1
|
Koniev O, Wagner A. Developments and recent advancements in the field of endogenous amino acid selective bond forming reactions for bioconjugation. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5495-551. [PMID: 26000775 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation methodologies have proven to play a central enabling role in the recent development of biotherapeutics and chemical biology approaches. Recent endeavours in these fields shed light on unprecedented chemical challenges to attain bioselectivity, biocompatibility, and biostability required by modern applications. In this review the current developments in various techniques of selective bond forming reactions of proteins and peptides were highlighted. The utility of each endogenous amino acid-selective conjugation methodology in the fields of biology and protein science has been surveyed with emphasis on the most relevant among reported transformations; selectivity and practical use have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Koniev
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Villalonga ML, Díez P, Sánchez A, Gamella M, Pingarrón JM, Villalonga R. Neoglycoenzymes. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4868-917. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400290x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Díez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Sánchez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gamella
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Pingarrón
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA
Nanoscience, Cantoblanco Universitary City, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Reynaldo Villalonga
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA
Nanoscience, Cantoblanco Universitary City, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification that influences many biological processes critical for development, normal physiologic function, and diseases. Unfortunately, progress toward understanding the roles of glycans in biology has been slow due to the challenges of studying glycans and the proteins that interact with them. Glycan microarrays provide a high-throughput approach for the rapid analysis of carbohydrate-macromolecule interactions. Protocols detailed here are intended to help laboratories with basic familiarity of DNA or protein microarrays to begin printing and performing assays using glycan microarrays. Basic and advanced data processing are also detailed, along with strategies for improving reproducibility of data collected with glycan arrays. Curr. Protoc. Chem Biol. 2:37-53. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ballut S, Naud-Martin D, Loock B, Maillard P. A Strategy for the Targeting of Photosensitizers. Synthesis, Characterization, and Photobiological Property of Porphyrins Bearing Glycodendrimeric Moieties. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2010-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102185d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Ballut
- UMR 176 CNRS/Institut Curie, Institut Curie, Bât 110, University Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Institut Curie, Section de Recherches, Centre Universitaire, University Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Delphine Naud-Martin
- UMR 176 CNRS/Institut Curie, Institut Curie, Bât 110, University Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Institut Curie, Section de Recherches, Centre Universitaire, University Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Bernard Loock
- UMR 176 CNRS/Institut Curie, Institut Curie, Bât 110, University Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Institut Curie, Section de Recherches, Centre Universitaire, University Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
- GDR CNRS 3049 “Médicaments Photoactivables-Photochimiothérapie (PHOTOMED)”, France
| | - Philippe Maillard
- UMR 176 CNRS/Institut Curie, Institut Curie, Bât 110, University Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Institut Curie, Section de Recherches, Centre Universitaire, University Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
- GDR CNRS 3049 “Médicaments Photoactivables-Photochimiothérapie (PHOTOMED)”, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Campbell C, Li Q, Gildersleeve JC. Multidimensional glycan arrays for enhanced antibody profiling. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:1583-91. [PMID: 20711537 PMCID: PMC3462433 DOI: 10.1039/c002259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding antibodies play a critical role in basic and clinical research. Monoclonal antibodies that bind glycans are used to measure carbohydrate expression, and serum antibodies to glycans can be important elements of the immune response to pathogens and vaccines. Carbohydrate antigen arrays, or glycan arrays, have emerged as powerful tools for the high-throughput analysis of carbohydrate-protein interactions. Our group has focused on the development and application of neoglycoprotein arrays, a unique array format wherein carbohydrates are covalently attached to a carrier protein prior to immobilization on the surface. The neoglycoprotein format permits variations of glycan structure, glycan density, and neoglycoprotein density on a single array. The focus of this study was on the effects of neoglycoprotein density on antibody binding. First, we evaluated binding of five monoclonal antibodies (81FR2.2, HE-195, HE-193, B480, and Z2A) to the blood group A antigen and found that neoglycoprotein density had a substantial effect on recognition. Next, we profiled serum antibodies in 15 healthy individuals and showed that inclusion of multiple neoglycoprotein densities helps distinguish different subpopulations of antibodies. Finally, we evaluated immune responses induced by a prostate cancer vaccine and showed that variations in neoglycoprotein density enable one to detect antibody responses that could not be detected otherwise. Neoglycoprotein density is a useful element of diversity for evaluating antibody recognition and, when combined with variations in glycan structure and glycan density, provides multidimensional glycan arrays with enhanced performance for monoclonal antibody development, biomarker discovery, and vaccine optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Zhang
