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Baccianti F, Masson C, Delecluse S, Li Z, Poirey R, Delecluse HJ. Epstein-Barr virus infectious particles initiate B cell transformation and modulate cytokine response. mBio 2023; 14:e0178423. [PMID: 37830871 PMCID: PMC10653912 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01784-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The Epstein-Barr virus efficiently infects and transforms B lymphocytes. During this process, infectious viral particles transport the viral genome to the nucleus of target cells. We show here that these complex viral structures serve additional crucial roles by activating transcription of the transforming genes encoded by the virus. We show that components of the infectious particle sequentially activate proinflammatory B lymphocyte signaling pathways that, in turn, activate viral gene expression but also cause cytokine release. However, virus infection activates expression of ZFP36L1, an RNA-binding stress protein that limits the length and the intensity of the cytokine response. Thus, the infectious particles can activate viral gene expression and initiate cellular transformation at the price of a limited immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baccianti
- Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit U1074, INSERM, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charlène Masson
- Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit U1074, INSERM, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Delecluse
- Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit U1074, INSERM, Heidelberg, Germany
- Nierenzentrum Heidelberg e.V., Heidelberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zhe Li
- Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit U1074, INSERM, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Remy Poirey
- Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit U1074, INSERM, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henri-Jacques Delecluse
- Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit U1074, INSERM, Heidelberg, Germany
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Klein H, Rabe GK, Karacay B, Bonthius DJ. T-Cells Underlie Some but Not All of the Cerebellar Pathology in a Neonatal Rat Model of Congenital Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:1031-1047. [PMID: 27667772 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection during pregnancy injures the human fetal brain. Neonatal rats inoculated with LCMV are an excellent model of congenital LCMV infection because they develop cerebellar injuries similar to those in humans. To evaluate the role of T-lymphocytes in LCMV-induced cerebellar pathology, congenitally athymic rats, deficient in T-lymphocytes were compared with euthymic rats. Peak viral titers and cellular targets of infection were similar, but viral clearance from astrocytes was impaired in the athymic rats. Cytokines and chemokines rose to higher levels and for a greater duration in the euthymic rats than in their athymic counterparts. The euthymic rats developed an intense lymphocytic infiltration, accompanied by destructive lesions of the cerebellum and a neuronal migration defect because of T-cell-mediated alteration of Bergmann glia. These pathologic changes were absent in the athymic rats but were restored by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes. Athymic rats were not free of pathologic effects, however, as the virus induced cerebellar hypoplasia. Thus, T-lymphocytes play key roles in LCMV clearance, cytokine/chemokine responses, and pathogenesis of destructive lesions and neuronal migration disturbances but not all pathology is T-lymphocyte-dependent. Cerebellar hypoplasia from LCMV occurs even in the absence of T-lymphocytes and is likely due to the viral infection itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Klein
- From the Department of Neurology (HK, DJB); Department of Pediatrics (GKR, BK); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (HK, DJB)
| | - Glenda K Rabe
- From the Department of Neurology (HK, DJB); Department of Pediatrics (GKR, BK); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (HK, DJB)
| | - Bahri Karacay
- From the Department of Neurology (HK, DJB); Department of Pediatrics (GKR, BK); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (HK, DJB)
| | - Daniel J Bonthius
- From the Department of Neurology (HK, DJB); Department of Pediatrics (GKR, BK); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (HK, DJB)
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Pentoxifylline inhibits replication of Japanese encephalitis virus: a comparative study with ribavirin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 33:168-73. [PMID: 18804347 PMCID: PMC7126905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several investigations have shown that pentoxifylline possesses broad-spectrum antiviral activity against a range of RNA and DNA viruses. However, its ability to inhibit Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) replication has not yet been studied. The present study was designed to investigate the antiviral activity of pentoxifylline against JEV in vitro and in vivo. The activity of pentoxifylline against JEV was evaluated in vitro using cytopathic effect inhibition and plaque reduction assays. Pentoxifylline was able to inhibit JEV replication in a dose-dependent manner at a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 50.3 μg/mL (0.00018 μM) and a therapeutic index (TI) of 10. Experiments to study the mechanism of antiviral action of pentoxifylline using in vitro translation of viral mRNA suggested that the drug did not interfere either with early or late protein synthesis but most likely exerted its action on virus assembly and/or release. Furthermore, the in vivo study showed that pentoxifylline at a concentration of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight was able to protect completely mice challenged with 50 × 50% lethal dose (LD50) of JEV.
