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Shinya K, Nishimura Y, Ryu K, Sambe T, Fujishiro M, Nakauchi A, Kashiwabuchi Y, Iwase M, Chokki H, Kurata N, Matsuyama T, Kiuchi Y. Short-term administration of Polypodium leucotomos extract does not inhibit CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of midazolam in healthy subjects: an open-label, two-period, fixed-sequence study. Int J Dermatol 2022; 62:694-699. [PMID: 35751767 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The extract of Polypodium leucotomos is used as a dietary supplement for its ultraviolet radiation-protective properties. Polypodium leucotomos extract reportedly inhibits CYP3A, which is important for drug metabolism in vitro in human microsomes and in vivo in rats. In this study, we explored the inhibitory effect of the P. leucotomos extract on CYP3A4-mediated midazolam metabolism in humans. This open-label, two-period, fixed-sequence study was performed on six healthy, Japanese, male volunteers. During period 1 (control), midazolam (1 mg) was orally administered. After a wash-out period of at least 5 days, period 2 was initiated. Subjects ingested P. leucotomos extract (240 mg) once in the morning and once at noon on the day before midazolam administration, and once the next morning (thrice overall). Midazolam was administered as in period 1. Blood samples were regularly collected for 8 hours after drug administration, and serum midazolam concentration was determined by ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pharmacokinetic parameters of midazolam were calculated and compared between the two periods. The area under the concentration-time curve was 19.18 ± 3.65 ng h/ml, maximum serum concentration was 7.81 ± 1.25 ng/ml, and half-life was 2.32 ± 0.35 hours during period 2. These parameters did not differ from those recorded in period 1 (area under the concentration-time curve: 18.74 ± 2.97 ng h/ml, maximum serum concentration: 8.78 ± 1.67 ng/ml, half-life: 2.52 ± 0.52 h). Therefore, short-term oral administration of P. leucotomos extract did not cause food-drug interactions mediated by CYP3A4 inhibition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Shinya
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kakei Ryu
- Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sambe
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Fujishiro
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakauchi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Numazu Human Care, Tohto University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yumika Kashiwabuchi
- Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Iwase
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Chokki
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Kurata
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsuyama
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Kiuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Martín-Pozo L, Zafra-Gómez A, Cantarero-Malagón S, Vilchez JL. Analysis of Phlebodium decumanum Fronds by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography by Ultraviolet-Visible and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC–UV–VIS–QTOF–MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1594866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martín-Pozo
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - José Luis Vilchez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Nieto Jimenez C, Cajigal Vargas J, Triantafilo Vladilo VS, Naranjo Orellana J. Impact of Hypothermic Stress During Special Operations Training of Chilean Military Forces. Mil Med 2018; 183:e193-e199. [PMID: 29425375 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usx131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Chilean Army considers processes that can optimize physical capacities for responding to the impact of situations and given stressors. The study of the effect of hypothermia as a stressor agent (HSA) and its relationship with cardiovascular, hematological, anthropometric, endocrine, and immunological parameters has not been fully addressed experimentally in military populations. Objective To identify the endocrine, hematological, cardiovascular, and immunological changes caused by HSA and to associate these variables with body composition and physical fitness in the military special operation courses of the Chilean Army. Materials and Methods Forty-two male subjects were exposed to remain in cold water (10.6 °C) in the context of regular military operations training, the longest time of exposure was determined by individual volitional limits. The measurements were taken in pre-hypothermia conditions, then 2 d later under acute hypothermia condition, and finally during the course period of lesser physical and psychological stressors where the baseline measurements were taken. The statistical analysis consisted of testing normality of the distribution through the Shapiro-Wilk