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Christopher Campbell
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Qian Li
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luyai A, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Song X. Facile preparation of fluorescent neoglycoproteins using p-nitrophenyl anthranilate as a heterobifunctional linker. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1618-24. [PMID: 19624117 PMCID: PMC2729569 DOI: 10.1021/bc900189h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A facile preparation of neoglycoconjugates has been developed with a commercially available chemical, p-nitrophenyl anthranilate (PNPA), as a heterobifunctional linker. The two functional groups of PNPA, the aromatic amine and the p-nitrophenyl ester, are fully differentiated to selectively conjugate with glycans and other biomolecules containing nucleophiles. PNPA is efficiently conjugated with free reducing glycans via reductive amination. The glycan−PNPA conjugates (GPNPAs) can be easily purified and quantified by UV absorption. The active p-nitrophenyl ester in the GPNPA conjugates readily reacts with amines under mild conditions, and the resulting conjugates acquire strong fluorescence. This approach was used to prepare several fluorescent neoglycoproteins. The neoglycoproteins were covalently printed on activated glass slides and were bound by appropriate lectins recognizing the glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Luyai
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- David P Gamblin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar-470 003, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ballut S, Makky A, Loock B, Michel JP, Maillard P, Rosilio V. New strategy for targeting of photosensitizers. Synthesis of glycodendrimeric phenylporphyrins, incorporation into a liposome membrane and interaction with a specific lectin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:224-6. [PMID: 19099076 DOI: 10.1039/b816128c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two glycodendrimeric phenylporphyrins were synthesized and their interaction with phospholipids was studied at the air-water interface and in liposome bilayers; such liposomes bearing glycodendrimeric porphyrin could constitute an efficient carrier for drug targeting in photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Ballut
- UMR 176 CNRS/Institut Curie, Institut Curie, Bât 110, Univ. Paris-Sud, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gildersleeve JC, Oyelaran O, Simpson JT, Allred B. Improved procedure for direct coupling of carbohydrates to proteins via reductive amination. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1485-90. [PMID: 18597509 DOI: 10.1021/bc800153t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein conjugates are utilized extensively in basic research and as immunogens in a variety of bacterial vaccines and cancer vaccines. As a result, there have been significant efforts to develop simple and reliable methods for the construction of these conjugates. While direct coupling via reductive amination is an appealing approach, the reaction is typically very inefficient. In this paper, we report improved reaction conditions providing an approximately 500% increase in yield. In addition to optimizing a series of standard reaction parameters, we found that addition of 500 mM sodium sulfate improves the coupling efficiency. To illustrate the utility of these conditions, a series of high mannose BSA conjugates were produced and incorporated into a carbohydrate microarray. Ligand binding to ConA could be observed and apparent affinity constants ( K ds) measured using the array were in good agreement with values reported by surface plasmon resonance. The results show that the conditions are suitable for microgram-scale reactions, are compatible with complex carbohydrates, and produce biologically active conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Room 109, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bezouska K. Design, functional evaluation and biomedical applications of carbohydrate dendrimers (glycodendrimers). J Biotechnol 2002; 90:269-90. [PMID: 12071229 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0352(01)00064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptors for carbohydrates of the lectin type are multisubunit and multivalent proteins with many important biological functions. In order to put their unique biological activities into use in biotechnology and biomedicine, efficient carbohydrate ligands of the glycodendrimer type have been constructed. Although these compounds may be branched into the multiple generations, structures bearing four to 16 terminal carbohydrate substituents have proved to be efficient ligands in most lectin systems. These compounds are rapidly finding important practical applications as antitumor and antiinfective compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Bezouska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Praha, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Despite