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Figlerowicz M, Alejska M, Kurzyńska‐Kokorniak A, Figlerowicz M. Genetic variability: the key problem in the prevention and therapy of RNA-based virus infections. Med Res Rev 2003; 23:488-518. [PMID: 12710021 PMCID: PMC7168509 DOI: 10.1002/med.10045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite extraordinary progress that has recently been made in biomedical sciences, viral infectious diseases still remain one of the most serious world health problems. Among the different types of viruses, those using RNA as their genetic material (RNA viruses and retroviruses) are especially dangerous. At present there is no medicine allowing an effective treatment of RNA-based virus infections. Many RNA viruses and retroviruses need only a few weeks to escape immune response or to produce drug-resistant mutants. This seems to be the obvious consequence of the unusual genetic variability of RNA-based viruses. An individual virus does not form a homogenous population but rather a set of similar but not identical variants. In consequence, RNA-based viruses can easily adapt to environmental changes, also those resulting from immune system response or therapy. The modifications identified within viral genes can be divided into two groups: point mutations and complex genome rearrangements. The former arises mainly during error-prone replication, whereas RNA recombination and generic reassortment are responsible for the latter. This article shortly describes major strategies used to control virus infections. Then, it presents the various mechanisms generating the genetic diversity of RNA-based viruses, which are most probably the main cause of clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Alejska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61‐704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kurzyńska‐Kokorniak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61‐704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61‐704 Poznań, Poland
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Liebert UG. Slow and persistent virus infections of neurones--a compromise for neuronal survival. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 253:35-60. [PMID: 11417139 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-10356-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- MG Niemialtowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Grochowska 272, 03-849 Warsaw, Poland
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Brodie C, Weizman N, Katzoff A, Lustig S, Kobiler D. Astrocyte activation by Sindbis virus: Expression of GFAP, cytokines, and adhesion molecules. Glia 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199704)19:4<275::aid-glia1>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ravi V, Parida S, Desai A, Chandramuki A, Gourie-Devi M, Grau GE. Correlation of tumor necrosis factor levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid with clinical outcome in Japanese encephalitis patients. J Med Virol 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199702)51:2<132::aid-jmv8>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gonzalez-Dunia D, Sauder C, de la Torre JC. Borna disease virus and the brain. Brain Res Bull 1997; 44:647-64. [PMID: 9421127 PMCID: PMC7126547 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/1997] [Revised: 06/30/1997] [Accepted: 07/07/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses with the ability to establish persistent infection in the central nervous system (CNS) can induce progressive neurologic disorders associated with diverse pathological manifestations. Clinical, epidemiological, and virological evidence supports the hypothesis that viruses contribute to human mental diseases whose etiology remains elusive. Therefore, the investigation of the mechanisms whereby viruses persist in the CNS and disturb normal brain function represents an area of research relevant to clinical and basic neurosciences. Borna disease virus (BDV) causes CNS disease in several vertebrate species characterized by behavioral abnormalities. Based on its unique features, BDV represents the prototype of a new virus family. BDV provides an important model for the investigation of the mechanisms and consequences of viral persistence in the CNS. The BDV paradigm is amenable to study virus-cell interactions in the CNS that can lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, immune-mediated damage, as well as alterations in cell differentiated functions that affect brain homeostasis. Moreover, seroepidemiological data and recent molecular studies indicate that BDV is associated with certain neuropsychiatric diseases. The potential role of BDV and of other yet to be uncovered BDV-related viruses in human mental health provides additional impetus for the investigation of this novel neurotropic infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gonzalez-Dunia
