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Li KD, Yan K, Wang QS, Tian JS, Xu D, Zhang WY, Cui YL. Antidepressant-like effects of dietary gardenia blue pigment derived from genipin and tyrosine. Food Funct 2019; 10:4533-4545. [PMID: 31264676 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00480g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gardenia blue pigments derived from genipin reacting with amino acids have been used as natural food colorants for nearly 30 years in East Asia. However, their pharmacological effects, especially antidepressant-like effects, have not been reported so far. In this study, one of the gardenia blue pigments, was obtained from the reaction of genipin with tyrosine (genipin-tyrosine derivant (GTD)), and its antidepressant-like effects were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) models. The results showed that GTD could attenuate depressive-like behaviors in both animal models. GTD reversed the LPS-induced cytokine increase of TNF-α, IL-6, and corticosterone (CORT) in mice plasma and hippocampus. In CUMS rats, GTD treatment significantly reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-related stress hormone levels in plasma including those of CORT, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Besides, GTD increased plasma testosterone and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in CUMS rats. GTD increased serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) in rat hippocampus and corpus striatum. Consistently, hippocampal metabolomic analysis demonstrated that GTD restored monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism, mitochondrial oxidative function, and membrane structural integrity. Our data suggested that GTD produced antidepressant-like activity through the restoration of the HPA axis hormone balance and the regulation of neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Dai Li
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
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2
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O'Flynn BG, Suarez G, Hawley AJ, Merkler DJ. Insect Arylalkylamine N-Acyltransferases: Mechanism and Role in Fatty Acid Amide Biosynthesis. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:66. [PMID: 30094237 PMCID: PMC6070697 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arylalkylamine N-acyltransferases (AANATs) catalyze the formation of an N-acylamide from an acyl-CoA thioester and an amine. One well known example is the production of N-acetylserotonin from acetyl-CoA and serotonin, a reaction in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway from tryptophan. AANATs have been identified from a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the mammalian AANAT because a cell-permeable inhibitor specifically targeted against this enzyme could prove useful to treat diseases related to dysfunction in melatonin production. Insects are an interesting model for the study of AANATs because more than one isoform is typically expressed by a specific insect and the different insect AANATs (iAANATs) serve different roles in the insect cell. In contrast, mammals express only one AANAT. The major role of iAANATs seem to be in the production of N-acetyldopamine, a reaction important in the tanning and sclerotization of the cuticle. Metabolites identified in insects including N-acetylserotonin and long-chain N-fatty acyl derivatives of dopamine, histidine, phenylalanine, serotonin, tyrosine, and tryptophan are likely produced by an iAANAT. In vitro studies of specific iAANATs are consistent with this hypothesis. In this review, we highlight the current metabolomic knowledge of the N-acylated aromatic amino acids and N-acylated derivatives of the aromatic amino acids, the current mechanistic understanding of the iAANATs, and explore the possibility that iAANATs serve as insect "rhymezymes" regulating photoperiodism and other rhythmic processes in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David J. Merkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Koen L, Kinnear CJ, Corfield VA, Emsley RA, Jordaan E, Keyter N, Moolman-Smook JC, Stein DJ, Niehaus DJH. Violence in male patients with schizophrenia: risk markers in a South African population. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2004; 38:254-9. [PMID: 15038805 DOI: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigate the role of functional variants in the catecholamine-O-methyl transferase gene (COMT) and the monoamine oxidase-A gene (MOA-A), as well as previously identified non-genetic risk factors in the manifestation of violent behaviour in South African male schizophrenia patients. METHOD A cohort of 70 acutely relapsed male schizophrenia patients was stratified into violent and non-violent subsets, based on the presence or absence of previous or current violent behaviour. Standardized violence rating scales were also applied and the COMT/NlaIII and MAO-A promoter region variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphisms were genotyped. RESULTS A multiple logistic regression model based on the clinical, genetic and socio-demographic variables indicated that delusions of control (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.21-11.61) and the combined use of cannabis and alcohol (OR = 6.89, 95% CI = 1.28-37.05) were two significant predictors of violent behaviour in this schizophrenia population. No association was found between the tested polymorphisms and violent behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Although the sample size may have limited power to exclude a minor role for these specific gene variants, such a small contribution would have limited clinical relevance given the strong significance of the non-genetic markers. These findings suggest that currently proactive management of violent behaviour in this schizophrenia population should continue to be based on clinical predictors of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Koen
- Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
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4
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Wurst W, Bally-Cuif L. Neural plate patterning: upstream and downstream of the isthmic organizer. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001; 2:99-108. [PMID: 11253000 DOI: 10.1038/35053516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two organizing centres operate at long-range distances within the anterior neural plate to pattern the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Important progress has been made in understanding the formation and function of one of these organizing centres, the isthmic organizer, which controls the development of the midbrain and anterior hindbrain. Here we review our current knowledge on the identity, localization and maintenance of the isthmic organizer, as well as on the molecular cascades that underlie the activity of this organizing centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wurst
- Institute of Mammalian Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- MAYANA ZATZ
- Universidade de São Paulo; Membro da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
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de Chald�e M, Laurent C, Thibaut F, Martinez M, Samolyk D, Petit M, Campion D, Mallet J. Linkage disequilibrium on theCOMT gene in French schizophrenics and controls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<452::aid-ajmg2>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Vadasz C, Sziraki I, Sasvari M, Kabai P, Murthy LR, Saito M, Laszlovszky I. Analysis of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system by quantitative-trait locus introgression. Neurochem Res 1998; 23:1337-54. [PMID: 9814544 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020790320875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the significant factors that affect brain dopamine function is the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis. For the analysis of the genetically determined role of dopamine function and TH in behavior and in the regulatory mechanisms of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system we devised a novel genetic strategy (Vadasz; Mouse Genome 88:16-18; 1990). We hypothesized that phenotypic introgression and recombinant fixation could ensure the transfer of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) from one strain onto the genetic background of another strain, and new, genetically very similar quasi-congenic strains could be created that would carry individual QTLs, or QTLs in various combinations. Here we summarize the construction of the first set of QTL Introgression strains, and present evidence that QTLs that are responsible for the continuous variation of mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase activity (TH/MES), have been transferred onto the C57BL/6By (B6) strain background from BALB/cJ (C) and CXBI (I) donor strains with high and low TH/MES, respectively. The QTL transfer was carried out in two directions by repeated backcross-intercross cycles with concomitant selection for the extreme high and low expressions of TH/MES in replicates, resulting in four QTL Introgression lines. Analysis of regional brain TH activities in the course of the QTL introgression indicated that (a) TH activity in B6.I lines showed quite limited heritability, (b) TH/MES was not highly correlated with striatal TH, and (c) the control of hypothalamic and olfactory tubercle TH activities was largely independent from that of TH/MES. Examination of the open-field (OF) behavior data demonstrated that TH activity did not correlate significantly with OF behavior. After 5 backcross-intercross cycles, TH/MES in each replicate line was still significantly different from that of the B6 background strain. A genomewide scanning of microsatellite markers in the QTL introgression lines demonstrated that about 96% of the markers were of background (B6) type. These results indicate the successful transfer of TH/MES QTLs. After the QTL transfer phase of the experiment altogether more than 100 new RQI strains were initiated in the QTL Introgression lines by strict brother x sister mating. After fixing the introgressed QTLs, ten of the inbred RQI strains were tested for TH/MES. The results showed that in one of the new RQI strains TH/MES was restored to a level that is characteristic to the C donor strain, while TH/MES values in some other strains were between those of the background and donor strains, confirming our hypothesis that phenotypic introgression and recombinant fixation can ensure a virtually complete transfer of QTLs. We conclude from this study that complex, continuously distributed neural traits can successfully be subjected to QTL introgression, and the results raise the possibility that the RQI method can be efficiently applied for gene mapping of complex neural and behavioral traits even if their phenotypic expression is sensitive to confounding developmental and environmental variations, genetic interactions, and genotype-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vadasz