the omnipresence of protein glycosylation in nature, little is known about how the attachment of carbohydrates affects peptide and protein activity. One reason is the lack of a straightforward method to access biologically relevant glycopeptides and glycoproteins. The isolation of homogeneous glycopeptides from natural sources is complicated by the heterogeneity of naturally occuring glycoproteins. It is chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis that is meeting the challenge to solve this availability problem, thus playing a key role for the advancement of glycobiology. The current art of glycopeptide synthesis, albeit far from being routine, has reached a level of maturity that allows for the access to homogeneous and pure material for biological and medicinal research. Even the ambitious goal of the total synthesis of an entire glycoprotein is within reach. It is demonstrated that with the help of synthetic glycopeptides the effects of glycosylation on protein structure and function can be studied in molecular detail. For example, in immunology, synthetic (tumour-specific) glycopeptides can be used as immunogens to elicit a tumour-cell-specific immune response. Again, synthetic glycopeptides are an invaluable tool to determine the fine specificity of the immune response that can be mediated by both carbohydrate-specific B and T cells. Furthermore, selected examples for the use of synthetic glycopeptides as ligands of carbohydrate-binding proteins and as enzyme substrates or inhibitors are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Seitz
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Duverger E, Coppin A, Strecker G, Monsigny M. Interaction between lectins and neoglycoproteins containing new sialylated glycosynthons. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:793-800. [PMID: 11133019 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007131931851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Neoglycoconjugates are useful tools to study carbohydrate/protein interactions. In order to discover new lectins, to define their fine specificity or to study their intracellular trafficking, there is a need for neoglycoconjugates containing complex oligosaccharides. We recently set up a simple way to transform native oligosaccharides into glycosynthons. The present paper describes i) the synthesis of such glycosynthons starting with sialylated oligosides, ii) the preparation of sialylated neoglycoproteins and iii) their binding to sialic acid-specific lectins assessed by surface plasmon resonance experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Duverger
- Glycobiologie, Vectorologie et Trafic Intracellulaire, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS et Université d'Orléans, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dimick SM, Powell SC, McMahon SA, Moothoo DN, Naismith JH, Toone EJ. On the Meaning of Affinity: Cluster Glycoside Effects and Concanavalin A. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja991729e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Kuberan B, Gunay NS, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Preparation and isolation of neoglycoconjugates using biotin-streptavidin complexes. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:271-81. [PMID: 10579696 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007009927087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins commercially available in multi-gram quantities, were used to prepare milligram amounts of neoglycoproteins. The glycoproteins bromelain and bovine gamma-globulin were proteolyzed to obtain glycopeptides or converted to a mixture of glycans through hydrazinolysis. The glycan mixture was structurally simplified by carbohydrate remodeling using exoglycosidases. Glycopeptides were biotinylated using N-hydroxysuccinimide activated-long chain biotin while glycoprotein-derived glycans were first reductively aminated with ammonium bicarbonate and then biotinylated. The resulting biotinylated carbohydrates were structurally characterized and then bound to streptavidin to afford neoglycoproteins. The peptidoglycan component of raw, unbleached heparin (an intermediate in the manufacture of heparin) was similarly biotinylated and bound to streptavidin to obtain milligram amounts of a heparin neoproteoglycan. The neoglycoconjugates prepared contain well defined glycan chains at specific locations on the streptavidin core and should be useful for the study of protein-carbohydrate interactions and affinity separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Kuberan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Glycoconjugates of amines: alkylation of primary and secondary amines withN-chloroacetyl-β-glycopyranosylamines. Russ Chem Bull 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02503499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
17
|