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Dianzani F, Scheglovitova O, Gentile M, Scanio V, Barresi C, Ficociello B, Bianchi F, Fiumara D, Capobianchi MR. Interferon gamma stimulates cell-mediated transmission of HIV type 1 from abortively infected endothelial cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:621-7. [PMID: 8743087 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) can be abortively infected with HIV-1, but virus production is rescued by T cells. The influence of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in this experimental system has been investigated. HUVEC either untreated or treated with IFN-gamma were infected with HIV-1 and cocultivated with rescuer T cells. Virus yield was subsequently assessed as antigen or infectivity present in the cocultures supernatants. Viral DNA in HUVEC was detected by polymerase chain reaction. Transmission electron microscopy was used to establish direct interactions between HUVEC and T cells. Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression by HUVEC was measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to adhesion molecules were used to block the rescue of infection by T cells. Treatment of HUVEC with IFN-gamma caused a dose-dependent enhancement of HIV-1 yield in cocultures of HUVEC with either lymphoblastoid or normal T cells. IFN-gamma was effective also when administered to HUVEC 1 day after infection. Neither HIV-1 adsorption nor virus reverse transcription was stimulated by IFN. Physical contact between HIV-1-infected HUVEC and rescuer T cells was observed, and discrete tracts of discontinuity between the juxtaposed membranes were detected, being more frequent when HUVEC had been treated with IFN-gamma. Treatment with IFN determined an increase of ICAM-1 expression by HUVEC, and anti ICAM-1 MAbs inhibited HIV-1 rescue, being more effective when HUVEC had been exposed to IFN-gamma. Treatment of T cells with anti-LFA-1 Mab also inhibited HIV-1 rescue. The enhancing effect of IFN-gamma could be the result of stimulated transfer of HIV-1 infection from HUVEC to T cells, possibly mediated by enhanced expression of ICAM-1 by HUVEC, that could, in turn, enhance the efficiency of membrane interaction with T cells. Since in HIV-1-infected patients circulating IFN-gamma is enhanced, our results can have pathogenetic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dianzani
- Institute of Virology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Dolei A, Serra C, Arca MV, Tilocca F, Pietravalle M, Alemanno L, Toniolo A, Ameglio F. Mutual interactions between HIV-1 and cytokines in adherent cells during acute infection. Arch Virol 1994; 134:157-68. [PMID: 8279951 DOI: 10.1007/bf01379114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The production of cytokines by HIV-infected cells from adherent tissues as well as their effects on HIV replication in the same cells were investigated. CD4-transfected HeLa-T4-6c epithelial cells, CD4-positive normal lung fibroblasts and CD4-negative RD rhabdomyosarcoma cells were infected with HIV-1. All cultures were permissive for virus replication, which was completed within 48-72 h by Hela-T4-6c and RD cells and 2-3 weeks in normal fibroblasts. During the course of HIV replication, a series of cytokines (particularly IL-6 and TNF alpha) was produced and released in parallel to the peak of virus growth, in amounts varying with the cell system studied. Treatment of cultures with recombinant cytokines given at concentrations in the range of those induced by HIV-1 indicated that IL-6 and TNF alpha caused an increase of: i) CD4 expression, ii) HIV absorption to uninfected cells, and iii) release of infectious virions by infected cells. The fact that HIV-1 absorption and spread can be mediated by HIV-induced cytokines may be relevant in the pathogenesis of the in vivo disease, as it may constitute a possible self-enhancing model of HIV infection also in the solid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dolei
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Italy
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Hober D, Ajana F, Petit MC, Sartiaux C, Boniface M, Caillaux M, Mouton Y, Wattre P, Maniez-Montreuil M. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection. Microbiol Immunol 1993; 37:785-92. [PMID: 7904721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1993.tb01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Variations in cytokine production in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection could be involved in the physiopathology and in the progression of the disease. Therefore we studied the level of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) produced in patients with HIV infection at stage II (asymptomatic seropositives) and stage IV (AIDS) of the CDC classification, by using an enzyme amplified sensitivity immunoassay. We measured the level of GM-CSF and TNF alpha in supernatant of phytohemagglutinin-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients and healthy individuals. In one out of 10 stage II patients and 4 out of 14 stage IV patients, we obtained higher levels of GM-CSF than the mean + 2 S.D. of controls, but in 3 stage IV patients with very low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts (< 50/mm-3) compared to other patients, the GM-CSF values were very low. High levels of TNF alpha were detected in 3 out of 10 stage II and 6 out of 11 stage IV patients. The high values of TNF alpha were associated with high values of GM-CSF in stage II and in most of AIDS patients except those with very low CD4+ T cell counts, who produced low levels of GM-CSF. Plasma levels of cytokines were evaluated in 10 stage II, 22 stage IV patients and 20 controls. Increased levels of GM-CSF (more than 9 pg/ml) were observed in the plasma from 8 out of 10 stage II patients and 17 out of 22 stage IV patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hober
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie B-CHRU Lille, France
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