1
|
Sarandi E, Krueger-Krasagakis S, Tsoukalas D, Sidiropoulou P, Evangelou G, Sifaki M, Rudofsky G, Drakoulis N, Tsatsakis A. Psoriasis immunometabolism: progress on metabolic biomarkers and targeted therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1201912. [PMID: 37405259 PMCID: PMC10317015 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1201912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common inflammatory disease that affects mainly the skin. However, the moderate to severe forms have been associated with several comorbidities, such as psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Keratinocytes and T helper cells are the dominant cell types involved in psoriasis development via a complex crosstalk between epithelial cells, peripheral immune cells and immune cells residing in the skin. Immunometabolism has emerged as a potent mechanism elucidating the aetiopathogenesis of psoriasis, offering novel specific targets to diagnose and treat psoriasis early. The present article discusses the metabolic reprogramming of activated T cells, tissue-resident memory T cells and keratinocytes in psoriatic skin, presenting associated metabolic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In psoriatic phenotype, keratinocytes and activated T cells are glycolysis dependent and are characterized by disruptions in the TCA cycle, the amino acid metabolism and the fatty acid metabolism. Upregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) results in hyperproliferation and cytokine secretion by immune cells and keratinocytes. Metabolic reprogramming through the inhibition of affected metabolic pathways and the dietary restoration of metabolic imbalances may thus present a potent therapeutic opportunity to achieve long-term management of psoriasis and improved quality of life with minimum adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Sarandi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Metabolomic Medicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Metabolomic Medicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, Athens, Greece
- European Institute of Molecular Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Polytimi Sidiropoulou
- 1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, “A. Sygros” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Evangelou
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Sifaki
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gottfried Rudofsky
- Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Cantonal Hospital Olten, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Simard M, Julien P, Fradette J, Pouliot R. Modulation of the Lipid Profile of Reconstructed Skin Substitutes after Essential Fatty Acid Supplementation Affects Testosterone Permeability. Cells 2019; 8:E1142. [PMID: 31557890 PMCID: PMC6829228 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin models with efficient skin barrier function are required for percutaneous absorption studies. The contribution of media supplementation with n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to the development of the skin barrier function of in vitro skin models remains incompletely understood. To investigate whether PUFAs, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, n-3 PUFA) and linoleic acid (LA, n-6 PUFA), could enhance the impermeability of a three-dimensional reconstructed human skin model, skin substitutes were produced according to the self-assembly method using culture media supplemented with either 10 μM ALA or 10 μM LA. The impact of PUFAs on skin permeability was studied by using a Franz cell diffusion system to assess the percutaneous absorption of testosterone and benzoic acid. Our findings showed that ALA supplementation induced a decrease in the absorption of testosterone, while LA supplementation did not significantly influence the penetration of testosterone and benzoic acid under present experimental conditions. Both ALA and LA were incorporated into phospholipids of the skin substitutes, resulting in an increase in n-3 total PUFAs or n-6 total PUFAs. Collectively, these results revealed the under-estimated impact of n-3 PUFA supplementation as well as the importance of the n-6 to n-3 ratio on the formation of the skin barrier of in vitro reconstructed human skin models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada.
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada.
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Pierre Julien
- Axe d'Endocrinologie et de Néphrologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada.
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada.
- Département de Chirurgie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada.
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada.
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shin J, Kim YJ, Kwon O, Kim NI, Cho Y. Associations among plasma vitamin C, epidermal ceramide and clinical severity of atopic dermatitis. Nutr Res Pract 2016; 10:398-403. [PMID: 27478546 PMCID: PMC4958642 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.4.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease, is accompanied by disruption of the epidermal lipid barrier, of which ceramide (Cer) is the major component. Recently it was reported that vitamin C is essential for de novo synthesis of Cer in the epidermis and that the level of vitamin C in plasma is decreased in AD. The objective of this study was to determine the associations among clinical severity, vitamin C in either plasma or epidermis, and Cer in the epidermis of patients with AD. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 17 patients (11 male and 6 female) aged 20-42 years were enrolled. The clinical severity of AD was assessed according to the SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) system. Levels of vitamin C were determined in plasma and biopsies of lesional epidermis. Levels of epidermal lipids, including Cer, were determined from tape-stripped lesional epidermis. RESULTS The clinical severity of patients ranged between 0.1 and 45 (mild to severe AD) based on the SCORAD system. As the SCORAD score increased, the level of vitamin C in the plasma, but not in the epidermis, decreased, and levels of total Cer and Cer2, the major Cer species in the epidermis, also decreased. There was also a positive association between level of vitamin C in the plasma and level of total Cer in the epidermis. However, levels of epidermal total lipids including triglyceride, cholesterol, and free fatty acid (FFA) were not associated with either SCORAD score or level of vitamin C in the plasma of all subjects. CONCLUSIONS As the clinical severity of AD increased, level of vitamin C in the plasma and level of epidermal Cer decreased, and there was a positive association between these two parameters, implying associations among plasma vitamin C, epidermal Cer, and the clinical severity of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Shin
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea
| | - You Jin Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, College of Health Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, College of Health Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Nack-In Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Yunhi Cho