test, assessing the equality of variances through the Levene test, and variance analysis by applying the ANOVA test (analysis of variance). The Bonferroni test was used for multiple comparison correction and the Pearson test for correlations between two variables. The level of significance was of p < 0.05. Results The main finding of this study is that HSA has a significant impact at the cardiovascular level and produces an increment in the cell population of the immune and hematologic systems. Significant hormonal changes were observed: ACTH (r = 0.50, p < 0.002), cortisol (r = 0.32, p < 0.03), free testosterone (r = 0.13, p < 0.002), total testosterone r = 0.31, p < 0.002), and anthropometrics (r = -0.51, p < 0.05). However, there is no significant correlation between physical fitness and HAS. Conclusions All subjects experienced hypothermia stress elicited by immersion in cold water. This was evidenced by the decrease in core temperature as well as cardiovascular, endocrine, anthropometric, and immunological changes. Individual differences exist between subjects and their resistance to hypothermia in cold water. These differences are not explained by the physical fitness profile but rather respond to a greater body adiposity index and minor changes in the adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol hormone. An acute hypothermia stress condition also affects the anabolic/catabolic environment. Finally, HSA produces an increase in the cell population of the immune system. The authors believe that this study allows to standardize HSA exposure times during regular military operations training by identifying the physiological impacts under this extreme environment. At present, the availability of intra-abdominal temperature measurement apparatus with capsule thermometers raises the interest of corroborating the findings of the current study through the use of such measuring devices. Likewise, an interesting line of research for the future would be to compare the HSA against a psychological evaluation with the purpose of identifying the stress management mechanisms among subjects of these characteristics and include heart rate variability measurements as an indicator of sympathetic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Nieto Jimenez
- Chilean Army, Center of Lessons Learned, División Doctrine, Valenzuela Llanos 623, La Reina, Chile
| | - Jorge Cajigal Vargas
- Sports Sciences Laboratory, Physical Education School, Faculty of Humanities, Universidad Mayor, San Pío X 2422, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
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Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Peraza Cruces KR, Rodrigáñez Riesco L, García-Vela JA, Sanz-Fernández R. Immunomodulatory effect of Polypodium leucotomos (Anapsos) in child palatine tonsil model. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 107:56-61. [PMID: 29501312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent tonsillitis might reduce the immunological capability of fighting against the infection of tonsil tissue. Polypodium leucotomos (Anapsos) immunomodulating effect has been subject of research in the last years. The aim of this research is to test the in vitro immunomodulating capacity of Anapsos in a child palatine tonsil explants model. METHODS Palatine tonsils explants of children undergoing amigdalectomy were stimulated with mononuclear cells obtained from their own blood by density gradient centrifugation. Some were then treated with Anapsos while others rest untreated. Cytokines were measured by ELISA, immune cells activation was measured by flow cytometry and activation of immunoglobulins was appreciated by indirect immunofluorescence in tonsils tissue. RESULTS Anapsos activates Natural Killers cells. It increases IL-2 and IFN-γ levels by the activation of Th2 lymphocytes, and IL-10, by the Th1 lymphocytes. Anapsos also increases immunoglobulins IgM, IgD and IgG4 by B-lymphocyte activation in tonsils tissue. CONCLUSION Anapsos has an immunomodulating effect, both in humoral and cellular responses, which might benefit children suffering of recurrent tonsillitis as it could enhance their immune system. This effect might reduce the number of episodes suffered and therefore the number of children undergoing surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keyliz R Peraza Cruces
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospital of Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, km 12, 5, 28905, Getafe, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Rodrigáñez Riesco
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Antonio García-Vela
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, km 12, 5, 28905, Getafe, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Sanz-Fernández
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital of Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, km 12, 5, 28905, Getafe, Madrid, Spain.
