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Generation of highly proliferative rejuvenated cytotoxic T cell clones through pluripotency reprogramming for adoptive immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3027-3041. [PMID: 34023508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful approach to cure cancer and chronic infections. Currently, the generation of a massive number of T cells that provide long-lasting immunity is challenged by exhaustion and differentiation-associated senescence, which inevitably arise during in vitro cloning and expansion. To circumvent these problems, several studies have proposed an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-mediated rejuvenation strategy to revitalize the exhausted/senescent T-cell clones. Because iPSC-derived cytotoxic T lymphocytes (iPSC-CTLs) generated via commonly used monolayer systems have unfavorable innate-like features such as aberrant natural killer (NK) activity and limited replication potential, we modified the redifferentiation culture to generate CD8αβ+CD5+CCR7+CD45RA+CD56- adaptive iPSC-CTLs. The modified iPSC-CTLs exhibited early memory phenotype, including high replicative capacity and the ability to give rise to potent effector cells. In expansion culture with an optimized cytokine cocktail, iPSC-CTLs proliferated more than 1015-fold in a feeder-free condition. Our redifferentiation and expansion package of early memory iPSC-CTLs could supply memory and effector T cells for both autologous and allogeneic immunotherapies.
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Sadelain M, Rivière I, Riddell S. Therapeutic T cell engineering. Nature 2017; 545:423-431. [PMID: 28541315 DOI: 10.1038/nature22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells are powerful new medicines, offering hope for curative responses in patients with cancer. Chimaeric antigen receptors (CARs) are a class of synthetic receptors that reprogram lymphocyte specificity and function. CARs targeting CD19 have demonstrated remarkable potency in B cell malignancies. Engineered T cells are applicable in principle to many cancers, pending further progress to identify suitable target antigens, overcome immunosuppressive tumour microenvironments, reduce toxicities, and prevent antigen escape. Advances in the selection of optimal T cells, genetic engineering, and cell manufacturing are poised to broaden T-cell-based therapies and foster new applications in infectious diseases and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sadelain
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Isabelle Rivière
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Stanley Riddell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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Sadelain M. Chimeric Antigen Receptors: A Paradigm Shift in Immunotherapy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050216-034351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sadelain M. Chimeric antigen receptors: driving immunology towards synthetic biology. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 41:68-76. [PMID: 27372731 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The advent of second generation chimeric antigen receptors and the CD19 paradigm have ushered a new therapeutic modality in oncology. In contrast to earlier forms of adoptive cell therapy, which were based on the isolation and expansion of naturally occurring T cells, CAR therapy is based on the design and manufacture of engineered T cells with optimized properties. A new armamentarium, comprising not only CARs but also chimeric costimulatory receptors, chimeric cytokine receptors, inhibitory receptors and synthetic Notch receptors, expressed in naïve, central memory or stem cell-like memory T cells, is being developed for clinical use in a wide range of cancers. Immunological principles are thus finding a new purpose thanks to advances in genetic engineering, synthetic biology and cell manufacturing sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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5
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Gyorki DE, Spillane J, Speakman D, Shackleton M, Henderson MA. Current management of advanced melanoma: a transformed landscape. ANZ J Surg 2014; 84:612-7. [PMID: 24842394 DOI: 10.1111/ans.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with stage IV melanoma has historically been extremely poor and there have until recently been no effective treatment options. The last 3 years have seen a seismic shift in the management of these patients with the entry to the clinic of a number of novel agents with proven efficacy. These agents fall into two main classes: molecular-targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Molecular therapies have primarily targeted the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, most notably with oral inhibitors targetting oncogenic BRAF. Immunotherapy agents such as ipilimumab, and more recently antibodies against PD-1 boost the host immune response against the melanoma. It is important for surgeons to be aware of these advances for a number of reasons. Firstly, to be able to inform their patients of the general options available in the event of disease progression. Secondly, these agents are currently being assessed in the adjuvant setting and are likely to demonstrate efficacy for earlier stages of disease. Finally, it is important for surgeons to be able to advocate on their patients' behalf to minimize the lag time between publication of these promising results and the availability of these agents in the clinic. Furthermore, patients with advanced melanoma should be offered participation in clinical trials in order to refine the indications for these agents to maximize their chance of benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Gyorki
