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Qiu C, Shi W, Wu H, Zou S, Li J, Wang D, Liu G, Song Z, Xu X, Hu J, Geng H. Identification of Molecular Subtypes and a Prognostic Signature Based on Inflammation-Related Genes in Colon Adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 12:769685. [PMID: 35003085 PMCID: PMC8733947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Both tumour-infiltrating immune cells and inflammation-related genes that can mediate immune infiltration contribute to the initiation and prognosis of patients with colon cancer. In this study, we developed a method to predict the survival outcomes among colon cancer patients and direct immunotherapy and chemotherapy. We obtained patient data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and captured inflammation-related genes from the GeneCards database. The package “ConsensusClusterPlus” was used to generate molecular subtypes based on inflammation-related genes obtained by differential expression analysis and univariate Cox analysis. A prognostic signature including four genes (PLCG2, TIMP1, BDNF and IL13) was also constructed and was an independent prognostic factor. Cluster 2 and higher risk scores meant worse overall survival and higher expression of human leukocyte antigen and immune checkpoints. Immune cell infiltration calculated by the estimate, CIBERSORT, TIMER, ssGSEA algorithms, tumour immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE), and tumour stemness indices (TSIs) were also compared on the basis of inflammation-related molecular subtypes and the risk signature. In addition, analyses of stratification, somatic mutation, nomogram construction, chemotherapeutic response prediction and small-molecule drug prediction were performed based on the risk signature. We finally used qRT–PCR to detect the expression levels of four genes in colon cancer cell lines and obtained results consistent with the prediction. Our findings demonstrated a four-gene prognostic signature that could be useful for prognostication in colon cancer patients and designing personalized treatments, which could provide new versions of personalized management for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Wenxiang Shi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huili Wu
- Department of Endodontics, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shenshan Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianchao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Guangli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhenbiao Song
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Xintao Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Jiandong Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Hui Geng
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
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2
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Oliveira Rocha AM, Severo Sabedra Sousa F, Mascarenhas Borba V, S Munchen T, Guerin Leal J, Dorneles Rodrigues OE, G Fronza M, Savegnago L, Collares T, Kömmling Seixas F. Evaluation of the effect of synthetic compounds derived from azidothymidine on MDA-MB-231 type breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127365. [PMID: 32738968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of AZT derivates containing tellurium (Te) on human breast cancer cell lines and the mechanisms underlying cell death. The inhibitory effect of AZT and its derivatives (7m and 7r) was determined by the MTT assay (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μM in 24 and 48 h time points), meanwhile the induction of apoptosis and the cell cycle phases was investigated by flow cytometry. The MTT assay showed that AZT derivatives decreased the rate of cell proliferation at concentrations of 12.5 μM, while commercial AZT showed low antitumor potential. In flow cytometric analysis, we demonstrate that the AZT derivatives do not induce apoptosis at the concentration tested and promote the cell cycle arrest in the S phase. Besides, predicted absorption, distribution, metabolization, excretion and toxicity analysis suggest that the compounds possess a good pharmacokinetic profile and possibly less toxicity when compared to conventional AZT. These compounds containing tellurium in their formulation are potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriely Maria Oliveira Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGB), Research Group on Cellular and Molecular Oncology - GPO, Center for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Severo Sabedra Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGB), Research Group on Cellular and Molecular Oncology - GPO, Center for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Victoria Mascarenhas Borba
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGB), Research Group on Cellular and Molecular Oncology - GPO, Center for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Taiana S Munchen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Julliano Guerin Leal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Oscar Endrigo Dorneles Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana G Fronza