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Parrado C, Juarranz A, Gilaberte Y, Philips N, Gonzalez S. Fern Extract, Oxidative Stress, and Skin Cancer. Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405205-5.00025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gonzalez S, Gilaberte Y, Philips N. Mechanistic insights in the use of a Polypodium leucotomos extract as an oral and topical photoprotective agent. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:559-63. [DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00156e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wadman MW, van Zadelhoff G, Hamberg M, Visser T, Veldink GA, Vliegenthart JFG. Conversion of linoleic acid into novel oxylipins by the mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Lipids 2005; 40:1163-70. [PMID: 16459929 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins are associated with important processes of the fungal life cycle, such as spore formation. Here, we report the formation of FA metabolites in Agaricus bisporus. Incubation of a crude extract of lamellae with linoleic acid (18:2) led to the extensive formation of two oxylipins. They were identified as 8(R)-hydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (8-HOD) and 8(R),11 (S)-dihydroxy-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (8,11-diHOD) by using RP-HPLC, GC-MS, IR, GC-MS analysis of diastereomeric derivatives, and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Neither compound has been reported before in A. bisporus. Oleic (18:1), alpha-linolenic (18:3n-3), and gamma-linolenic (18:3n-6) acids were converted into their 8-hydroxy derivatives as well, and 18:3n-3 was further metabolized to its 8,11-diol derivative. Reactions with [U-13C]18:2 demonstrated that the compounds 8-HOD and 8,11-diHOD were formed from exogenously supplied 18:2. When [U-13C]8-HOD was supplied, it was not converted into 8,11-diHOD, indicating that it was not an intermediate in the formation of 8,11-diHOD. When a crude extract of A. bisporus was incubated under an atmosphere of 16O2/18O2, the two hydroxyl groups of 8,11-diHOD contained either two 180 atoms or two 60 atoms. Species that contained one of each isotope could not be detected. We propose that the formation of the 8,11-dihydroxy compounds occurs through either an 8,11-endoperoxy, an 8-peroxo free radical, or an 8-hydroperoxy intermediate. In the latter case, the reaction should be catalyzed by dioxygenase with novel specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayken W Wadman
- Department of Bio-organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, 3584-CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Schneider I, Bucar F. Lipoxygenase inhibitors from natural plant sources. Part 1: Medicinal plants with inhibitory activity on arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase[sol ]cyclooxygenase. Phytother Res 2005; 19:81-102. [PMID: 15852496 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase is the key enzyme in leukotriene biosynthesis and catalyses the initial steps in the conversion of arachidonic acid to biologically active leukotrienes. Leukotrienes are considered as potent mediators of inflammatory and allergic reactions and regarding their pro-inflammatory properties the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase pathway is considered to be interesting in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases. Besides 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, drugs able to block the 5-lipoxygenase as well as the cyclooxygenase metabolic pathway are also of therapeutic value. A potential source for new 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors is undoubtedly provided by the abundance of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. The present review article reports the results from a comprehensive literature search of plants that have been tested for 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity over the past 15 years. The obtained information is summarized in a tabular format and promising plant species and chemical classes of compounds are presented. Relevant in vitro tests are also described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Schneider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria
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Manna SK, Bueso-Ramos C, Alvarado F, Aggarwal BB. Calagualine inhibits nuclear transcription factors-kappaB activated by various inflammatory and tumor promoting agents. Cancer Lett 2003; 190:171-82. [PMID: 12565172 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calagualine derived from the fern of the genus Polypodium, commonly called calaguala, has had clinically documented medicinal uses in South America and Spain and been shown to block tumor metastasis, proliferation, and inflammation, all known to require the activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Therefore, we investigated the effect of calagualine on NF-kappaB activation induced by various inflammatory and tumor promoting agents. Calagualine blocked tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced activation of NF-kappaB through inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB. The effects of calagualine were not cell type-specific, as it blocked TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation in a variety of cells. NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene transcription activated by TNF was also suppressed by calagualine. The TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation cascade involving TNFR1-TNF receptor-associated death domain-TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2)-NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK)-IkappaBalpha kinase was interrupted at the TRAF2 and NIK sites by calagualine, which would account for its suppression of NF-kappaB reporter gene expression. Calagualine blocked NF-kappaB activation induced by phorbol ester and lipopolysaccharide. Overall our results indicate that calagualine inhibits activation of NF-kappaB and this may provide a molecular basis for calagualine's ability to suppress inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Manna