- Laboratory of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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8
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Savoye C, Laurent C, Amadeo S, Gheysen F, Leboyer M, Lejeune J, Zarifian E, Mallet J. No association between dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptor genes and manic-depressive illness. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44:644-7. [PMID: 9787891 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopaminergic receptor genes are candidate genes for manic-depressive illness (MDI). To test this putative involvement we used a case-control study on samples from the native population of the northwest part of France. METHODS Fifty patients for D1 and D2, 61 patients for D3, and 86-223 controls were tested. RESULTS No significant association was found between allelic frequencies or genotype counts and MDI, even when the data were pooled with those from published studies. CONCLUSIONS Single mutations of either of the studied receptor genes are not major determinants of MDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Savoye
- Service de Pédopsychiatrie, C.H.R.U. Clémenceau, Caen, France
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Oreland L, Ekblom J, Garpenstrand H, Hallman J. Biological markers, with special regard to platelet monoamine oxidase (trbc-MAO), for personality and personality disorders. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1997; 42:301-4. [PMID: 9327900 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Oreland
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Alda M. Bipolar disorder: from families to genes. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 1997; 42:378-87. [PMID: 9161762 DOI: 10.1177/070674379704200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors are known to contribute to the etiology of bipolar illness, but the actual genetic mechanisms remain to be clarified. METHODS This paper reviews the research undertaken to establish the genetic basis of bipolar illness and to elucidate the nature of its genetic predisposition. RESULTS The presented findings suggest that bipolar affective disorder is a heterogeneous condition characterized by a complex relationship between the genetic susceptibility and the clinical presentation. Linkage studies have generated promising and replicated findings on chromosomes 18 and 21. CONCLUSION In spite of the methodological difficulties inherent in the genetic study of psychiatric disorders recent investigations have made important advances and promise to identify specific susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ontario.
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Charlton CG. Depletion of nigrostriatal and forebrain tyrosine hydroxylase by S-adenosylmethionine: a model that may explain the occurrence of depression in Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 1997; 61:495-502. [PMID: 9247319 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The loss of nigrostriatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine and dopaminergic neurons are the major pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). These catecholaminergic changes are responsible for the symptoms of tremor, hypokinesia and rigidity. Depression is also a major symptom in PD, but the cause is unknown. The impairments of catecholaminergic fibers in the frontal lobe may be involved, because the frontal lobe of the cerebrum is involved in the regulation of mood, and decreased catecholaminergic activity in the frontal lobe is related to behavioral depression. The changes that damage the nigrostriatal dopamine system and induce motor impairments may also damage the forebrain catecholamine fibers and induce depression. It means that manipulations that damage the nigrostriatum (NS) and induce parkinsonism may also deplete TH in the frontal cortex. Such an effect would suggests a basis for the depression seen in PD. The injection of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), the biological methyl donor, into the brain of rats damaged the NS, depleted TH and caused tremor and hypokinesia. SAM may interfere also with the forebrain TH, which may help to explain the occurrence of depression in PD. Experiments were designed to test such a hypothesis. The results showed that SAM caused a loss of immunoreactive nerve fibers and it decreased the intensity of TH-immunoreactivity (IR) in the frontal cortex. These changes were accompanied with the loss of cells and the depletion of TH-IR from nerve fibers in the SN and the caudate nucleus. Other studies showed that SAM depletes DA and since SAM induces PD-like changes the results may be relevant to the co-occurrence of PD symptoms and depression. A single biological manipulation may impair the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons as well as the frontal cortex catecholaminergic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Charlton