Bezouska K, Kren V, Kieburg C, Lindhorst TK. GlcNAc-terminated glycodendrimers form defined precipitates with the soluble dimeric receptor of rat natural killer cells, sNKR-P1A. FEBS Lett 1998; 426:243-7. [PMID: 9599017 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic GlcNAc-terminated thiourea-bridged glycoclusters were found to be potent inhibitors of binding of the soluble dimeric receptor of rat natural killer cells, sNKR-P1A protein, to its high affinity ligand. Moreover, we have shown here that characteristic precipitation curves can be recorded upon mixing of the GlcNAc glycoclusters with sNKR-P1A. For the GlcNAc8 glycocluster the precipitation curve is biphasic, with high affinity and low affinity precipitates differing in their sensitivity towards GlcNAc-mediated inhibition of precipitation. Quantitative analyses of the precipitates indicate the occurrence of a single sugar binding site per sNKR-P1A subunit, and lead to a model of the most possible spatial arrangements of the glycocluster-receptor lattices. These results provide new tools for further studies on carbohydrate recognition by NKR-P1A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Bezouska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Phaha, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wilson IB, Altmann F. Concanavalin A binding and endoglycosidase D resistance of beta1,2-xylosylated and alpha1,3-fucosylated plant and insect oligosaccharides. Glycoconj J 1998; 15:203-6. [PMID: 9557883 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006932725821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The binding to concanavalin A (Con A) by pyridylaminated oligosaccharides derived from bromelain (Manalpha1,6(Xylbeta1,2) Manbeta1, 4GlcNAcbeta1,4(Fucalpha1,3)GlcNAc), horseradish peroxidase (Manalpha1,6(Manalpha1,3) (Xylbeta1,2)Manbeta1, 4GlcNAcbeta1,4(Fucalpha1,3) GlcNAc), bee venom phospholipase A2 (Manalpha1,6Manbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta1,4GlcNAc and Manalpha1,6(Manalpha1,3)Manbeta1,4GlcNAcbeta1,4 (Fucalpha1,3)GlcNAc) and zucchini ascorbate oxidase (Manalpha1,6(Manalpha1,3) (Xylbeta1,2)Manbeta1,4 GlcNAcbeta1,4GlcNAc) was compared to the binding by Man3GlcNAc2, Man5GlcNAc2 and the asialo-triantennary complex oligosaccharide from bovine fetuin. While the fetuin oligosaccharide did not bind, bromelain, zucchini, Man2GlcNAc2 and horseradish peroxidase were retarded (in that order). The alpha1,3-fucosylated phospholipase, Man3GlcNAc2 and Man5GlcNAc2 structures were eluted with 15 mM alpha-methylmannoside. It is concluded that core alpha1,3-fucosylation has little or no effect on ConA binding while xylosylation decreases affinity for ConA. In a parallel study comparing the endoglycosidase D (Endo D) sensitivities of Man3GlcNAc2, IgG-derived GlcNAcbeta1, 2Manalpha1,6(GlcNAcbeta1,2Manalpha1,3)Manbeta1,+ ++4GlcNAcbeta1,4(Fucalpha1,6)GlcNAc, the phospholipase Manalpha1,6(Manalpha1,3) Manbeta1, 4GlcNAcbeta1,4(Fucalpha1,3)GlcNAc, and horseradish and zucchini pyridylaminated N-linked oligosaccharides, it was found that only the Man3GlcNAc2 structure was cleaved. The IgG structure was sensitive only when beta-hexosaminidase was also present. Thus, in contrast to core alpha1,6-fucosylated structures, such as those present in mammals, the presence of core alpha1,3-fucose, as found in structures from plants and insects, and/or beta1,2-xylose, as found in plants, causes resistance to Endo D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I B Wilson
- Institut für Chemie der Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Monsigny M, Quétard C, Bourgerie S, Delay D, Pichon C, Midoux P, Mayer R, Roche AC. Glycotargeting: the preparation of glyco-amino acids and derivatives from unprotected reducing sugars. Biochimie 1998; 80:99-108. [PMID: 9587667 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(98)80016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are present on the surface of many cells. Many lectins actively recycle from membrane to endosomes and efficiently take up glycoconjugates in a sugar-dependent manner. On this basis, glycoconjugates, specially those obtained by chemical means, are good candidates as carriers of drugs, oligonucleotides or genes. In this paper, we present a panel of methods suitable to transform unprotected reducing oligosaccharides into glycosynthons designed to be easily linked to therapeutic agents. All the glycosynthons presented here are glycosylamines or derivatives, mainly glyco-amino acids or glycopeptides. Glycosylamines are easy to obtain, but they are very labile in slightly acidic or neutral medium; they must be stabilized, by acylation for instance. The coupling efficiency of a reducing sugar with ammonia as well as an alkylamine or an arylamine is higher at high temperature, however, because of the Amadori rearrangement, special conditions have to be selected to prepare the expected glycosylamine derivative with a high yield. Glycosylamines are easily acylated by N-protected amino acids, or by halogeno acids which can then be transformed into amino acids. Alternatively, unprotected reducing oligosaccharides may very efficiently be transformed into N-glycosyl-amino acids and then protected by N-acylation. With a glutamyl derivative having both the alpha-amino and the gamma-carboxylic groups free, the coupling and the acylation, which is intramolecular, are roughly quantitative. N-oligosaccharyl-amino acid derivatives are interesting glycosynthons, because their sugar moiety bears the specificity towards membrane lectins while the amino acid part has the capacity to easily substitute a therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Monsigny
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, Orléans, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kiessling LL, Pohl NL. Strength in numbers: non-natural polyvalent carbohydrate derivatives. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 1996; 3:71-7. [PMID: 8807830 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(96)90280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many processes mediated by protein-carbohydrate interactions involve multivalent low-affinity binding, which is inherently difficult to study. New structural templates for the generation of multivalent carbohydrate displays have recently been developed, and tailored multivalent saccharide derivatives can now be used to study and modulate a wide variety of biological recognition events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|