaved M13mp18 single-strand DNA site-specifically at both cytosine (C) and guanine (G) positions in the GC rich regions and C position, respectively, at pH 7.8. The apparent binding constants of calf thymus DNA-Cu(II) complexes estimated by the differential UV-absorption spectra revealed that both Cu(II)-VP-16 and -DEPD complexes bind to DNA more strongly than does the Cu(II)-SA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yamashita
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Stoyanovsky D, Yalowich J, Gantchev T, Kagan V. Tyrosinase-induced phenoxyl radicals of etoposide (VP-16): interaction with reductants in model systems, K562 leukemic cell and nuclear homogenates. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1993; 19:371-86. [PMID: 8168727 DOI: 10.3109/10715769309056527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Etoposide (VP-16) is an antitumor drug currently in use for the treatment of a number of human cancers. Mechanisms of VP-16 cytotoxicity involve DNA breakage secondary to inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II and/or direct drug-induced DNA strand cleavage. The VP-16 molecule contains a hindered phenolic group which is crucial for its antitumor activity because its oxidation yields reactive metabolites (quinones) capable of irreversible binding to macromolecular targets. VP-16 phenoxyl radical is an essential intermediate in VP-16 oxidative activation and can be either converted to oxidation products or reduced by intracellular reductants to its initial phenolic form. In the present paper we demonstrate that the tyrosinase-induced VP-16 phenoxyl radical could be reduced by ascorbate, glutathione (GSH) and dihydrolipoic acid. These reductants caused a transient disappearance of a characteristic VP-16 phenoxyl radical ESR signal which reappeared after depletion of the reductant. The reductants completely prevented VP-16 oxidation by tyrosinase during the lag-period as measured by high performance liquid chromatography; after the lag-period VP-16 oxidation proceeded with the rate observed in the absence of reductants. In homogenates of human K562 leukemic cells, the tyrosinase-induced VP-16 phenoxyl radical ESR signal could be observed only after a lag-period whose duration was dependent on cell concentration; VP-16 oxidation proceeded in cell homogenates after this lag-period. In homogenates of isolated nuclei, the VP-16 phenoxyl radical and VP-16 oxidation were also detected after a lag-period, which was significantly shorter than that observed for an equivalent amount of cells. In both cell homogenates and in nuclear homogenates, the duration of the lag period could be increased by exogenously added reductants. The duration of the lag-period for the appearance of the VP-16 phenoxyl radical signal in the ESR spectrum can be used as a convenient measure of cellular reductive capacity. Interaction of the VP-16 phenoxyl radical with intracellular reductants may be critical for its metabolic activation and cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stoyanovsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15238
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