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ejiri H, Nomura T, Hasegawa M, Tatsumi C, Imai M, Sakakibara S, Terashi H. Use of synthetic serum-free medium for culture of human dermal fibroblasts to establish an experimental system similar to living dermis. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:507-14. [PMID: 24585098 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we sought to establish a defined experimental system for fibroblast growth similar to that of the living dermis. To this end, we evaluated the growth and biochemical characteristics of fibroblasts cultured with serum-free HFDM-1, a finely tuned synthetic medium for human fibroblast culture. Three culture conditions were used to grow fibroblasts obtained from primary culture: (1) culture with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) plus 10 % fetal bovine serum (serum-supplemented DMEM), (2) culture with DMEM (serum-free DMEM), and (3) culture with HFDM-1 (HFDM-1), and fibroblast morphology, growth, collagen type I production, and lipid composition were analyzed. Fibroblasts grown in HFDM-1 maintained cell numbers at nearly 100 % from days 14 to 21 and produced more collagen type I than cells grown in serum-supplemented and serum-free DMEM. Arachidonic acid (20:4) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids were lower in cells grown in serum-free DMEM and HFDM-1 than in serum-supplemented DMEM. These results suggested that HFDM-1 recapitulated growth conditions in the dermis better than traditional, serum-supplemented DMEM. In addition, the controlled chemical composition of HFDM-1 eliminated a potential source of variability in cell culture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ejiri
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Olivry T, Marsella R, Hillier A. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XXIII): are essential fatty acids effective? Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 81:347-62. [PMID: 11553397 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Essential fatty acids (EFAs) exhibit the potential to affect allergic inflammation through the modulation of prostaglandin and leukotriene production, the inhibition of cellular activation and cytokine secretion as well as the alteration of the composition and function of the epidermal lipid barrier. Because of these multi-faceted effects, EFA have been proposed for treatment of canine atopic dermatitis (AD) since 1987. To date, more than 20 trials have been performed, reporting the efficacy of either oral EFA supplements or EFA-rich diets. Unfortunately, most of these studies were found to exhibit one or more of the following deficiencies: heterogeneity of diagnoses used as inclusion criteria, short duration of supplementation, lack of randomization of treatment allocation, lack of blinding of investigators and/or owners, lack of placebo or active controls, lack of documentation of plasma or skin EFA profiles during supplementation, as well as lack of standardization of the basal diets or supplements which could have provided additional EFA. Consequently, there is presently insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of EFA to control clinical signs of canine AD. Evidence of efficacy must await the performance of blinded, randomized and controlled trials of at least 3 months duration in which diets are identical for all of study subjects. In these trials, clinical efficacy should be evaluated in relation to plasma and cutaneous EFA treatment-induced alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Keeney DS, Skinner C, Travers JB, Capdevila JH, Nanney LB, King LE, Waterman MR. Differentiating keratinocytes express a novel cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP2B19, having arachidonate monooxygenase activity. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:32071-9. [PMID: 9822682 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.48.32071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel cytochrome P450, CYP2B19, is a specific cellular marker of late differentiation in skin keratinocytes. CYP2B19 was discovered in fetal mouse skin where its onset of expression coincides spatially (upper cell layer) and temporally (day 15.5) with the appearance of loricrin-expressing keratinocytes during the stratification stage of fetal epidermis. CYP2B19 is also present postnatally in the differentiated keratinocytes of the epidermis, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles. CYP2B19 mRNA is tightly coupled to the differentiated (granular cell) keratinocyte phenotype in vivo and in vitro. In primary mouse epidermal keratinocytes, it is specifically up-regulated and correlated temporally with calcium-induced differentiation and expression of the late differentiation genes loricrin and profilaggrin. Recombinant CYP2B19 metabolizes arachidonic acid and generates 14,15- and 11, 12-epoxyeicosatrienoic (EET) acids, and 11-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) acids (20, 35, 18, 7, and 7% of total metabolites, respectively). Arachidonic acid metabolism was stereoselective for 11S,12R- and 14S,15R-EET, and 11S-, 12R-, and 15R-HETE. The CYP2B19 metabolites 11,12- and 14,15-EET are endogenous constituents of murine epidermis and are present in similar proportions to that generated by the enzyme in vitro, suggesting that CYP2B19 might be the primary enzymatic source of these EETs in murine epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Keeney
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fulbright RM, Axelrod D, Dunham WR, Marcelo CL. Fatty acid alteration and the lateral diffusion of lipids in the plasma membrane of keratinocytes. Exp Cell Res 1997; 233:128-34. [PMID: 9184082 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescent probe diI was used to study the lateral mobility of lipids in in vitro strains of living adult human keratinocytes grown in four different media. One medium was essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) and low in calcium ion, a medium known to yield cells that proliferate rapidly and contain lipid with extremely low levels of essential fatty acids. Two other media were supplemented with essential fatty acids (FAS), media that are known to result in cells that grow more slowly and have normalized fatty acid proportions. A fourth medium consisted of 1 microM all-trans-retinoic acid added to the fatty acid-supplemented medium (FAS-RA), a medium known to produce cells that are highly proliferative, with a growth rate greater than that of the FAS strains and similar to that of the EFAD strains. The keratinocytes grown in these four media were studied using the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique to determine the lateral diffusion rate of diI in the plasma membranes. Our results showed a positive correlation between growth rate and diffusion coefficient (D): the diffusion coefficient of diI was higher in the EFAD or FAS-RA cells than in the FAS cells. The measurement of D among the FAS cells fell into two groups. One group was similar to the single group seen in the EFAD cells, but the other group was composed of much lower D values. The other FRAP parameters (mobile fraction and bleach depth) were larger in the "slow" group than in the "fast" group. This trend of negative correlation between these parameters and D was also found within the fast group. These results are interpreted in terms of possible changes in membrane structure or morphology that might be indirectly associated with the fatty acid alterations, including the possible presence of areas in senescing keratinocytes where plasma membranes collapse to form an interacting system of lipid bilayers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Fulbright
- Biophysics Research Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1055, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|