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Gyorki DE, Callahan M, Wolchok JD, Ariyan CE. The delicate balance of melanoma immunotherapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2013; 2:e5. [PMID: 25505953 PMCID: PMC4232053 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategy of immune modulation for the treatment of cancer is being refined with the introduction of multiple new therapeutic agents into the clinic. Melanoma is a disease where many of these agents have demonstrated efficacy. The mechanisms of action of these agents exploit the counter-regulatory mechanisms of the immune response. However, these agents are also associated with immune-related adverse events (IRAEs), which represent tissue-specific inflammatory responses. These IRAEs highlight the delicate balance of immunologic homeostasis and, with some interventions, may occur more frequently in patients who sustain a therapeutic response. This review will discuss melanoma immunogenicity and immunotherapy. Furthermore, the spectrum and distinction between a reversible immune adverse event and autoimmunity will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Gyorki
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret Callahan
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA ; Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA ; Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA ; Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte E Ariyan
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA ; Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY, USA
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Molecular Mechanism and Potential Targets for Blocking HPV-Induced Lesion Development. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2012:278312. [PMID: 22220169 PMCID: PMC3246776 DOI: 10.1155/2012/278312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk HPV is the etiologic agent associated with the development of cervical cancer (CC) development. However, environmental, social, epidemiological, genetic, and host factors may have a joint influence on the risk of disease progression. Cervical lesions caused by HPV infection can be removed naturally by the host immune response and only a small percentage may progress to cancer; thus, the immune response is essential for the control of precursor lesions and CC. We present a review of recent research on the molecular mechanisms that allow HPV-infected cells to evade immune surveillance and potential targets of molecular therapy to inhibit tumor immune escape.
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Rauch J, Gires O. SEREX, Proteomex, AMIDA, and beyond: Serological screening technologies for target identification. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:355-71. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cavallo F, Curcio C, Forni G. Immunotherapy and immunoprevention of cancer: where do we stand? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:717-26. [PMID: 15934846 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.5.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although evolution has shaped the immune system to control microbial invasions, this does not necessarily mean that the immune system can not be triggered to eliminate tumour cells. The exploitation of the terrific potential of the immune system to recognise cell alterations and to selectively destroy large populations of neoplastic cells is a possibility made even more attractive by the advances in our understanding of the immune mechanisms and our ability to manipulate them. This review summarises the state of the different immunotherapy strategies available or in development today, and examines the future developments that hold out the promise of an effective control of cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cavallo
- University of Turin, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, I-10043 Orbassano, Italy.
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Shang XY, Chen HS, Zhang HG, Pang XW, Qiao H, Peng JR, Qin LL, Fei R, Mei MH, Leng XS, Gnjatic S, Ritter G, Simpson AJG, Old LJ, Chen WF. The spontaneous CD8+ T-cell response to HLA-A2-restricted NY-ESO-1b peptide in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:6946-55. [PMID: 15501973 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can express various cancer-testis antigens including NY-ESO-1, members of the SSX family, members of the MAGE family, SCP-1, and CTP11. Immunotherapy directed against these antigens is a potential alternative treatment for HCC. To date, it remains unclear whether HCC patients have spontaneous immune responses to these tumor antigens. The objectives of this study were to measure immune responses to NY-ESO-1, a promising cancer vaccine candidate, in HCC patients using the HLA-A2-restricted NY-ESO-1b peptide (p157-165) to measure cellular responses and whole protein to measure antibody responses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In HLA-A2(+) patients with NY-ESO-1(+) HCC, we analyzed T-cell antigen-dependent interferon (IFN)-gamma and/or Granzyme B release by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and IFN-gamma-producing intracellular cytokine flow cytometry (CytoSpot). As an assay independent of T-cell function, we performed tetramer staining. Antibodies to whole NY-ESO-1 were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The frequency of specific CD8(+) T-cell responses to NY-ESO-1b in 28 NY-ESO-1 mRNA(+)HLA-A2(+) HCC patients was 35.7% (10 of 28). The average magnitude of effector CD8(+) T cells was 0.3% (89 +/- 59 per 2.5 x 10(4) CD8(+) cells) and 1.2% as measured by IFN-gamma release ELISPOT and CytoSpot assays, respectively. These in vitro induced NY-ESO-1b-specific CD8(+) T cells can also recognize HepG2 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-NY-ESO-1 in both IFN-gamma and Granzyme B ELISPOT assays. Frequencies of NY-ESO-1b-specific T cells in several patients were confirmed by tetramer staining. Nonfunctional tetramer(+)CD8(+) T cells were also present. The CD8(+) T-cell response was apparently increased in patients with late-stage HCC. A