- College of Pharmacy, Florida A and M University, Tallahassee 32307, USA
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12
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Li R, Bao G, el-Mallakh RS, Fletcher EC. Effects of chronic episodic hypoxia on monoamine metabolism and motor activity. Physiol Behav 1996; 60:1071-6. [PMID: 8884935 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(96)00149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic episodic hypoxia produces a wide array of cardiovascular dysfunctions in rats, including increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and sympathetic nerve activity. The action of episodic hypoxia might be related to low oxygen itself (hypoxemia) and/or combined with low CO2 (hypocapnia) resulting from hyperventilation. It is unknown whether or not the cardiovascular abnormalities are related to alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) that may be manifested as neurotransmitter and/or behavioral changes. In this study, we investigated effects of episodic eucapnic and hypocapnic hypoxia on monoamine metabolism in both CNS and adrenal glands, and on motor behavioral activity. Thirty-five male rats were divided into 3 groups. Experimental rats were exposed 8 h daily to varying fractional concentrations of inspired oxygen (FiO2) and carbon dioxide (FiCO2) for 35 days. These consisted of brief exposures (3-6s) of episodic (twice every min) eucapnic (3.5% FiO2 and 10% FiCO2, n = 6) or hypocapnic (3.5% FiO2 and 0% FiCO2, n = 14) hypoxia, or room air (21% FiO2 and 0.03% FiCO2, n = 15). Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and adrenal glands were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Spontaneous behavioral activity was assessed for 30 min by automated activity monitors. Episodic hypocapnic hypoxia produced a decrease in dopamine turnover and eucapnic hypoxia increased norepinephrine levels in the hypothalamus. Animals exposed to hypocapnic hypoxia also exhibited a consistent increase in horizontal (walking) and vertical (rearing) activity, as well as in total activity time. From these results, it is concluded that episodic eucapnic and hypocapnic hypoxia may affect metabolism of different neurotransmitters in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, KY 40292 USA.
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Abstract
In the mammalian brain dopamine systems play a central role in the control of movement, hormone release, emotional balance and reward. Alteration of dopaminergic neurotransmission is involved in Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders, as well as in some psychotic syndromes. This review summarises recent findings, which shed some light on signals and cellular interactions involved in the specification and maturation of the dopaminergic function during neurogenesis. In particular we will focus on three major issues: (1) the differentiation of dopaminergic neurones triggered by direct contact with the midbrain floor plate cells through the action of sonic hedgehog; (2) the neurotrophic factors acting on dopaminergic neurones; and (3) the role of target striatal cells on the survival and the axonal growth of developing or grafted dopaminergic neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Perrone-Capano
- International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
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Bodeau-Péan S, Laurent C, Campion D, Jay M, Thibaut F, Dollfus S, Petit M, Samolyk D, d'Amato T, Martinez M. No evidence for linkage or association between the dopamine transporter gene and schizophrenia in a French population. Psychiatry Res 1995; 59:1-6. [PMID: 8771214 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(95)02789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological and clinical findings suggest that the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene may be involved in the genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. Linkage of a Taq I VNTR polymorphism in the DAT gene to schizophrenia was studied in multiplex schizophrenic families from Rouen, France (n = 10) and the Island of La Réunion (n = 21). Neither the lod score method nor nonparametric methods (the affected pedigree member method of Weeks and Lange [1988] and the sibling method of Green and Woodrow [1977]) provided any evidence for linkage. An association study, carried out within a group of 91 unrelated schizophrenic patients from Rouen and 91 matched control subjects, examined a 40 base-pair repeat polymorphism located in the 3' nontranslated end of the DAT mRNA. There was no significant difference in allelic or genotypic frequencies between the two groups. These results exclude any substantial involvement of the DAT gene in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in the population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bodeau-Péan
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, CNRS, Batiment CERVI. Hôpital de la Pirié-Salpétrière, Paris. France
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Lauder JM. Ontogeny of neurotransmitter systems: Substrates for developmental disabilities? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mrdd.1410010303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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