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 143, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Brieva A, Guerrero A, Pivel JP. Immunomodulatory properties of a hydrophilic extract of Polypodium leucotomos. Inflammopharmacology 2001. [DOI: 10.1163/156856001320290624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kumar S, Ziereis K, Wiegrebe W, Müller K. Medicinal plants from nepal: evaluation as inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 70:191-5. [PMID: 10837982 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The methanolic extracts of 25 different Nepalese medicinal plants were tested for their activity to inhibit the biosynthesis of leukotriene B(4) in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The selected indigenous plants are used in traditional herb remedies to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism, and skin disorders presumed to be mediated by leukotrienes. The leaves of Zanthoxylum nepalensis were shown to be the most potent inhibitor with an IC(50) value of 11 microgram/ml. The extracts obtained from Astercantha longifolia and Hedychium ellipticum also exhibited potent inhibitory action with IC(50) values of 20 and 22 microgram/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany
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Lotti TM, Menchini G, Spallanzani A, Moretti S, Ghersetich I, Bianchi B. Arachidonate transforming and immunomodulating agents: unapproved uses or indications. Clin Dermatol 2000; 18:119-23. [PMID: 10701093 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(99)00101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T M Lotti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florence, Italy
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Abstract
Arachidonic acid (5.8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid C20:4, n-6) is released from the cell membrane by the action of phospholipases on membrane phospholipids. Metabolites of arachidonic acid, which are generically termed eicosanoids, including prostaglandins, thromboxane, leukotrienes and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, have been implicated as mediators or modulators of a number of physiological functions and pathological conditions in both normal and diseased human skin. Particularly, eicosanoids have been suspected to play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, because a number of phenomena observed in psoriasis can be explained, at least in part, by the action of eicosanoids. This review will focus on recent progress regarding the significance of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Recent developments in the molecular biology in the eicosanoids have renewed interest in the role of eicosanoids in psoriasis. New understanding of the etiology of psoriasis and advances in its treatment due to recent progress in eicosanoid biology will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ikai
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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Vasänge M, Rolfsen W, Bohlin L. A sulphonoglycolipid from the fern Polypodium decumanum and its effect on the platelet activating-factor receptor in human neutrophils. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997; 49:562-6. [PMID: 9178195 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The South American fern Polypodium decumanum, traditional name calaguala, has documented clinical use in oral treatment of skin disorders, including psoriasis. The inflammatory mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. A constituent of a calaguala extract has been shown to have inhibitory activity in a PAF-induced exocytosis model in human neutrophils. The compound was identified as the sulphoquinovosyl diacylglycerol 1,2-di-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(6-sulpho-alpha-D-quinovopyranosyl)-glycero l by spectroscopic means. When subsequently studied in an in-vitro model for [3H]PAF binding in neutrophils from man the compound caused dose-dependent displacement of [3H]PAF from its receptor with an IC50 value of 2 microM. It is suggested that the compound acts through PAF receptor antagonism in intact human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vasänge
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Sempere JM, Rodrigo C, Campos A, Villalba JF, Diaz J. Effect of Anapsos ( Polypodium leucotomos
extract) on in vitro
production of cytokines. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1997.tb00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Sempere JM, Rodrigo C, Campos A, Villalba JF, Diaz J. Effect of Anapsos (Polypodium leucotomos extract) on in vitro production of cytokines. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 43:85-9. [PMID: 9056057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1997.tb00037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to test the immunomodulating capacity of Anapsos, Polypodium leucotomos extract, in vitro in an attempt to explore how this extract acts from an immunological point of view and thus to identify a common link capable of explaining most of its effects. METHODS Polypodium leucotomos rhizomes were harvested in Guatemala and the extract, Anapsos, obtained. Mononuclear cells were obtained by density gradient centrifugation from healthy donors, and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin or Pokeweed with and without Anapsos and with Anapsos alone. Cell proliferation was determined by thymidine incorporation. Cells were also stimulated and the following cytokines determined by ELISA at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h: IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-2, INF-8, IL-4 and IL-10. RESULTS Anapsos, Polypodium leucotomos extract, has a modulating effect on the in vitro production and release of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy subjects. At doses effective in vivo, Anapsos can stimulate PBMNc proliferation, delay IL-1 beta secretion and at the same time increase that of IL-2, IL-10, and INF-gamma. CONCLUSIONS Anapsos may have an antagonistic effect on some of the cytokines released on cell stimulation with LPS and/or PHA, which suggests that this product has a pleiotropic effect on different populations in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sempere
- Scientific Department, ASAC Pharmaceutical International, Alicante, Spain
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