discordance between antibody and CD8(+) T-cell responses in HCC patients was observed. CONCLUSIONS The elevated frequency of specific CD8(+) T-cell responses to NY-ESO-1b in NY-ESO-1 mRNA(+)HLA-A2(+) HCC patients suggests that NY-ESO-1 is appropriate for use in the immunotherapy of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Shang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Ochsenbein AF. Immunological ignorance of solid tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 27:19-35. [PMID: 15965711 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-004-0192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many peripheral solid tumors such as sarcomas and carcinomas express tumor-specific antigens that can serve as targets for immune effector T cells. Nevertheless, the immune surveillance against clinically manifest carcinomas and sarcomas seems relatively inefficient. Naïve cytotoxic T cells are activated exclusively in secondary lymphoid organs including the spleen and lymph nodes. Tumor antigen might be either cross-presented to naïve cytotoxic T cells by professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPC), or presented directly by tumor cells that migrated to secondary lymphoid organs. Direct priming is quite inefficient during early tumor development because metastasis to lymphoid organs is usually limited to advanced stage diseases. Similarly, the process of cross-priming by pAPC seems to depend on relatively large antigen amounts and on maturation stimuli for dendritic cells, and both requirements may be limiting during initial tumorigenesis. Therefore, the immunosurveillance of solid tumors may fail because they are ignored for too long by the immune system. However, these situations may prove promising for the induction of tumor-specific T cell immunity by vaccination, as the T cell repertoire against these antigens has a naïve phenotype and is not yet affected by tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian F Ochsenbein
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010, Berne, Switzerland.
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Dainichi T, Ueda S, Isoda M, Koga T, Kinukawa N, Nose Y, Ishii K, Amano S, Horii I, Furue M. Chemical peeling with salicylic acid in polyethylene glycol vehicle suppresses skin tumour development in hairless mice. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:906-12. [PMID: 12786820 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical peeling with salicylic acid in polyethylene glycol (PEG) vehicle is used clinically to improve the cosmetic appearance of skin that has been damaged by exposure to the sun. It is well known that cancers of the skin such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma may be induced by the sun. However, the carcinogenic potential of chemical peeling agents has not been studied. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of chemical peeling with 30% salicylic acid in PEG on skin tumour formation in treated vs. control mice. METHODS To serve as a model of sun-damaged skin, hairless SKH/hr1 mice were irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) B for 14 weeks, with or without treatment every 2 weeks with 30% salicylic acid in PEG for a total of 18 weeks. RESULTS Not only was the total number of tumours greatly reduced in the treated vs. the control mice, but skin tumour development was also slower in the treated vs. the control mice. At the final treatment, the fractions of T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells from spleens of both groups of mice were comparable, and interferon-gamma production did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that chemical peeling with salicylic acid in PEG may help to prevent as well as to reduce the number of UVB-induced skin tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dainichi
- Departments of Dermatology and Parasitology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higasi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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13
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Ochsenbein AF. Principles of tumor immunosurveillance and implications for immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9:1043-55. [PMID: 12522443 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2002] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although antigen loss variants, major histocompatibility (MHC) class I down-regulation, or the expression of inhibitory molecules may explain the failure of immunosurveillance against some tumors, this seems not to apply for many other solid peripheral or lymphohematopoietic tumors. Why then is immunosurveillance so ineffective and can it be improved? This review focuses on one important aspect of tumor immunity, namely the relevance of antigen dose and localization. Immune responses in vivo are induced in organized lymphoid tissues, i.e., in lymph nodes and spleen. The antigen dose that reaches secondary lymphoid organs over time is a crucial parameter that drives antiviral and antitumoral immune responses. Tumors use various strategies to prevent efficient presentation of their antigens in lymphoid organs. A major obstacle to the induction of an endogenous tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is the inefficient presentation of tumor antigen on MHC class I molecules of professional antigen-presenting cells. Peripheral solid tumors that develop outside lymphoid organs are, therefore, often ignored by the immune system. In other situations, tumors - especially of lymphohematopoietic origin - may tolerize specific CTLs. Understanding tumor immunosurveillance is key to the design of efficient antitumor vaccines. Attempts to improve immunity to tumors include vaccination strategies to (a) provide the tumor antigen to secondary lymphoid organs using recombinant viruses or dendritic cells as carriers, (b) express costimulatory signals on tumor cells, or (c) improve the efficiency of cross-priming.