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGB), Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGB), Neurobiotechnology Research Group, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Collares
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGB), Research Group on Cellular and Molecular Oncology - GPO, Center for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kömmling Seixas
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGB), Research Group on Cellular and Molecular Oncology - GPO, Center for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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3
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Jo MJ, Jin IS, Park CW, Hwang BY, Chung YB, Kim JS, Shin DH. Revolutionizing technologies of nanomicelles for combinatorial anticancer drug delivery. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:100-109. [PMID: 31989478 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient efficacy of current single drug therapy of cancers have led to the advancement of combination drug-loaded formulations. Specifically, polymeric micelles have been focused on as efficient injectable vehicles for the delivery of several anticancer drugs simultaneously to cancer cells. These nano delivery systems have evolved with advancements in the area of nanotechnology. The current review presents a summary of the past events that have led to the procession of nanomicelles and novel nanotechnologies for combinatorial drug delivery. It also focuses on the advantages, disadvantages, and considerations for the design of nanotechnologies for combinatorial drug delivery systems. The opportunities and challenges of nanotechnologies in drug delivery to overcome current disadvantages are also discussed. Furthermore, we have added findings regarding the trends and perspectives regarding nanotechnologies for combinatorial anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Sup Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Woong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Bok Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Kim
- Drug Information Research Institute (DIRI), College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Hwan Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Pharmacological effects of the simultaneous and sequential combinations of trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102) and 5-fluorouracil in fluoropyrimidine-sensitive colon cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:92-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Qu J, Chen X, Sun YZ, Zhao Y, Cai SB, Ming Z, You ZH, Li JQ. In Silico Prediction of Small Molecule-miRNA Associations Based on the HeteSim Algorithm. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 14:274-286. [PMID: 30654189 PMCID: PMC6348698 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Targeting microRNAs (miRNAs) with drug small molecules (SMs) is a new treatment method for many human complex diseases. Unsurprisingly, identification of potential miRNA-SM associations is helpful for pharmaceutical engineering and disease therapy in the field of medical research. In this paper, we developed a novel computational model of HeteSim-based inference for SM-miRNA Association prediction (HSSMMA) by implementing a path-based measurement method of HeteSim on a heterogeneous network combined with known miRNA-SM associations, integrated miRNA similarity, and integrated SM similarity. Through considering paths from an SM to a miRNA in the heterogeneous network, the model can capture the semantics information under each path and predict potential miRNA-SM associations based on all the considered paths. We performed global, miRNA-fixed local and SM-fixed local leave one out cross validation (LOOCV) as well as 5-fold cross validation based on the dataset of known miRNA-SM associations to evaluate the prediction performance of our approach. The results showed that HSSMMA gained the corresponding areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUCs) of 0.9913, 0.9902, 0.7989, and 0.9910 ± 0.0004 based on dataset 1 and AUCs of 0.7401, 0.8466, 0.6149, and 0.7451 ± 0.0054 based on dataset 2, respectively. In case studies, 2 of the top 10 and 13 of the top 50 predicted potential miRNA-SM associations were confirmed by published literature. We further implemented case studies to test whether HSSMMA was effective for new SMs without any known related miRNAs. The results from cross validation and case studies showed that HSSMMA could be a useful prediction tool for the identification of potential miRNA-SM associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qu
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Ya-Zhou Sun
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Shu-Bin Cai
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhong Ming
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zhu-Hong You
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Ürümqi 830011, China.
| | - Jian-Qiang Li
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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6
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Giang LNT, Nga NT, Van DT, Anh DTT, Phuong HT, Thanh NH, Anh LTT, Trung VQ, Van Tuyen N, Van Kiem P. Design, Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of 4-Anilinoquinazoline– triazole–AZT Hybrids as Anticancer Agents. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801301215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 4-anilinoquinazoline–triazole–AZT hybrids were designed and synthesized as anticancer agents. Their cytotoxic potential has been evaluated by means of a micro-dilution assay against three human cancer cell lines (KB, epidermoid carcinoma; HepG2, hepatoma carcinoma; SK-Lu-1, non-small lung cancer). The biological results revealed that compounds 4b and 6d showed good anticancer activities against KB, HepG2, and Lu cell lines (IC50 values ranging from 9 μM to 100 μM). Especially, compounds 4b and 6d exhibited up to 3-fold more potent than reference drugs erlotinib hydrochloride and AZT in term of anti-lung cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Nhat Thuy Giang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Nga
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Thuy Van
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dang Thi Tuyet Anh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Thi Phuong
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ha Thanh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Tu Anh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Quoc Trung
- Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Tuyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, VAST, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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7
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Guan NN, Sun YZ, Ming Z, Li JQ, Chen X. Prediction of Potential Small Molecule-Associated MicroRNAs Using Graphlet Interaction. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1152. [PMID: 30374302 PMCID: PMC6196296 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been proved to be targeted by the small molecules recently, which made using small molecules to target miRNAs become a possible therapy for human diseases. Therefore, it is very meaningful to investigate the relationships between small molecules and miRNAs, which is still yet in the newly-developing stage. In this paper, we presented a prediction model of Graphlet Interaction based inference for Small Molecule-MiRNA Association prediction (GISMMA) by combining small molecule similarity network, miRNA similarity network and known small molecule-miRNA association network. This model described the complex relationship between two small molecules or between two miRNAs using graphlet interaction which consists of 28 isomers. The association score between a small molecule and a miRNA was calculated based on counting the numbers of graphlet interaction throughout the small molecule similarity network and the miRNA similarity network, respectively. Global and two types of local leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) as well as five-fold cross validation were implemented in two datasets to evaluate GISMMA. For Dataset 1, the AUCs are 0.9291 for global LOOCV, 0.9505, and 0.7702 for two local LOOCVs, 0.9263 ± 0.0026 for five-fold cross validation; for Dataset 2, the AUCs are 0.8203, 0.8640, 0.6591, and 0.8554 ± 0.0063, in turn. In case study for small molecules, 5-Fluorouracil, 17β-Estradiol and 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, the numbers of top 50 miRNAs predicted by GISMMA and validated to be related to these three small molecules by experimental literatures are in turn 30, 29, and 25. Based on the results from cross validations and case studies, it is easy to realize the excellent performance of GISMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Na Guan
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ya-Zhou Sun
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Ming
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Big Data System Computing Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Li
- College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
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8
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Tien DD, Giang LNT, Anh DTT, Dung NT, Ha TN, Ha NTT, Phuong HT, Chinh PT, Van Kiem P, Van Tuyen N. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Artemisinin–triazole Hybrids. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin was converted to its corresponding alkyne-functionalized esters, which were subsequently deployed as substrates for a ‘click’ chemistry-mediated coupling with 3′-azido-3′-deoxythydimine (AZT) to furnish novel triazole–artesunate–AZT hybrid compounds. Moreover, various substituted triazole–artemisinin hybrids were synthesized based on ‘click’ chemistry between propargyl-substituted derivatives and artemisinin containing a 2-hydroxypropane unit. Fourteen new hybrids were thus successfully prepared and evaluated as cytotoxic agents, revealing an interesting anticancer activity of four triazole–artemisinin derivative hybrids in KB and HepG2 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Duy Tien
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Nhat Thuy Giang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dang Thi Tuyet Anh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Dung
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Nguyen Ha
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Ha
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Thi Phuong
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham The Chinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Thainguyen University of Science, Tanthinh, Thainguyen, Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Tuyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Pham Thi T, Le Nhat TG, Ngo Hanh T, Luc Quang T, Pham The C, Dang Thi TA, Nguyen HT, Nguyen TH, Hoang Thi P, Van Nguyen T. Synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of novel indenoisoquinoline-substituted triazole hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3652-7. [PMID: 27342752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of various substituted triazole-indenoisoquinoline hybrids was performed based on a CuI-catalyzed 1,3-cycloaddition between propargyl-substituted derivatives and the azide-containing indenoisoquinoline. Besides, a variety of N-(alkyl)propargylindenoisoquinolines was used as substrates for the construction of triazole-indenoisoquinoline-AZT conjugated via a click chemistry-mediated coupling with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT). Thus, twenty three new indenoisoquinoline-substituted triazole hybrids were successfully prepared and evaluated as cytotoxic agents, revealing an interesting anticancer activity of four triazole linker-indenoisoquinoline-AZT hybrids in KB and HepG2 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tham Pham Thi