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Ochsenbein AF, Sierro S, Odermatt B, Pericin M, Karrer U, Hermans J, Hemmi S, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. Roles of tumour localization, second signals and cross priming in cytotoxic T-cell induction. Nature 2001; 411:1058-64. [PMID: 11429607 DOI: 10.1038/35082583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate immune system has evolved to protect against infections that threaten survival before reproduction. Clinically manifest tumours mostly arise after the reproductive years and somatic mutations allow even otherwise antigenic tumours to evade the attention of the immune system. Moreover, the lack of immunological co-stimulatory molecules on solid tumours could result in T-cell tolerance; that is, the failure of T cells to respond. However, this may not generally apply. Here we report several important findings regarding the immune response to tumours, on the basis of studies of several tumour types. First, tumour-specific induction of protective cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) depends on sufficient tumour cells reaching secondary lymphatic organs early and for a long enough duration. Second, diffusely invading systemic tumours delete CTLs. Third, tumours that stay strictly outside secondary lymphatic organs, or that are within these organs but separated from T cells by barriers, are ignored by T cells but do not delete them. Fourth, co-stimulatory molecules on tumour cells do not influence CTL priming but enhance primed CTL responses in peripheral solid tumours. Last, cross priming of CTLs by tumour antigens, mediated by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules of antigen-presenting host cells, is inefficient and not protective. These rules of T-cell induction and maintenance not only change previous views but also rationales for anti-tumour immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Ochsenbein
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Schultze JL, Maecker B, von Bergwelt-Baildon MS, Anderson KS, Vonderheide RH. Tumour immunotherapy: new tools, new treatment modalities and new T-cell antigens. Vox Sang 2001; 80:81-9. [PMID: 11378969 DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2001.00014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour immunology has seen many exciting developments in the last few years. In addition to tumour antigens that are defined by antitumour T- and B-cell responses in patients, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase has been identified by 'reverse immunology' as the first truly universal tumour antigen. Molecular remission has been associated with a cancer vaccine that targets the clonal idiotype of B-cell malignancies, and sophisticated cellular vaccines (including fusions of tumour cells and antigen-presenting cells) have demonstrated promising results. Moreover, our capabilities of measuring immunity have been significantly enhanced by novel technology, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide tetramers and ELISPOT analysis. We are now capable of tracking antigen-specific T cells at a single cell level. This review will analyse recent developments and highlight some important issues that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, D540C, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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An array of immunotherapeutic strategies for B-cell lymphomas. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1999; 8:2059-2071. [PMID: 11139840 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.12.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
With FDA approval of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the B-cell-specific cell surface molecule CD20, immunotherapy in B-cell non-Hodgkin's-lymphomas (NHL) has gained momentum. Since the first description of the CD20 mAb and its use in a single patient, it has taken more than 20 years to implement this in current treatment options. NHLs are of particularly interest to the research community, since a whole array of novel immunotherapeutic strategies are currently in development. Unconjugated and radioconjugated mAbs are either approved, or in Phase III trials with very promising results. Adoptive transfer of polyclonally activated, tumour-specific or antigen-specific T-cells are in Phase I and II trials. Even antisense approaches have reappeared in the treatment of NHL. However, it is not only passive immunotherapy that has evolved. There are several new strategies for vaccination in NHL, whilst older approaches are under revision. Vaccine strategies targeting the tumour cell specific clonal idiotype (Id) have been refined and, with the identification of T-cell responses against shared epitopes, vaccination against the clonal Id might finally become clinically applicable. Significant progress has also been made in the development of cellular vaccines. Malignant B-cells are turned into 'tumour-APC' and are used to stimulate T-cell responses in Phase I trials. Moreover, with the identification of universal tumour antigens, another antigen-specific vaccine for NHL can be envisioned. By combining this array of very promising tools, immunotherapy might finally become a standard modality for the treatment of B-cell malignancies.