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam; Thuyloi University, 175, Tay Son, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Giang Le Nhat
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuong Ngo Hanh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tan Luc Quang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam; Hanoi Pedagogical University No. 2, Vietnam
| | - Chinh Pham The
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam; Thainguyen University of Science, Tanthinh, Thainguyen, Vietnam
| | - Tuyet Anh Dang Thi
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thanh Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thu Ha Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Hoang Thi
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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10
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Synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of novel amide–triazole-linked triterpenoid–AZT conjugates. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Dang Thi TA, Kim Tuyet NT, Pham The C, Thanh Nguyen H, Ba Thi C, Doan Duy T, D'hooghe M, Van Nguyen T. Synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of novel ester-triazole-linked triterpenoid-AZT conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5190-4. [PMID: 25442310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Betulinic acid and analogous naturally occurring triterpenoid acids were transformed into the corresponding propargyl esters and subsequently deployed as substrates for a click chemistry-mediated coupling with azidothymidine (AZT) en route to novel 1,2,3-triazole-tethered triterpenoid-AZT conjugates. Twelve new hybrids were thus prepared and assessed in terms of their cytotoxic activity, revealing an interesting anticancer activity of five triterpenoid-AZT hybrids on KB and Hep-G2 tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet Anh Dang Thi
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Tuyet
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chinh Pham The
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thanh Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cham Ba Thi
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Doan Duy
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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12
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Shen L, Yu M, Xu X, Gao L, Ni J, Luo Z, Wu S. Knockdown of β3GnT8 reverses 5-fluorouracil resistance in human colorectal cancer cells via inhibition the biosynthesis of polylactosamine-type N-glycans. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2560-8. [PMID: 25269761 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is known to be associated with cancer chemoresistance. β-1,3-N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase (β3GnT)8, which synthesizes polylactosamine on β1-6 branched N-glycans, is dramatically upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance remains a major obstacle to the chemotherapy of CRC. However, little is known with regard to the correlation between 5‑FU resistance and the expression of β3GnT8 in CRC. In this study, a 5-FU‑resistant cell line (SW620/5-FU) was generated, and 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 5-FU was determined by MTT assay. Flow cytometry and lectin blot analysis were performed to detect the alteration of polylactosamine structures. Quantitative RT-‑PCR and western blot analysis were used to identify and evaluate candidate genes involved in the synthesis of polylactosamine in SW620/5-FU cells. We found polylactosamine chains were significantly increased in SW620/5-FU cells. Inhibition of the biosynthesis of polylactosamine by 3'-azidothymidine (AZT) was able to reduce 5-FU tolerance. Further studies showed that β3GnT8 expression was also upregulated in 5-FU‑resistant cancer cells, and knockdown of β3GnT8 by RNA interference reversed 5-FU resistance through, at least partly, by suppressing the formation of polylactosamine. In conclusion, the alteration of β3GnT8 in CRC cells correlates with tumor sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug and has significant implication for the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Meiyun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Liping Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jianlong Ni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguo Luo
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Shiliang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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Micronucleated erythrocytes in newborn rats exposed to raltegravir placental transfer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:851820. [PMID: 24977162 PMCID: PMC4055526 DOI: 10.1155/2014/851820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of raltegravir in treating HIV/AIDS has been proposed due to its effectiveness in suppressing high loads of HIV RNA in pregnant women, thus preventing infection of the fetus. However, administration of raltegravir during pregnancy produces a compound which is transferred to high concentrations to the offspring. The objective of this study is to evaluate the transplacental genotoxic effect of raltegravir in newborn rats. We evaluated the number of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE), and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) in the peripheral blood samples of the offspring of Wistar rats treated 6 days before birth with oral administration of raltegravir. The animals were randomly assigned to five groups as follows: raltegravir at doses of 15, 30, or 60 mg/day, cyclophosphamide 10 mg/kg (positive control), or 0.5 ml of sterile water (negative control). In addition, the effect of these drugs on the weight and height of newborns was assessed. There were no differences in the number of MNE, MNPCE, and PCE, and a slight decrease in the weight and height was observed in the offspring of the rat mothers treated with raltegravir. Genotoxicity studies are required in pregnant women to determine the risk of using raltegravir to the fetuses.
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Gao L, Shen L, Yu M, Ni J, Dong X, Zhou Y, Wu S. Colon cancer cells treated with 5‑fluorouracil exhibit changes in polylactosamine‑type N‑glycans. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1697-702. [PMID: 24604396 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the major chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma, which were found to have N-glycans containing polylactosamine on the cancer cell surface. Alterations in the expression and structure of polylactosamine glycans are associated with cellular differentiation and oncogenesis. However, little is known with regard to the correlation between the levels of polylactosamine expressed in colon cancer cells and the anticancer effect of 5-FU. In the present study, SW620 cells were treated with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50; determined by MTT-assay) of 5-FU. Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometric analysis indicated that 5-FU administration resulted in apoptosis in SW620 cells. An increased percentage of cells in S phase was also observed among the SW620 cells treated with 5-FU. Under the same experimental conditions, a decrease in the 5-FU‑induced inhibition of polylactosamine glycans was recorded. However, an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase was also observed. Furthermore, pretreatment of the SW620 cells with 5-FU inhibited the expression of β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-8 (β3Gn-T8) and cluster of differentiation (CD)147 in a time-dependent manner. Overall, changes in glycosylation were associated with the anticancer effect of 5-FU in the colon cancer cells. In conclusion, polylactosamine may be a useful target for the identification of substances with anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Meiyun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jianlong Ni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Dong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Shiliang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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Chen P, Liu Y, Sun Y, Chen C, Qi Y, Zhang Y. AZT and emodin exhibit synergistic growth-inhibitory effects on K562/ADM cells by inducing S phase cell cycle arrest and suppressing MDR1 mRNA/p-gp protein expression. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1586-1591. [PMID: 24004004 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.803257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies have demonstrated that both 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and emodin, a traditional chemotherapy agent, can inhibit the growth of many types of cancer cells. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of AZT and emodin on adriamycin-resistant human chronic myelogenous leukemia (K562/ADM) cells, determine the expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) mRNA/p-glycoprotein (p-gp) protein, a protein known to induce resistance to anticancer agents, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS K562/ADM cells were treated with AZT (10-160 μM) or emodin (5-80 μM) for 24, 48 and 72 h and cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. The effect of AZT (16.5, 33 and 66 μM) and emodin (6.1, 17.6 and 33.2 μM) on K562/ADM cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry, and MDR1 mRNA/p-gp protein expression was determined by real time RT-PCR and western blotting. RESULTS The growth suppression of emodin was dramatically enhanced by AZT in K562/ADM cells. The IC50 of AZT and emodin was lower than that of emodin alone. All examined combinations of AZT and emodin yielded a synergetic effect (CI < 1). Furthermore, AZT and emodin altered the cell cycle distribution and led to an accumulation of cells in S phase. Meanwhile, the expression of MDR1 mRNA/p-gp protein was markedly decreased. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results show a synergistic growth-inhibitory effect of AZT and emodin in K562/ADM cells, which is achieved through S phase arrest. MDR1 might ultimately be responsible for these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
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16
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Azidothymidine hinders arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells by induction of p21 and attenuation of G2/M arrest. Ann Hematol 2013; 92:1207-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Azidothymidine enhances fluorodeoxyuridine-mediated radiosensitization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 76:905-13. [PMID: 20159365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the role of DNA repair and altered thymidine analogues in altering the response to radiation during thymidine deprivation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Mismatch repair-deficient and -proficient cell lines HEC59 and HC-2.4 were treated with fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR), azidothymidine (AZT), and irradiation either alone or in combination, and outcomes of clonogenic survival and cell-cycle distributions were determined. RESULTS Survival outcomes for all treatments were similar for both cell lines, suggesting that hMSH2 does not significantly influence thymidine deprivation toxicity or radiosensitization. The chain-terminating thymidine analogue AZT increased the toxicity of FUdR and increased DNA fragmentation. The combination of FUdR and AZT afforded greater radiosensitization than either drug alone. Drug enhancement ratios, the degree of excess radiation-induced cell death in drug-treated cultures compared with radiation alone for HEC59, were 1.2, 1.4, and 1.8 for AZT, FUdR, and the combination, respectively. Enhancement ratios for HC-2.4 were 1.3, 1.5, and 1.8 for AZT, FUdR, and the combination, respectively. CONCLUSION Azidothymidine, a chain-terminating thymidine analogue, can enhance the radiosensitizing affects of thymidine deprivation. Deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks may play an important role in the mechanism of thymidine deprivation-induced radiosensitization.