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Levitsky HI. Canarypox virus vectors for gene transfer in cancer immunotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:408-9. [PMID: 9091636 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/89.6.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Ji H, Reid GE, Moritz RL, Eddes JS, Burgess AW, Simpson RJ. A two-dimensional gel database of human colon carcinoma proteins. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:605-13. [PMID: 9150948 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150180344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The master two-dimensional gel database of human colon carcinoma cells currently lists cellular proteins from normal crypts and the colorectal cancer cell lines LIM 1863, LIM 1215 and LIM 1899 (Ward et al., Electrophoresis 1990, 11, 883-891; Ji et al., Electrophoresis 1994, 15, 391-405). Updated two-dimensional electrophoretic (2-DE) maps of cellular proteins from LIM 1215 cells, acquired under both nonreducing and reducing conditions, are presented. Fifteen cellular proteins are identified in the reducing 2-DE gel map, and seven in the nonreducing gel map, along with a tabular listing of their M(r)/pI loci and mode of identification. We also include our mass spectrometric based procedures for identifying 2-DE resolved proteins. This procedure relies on a combination of capillary column (0.10-0.32 mm internal diameter) reversed-phase HPLC peptide mapping of in-gel digested proteins, peptide mass fingerprinting, sequence analysis by either collision-induced dissociation or post-source-decay fragmentation, and protein identification using available database search algorithms. These data, and descriptions of the micro-techniques employed in this laboratory for identifying 2-DE resolved proteins can be accessed via the internet URL: http:(/)/www.ludwig.edu.au.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ji
- Joint Protein Structure Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (Melbourne Branch), Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Ji H, Whitehead RH, Reid GE, Moritz RL, Ward LD, Simpson RJ. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of proteins expressed by normal and cancerous human crypts: application of mass spectrometry to peptide-mass fingerprinting. Electrophoresis 1994; 15:391-405. [PMID: 8055868 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150150158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein patterns of normal human colonic crypts, isolated from different regions of the large intestine, and several colorectal cancer cell lines were compared using two-dimensional electrophoresis gels (2-DE). As detected by intrinsic radiolabeling and Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining, the protein patterns for normal crypts isolated from the ascending, and descending, regions of the colon and the rectum, were almost (> 95%) identical. While 75-80% of the protein spots from normal crypts and the colorectal cancer cell line (LIM 1863), a cell line that grows as organoids and differentiates spontaneously into crypt-like structures in vitro, can be matched, the relative expression levels of a large number of proteins differ. At least two protein spots (undetectable in the protein pattern from normal cells), proteins a (M(r) approximately 18,000, pI 6.7-6.9) and b (M(r) approximately 24,000, pI 5.9-6.0), were detected in the 2-DE gel protein pattern in the three cell lines LIM 1863, LIM 1215 and LIM 1899. The identity of these proteins is not yet known and further studies are required before they can be considered as potential colon tumor markers. Approximately 60% of the cellular proteins from LIM 1215 cells, a colon carcinoma cell line that exhibits many properties associated with columnar cells, can be matched with LIM 1863 cells. The results presented here represent an initial phase in our efforts to develop a comprehensive protein database for normal human colon cells and several colorectal cancer cell lines. While our initial protein identification relied on microsequencing methodologies, we are presently evaluating peptide-mass fingerprinting, utilizing capillary reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and electrospray mass spectrometry, as a means for rapid identification of proteins at subpicomole levels. Using this approach, protein #3 (M(r) approximately 66,000, pI 6.2) was identified as heat shock protein 60 from as few as seven tryptic peptide masses when they were screened against the molecular weight search (MOWSE) peptide-mass database.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ji
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville Victoria, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Fioretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Scienze Biochemiche, Università di Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
The limitations of human vaccines in use at present and the design requirements for a new generation of human vaccines are discussed. The progress in engineering of human vaccines for bacteria, viruses, parasites, and cancer is reviewed, and the data from human studies with the engineered vaccines are discussed, especially for cancer and AIDS vaccines. The final section of the review deals with the possible future developments in the field of engineered human vaccines and the requirement for effective new human adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Sandhu
- Division of Immunology and Neurobiology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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Wedrychowski A, Kim YW, Chang TW. Immune enhancers composed of polyvalent binding sites of anti-CD3 antibodies. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1993; 11:486-9. [PMID: 7763518 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0493-486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CD3 antibodies of some IgG subclasses are very potent T lymphocyte mitogens in vitro and, seemingly contradictorily, very effective immunosuppressive agents in vivo. Using hamster anti-murine CD3 monoclonal antibody, 2C11, as a model, we have found that 2C11.IgG, or its F(ab')2 fragment, coupled to microbeads can provide short-term and vigorous activation of T cells and expansion of the lymphoid system in vivo. In contrast to free 2C11.IgG, these conjugates do not kill mice and cause T cell depletion, and can enhance immune responses. This study suggests that properly modified anti-CD3 antibodies can serve as in vivo immune system enhancers potentially useful in the treatment of cancer and chronic infectious diseases.
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