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Fang JL, Beland FA. Long-term exposure to zidovudine delays cell cycle progression, induces apoptosis, and decreases telomerase activity in human hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci 2009; 111:120-30. [PMID: 19541796 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine; AZT), which is currently used in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, has been shown to have anticancer properties. In the present study, we examined the mechanisms contributing to increased sensitivity of cancer cells to the growth-inhibitory effects of AZT. This was accomplished by incubating a hepatoma cell line (HepG2) and a normal liver cell line (THLE2) with AZT in continuous culture for up to 4 weeks and evaluating the number of viable and necrotic cells, the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle alterations, and telomerase activity. In HepG2 cells, AZT (2-100 microM) caused significant dose-dependent decreases in the number of viable cells at exposures > 24 h. During a 1-week recover period, there was only a slight increase in the number of viable cells treated with AZT. The decrease in viable cells was associated with an induction of apoptosis, a decrease in telomerase activity, and S and G2/M phase arrest of the cell cycle. During the recovery period, the extent of apoptosis and telomerase activity returned to control levels, whereas the disruption of cell cycle progression persisted. Western blot analysis indicated that AZT caused a decrease in checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and kinase 2 (Chk2) and an increase in phosphorylated Chk1 (Ser345) and Chk2 (Thr68). Similar effects, to lesser extent, were observed in THLE2 cells given much higher concentrations of AZT (50-2500 microM). These data show that HepG2 cells are much more sensitive than THLE2 cells to AZT. They also indicate that a combination of a delay of cell cycle progression, an induction of apoptosis, and a decrease in telomerase activity is contributing to the decrease in the number of viable cells from AZT treatment, and that checkpoint enzymes Chk1 and Chk2 may play an important role in the delay of cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Long Fang
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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Falchetti A, Franchi A, Bordi C, Mavilia C, Masi L, Cioppi F, Recenti R, Picariello L, Marini F, Del Monte F, Ghinoi V, Martineti V, Tanini A, Brandi ML. Azidothymidine induces apoptosis and inhibits cell growth and telomerase activity of human parathyroid cancer cells in culture. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:410-8. [PMID: 15746985 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.041123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Telomerase activity has been correlated to parathyroid carcinoma. Because its role in acquisition of a malignant phenotype by parathyroid cells is unclear, we treated telomerase-positive cultured human parathyroid cancer cells with the telomerase inhibitor AZT, evaluating cell telomerase activity, cytotoxic effects, growth, and morphological changes. In vitro exposure of these cells to AZT correlated with inhibition of cell proliferation. INTRODUCTION Parathyroid carcinoma represents an uncommon cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, whose spectrum of clinical presentation, degree of malignancy, and prognosis are difficult to be properly identified. Neck surgery, specifically an en bloc resection of primary tumor, is the only curative treatment. Alternatively, affected patients could undergo repetitive palliative surgical exeresis of metastatic nodules. It has been previously shown that telomerase activity is specifically present in parathyroid carcinoma cells, being absent in hyperplastic and adenomatous tissues. Thus, determination of telomerase activity could represent either a useful diagnostic molecular marker for human parathyroid carcinoma or a potential target for pharmacological intervention in a malignant neoplasia usually resistant to chemo- and radiotherapeutic interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS To further investigate the role of telomerase activity in acquisition of a malignant phenotype by parathyroid cells, we treated telomeric repeat amplification protocol-positive cultured human parathyroid cells with the telomerase inhibitor zidovudine, 3'-azido-3'deoxythymidine (AZT), evaluating cell telomerase activity, growth characteristics, potential cytotoxic effects, and morphological changes. RESULTS Our findings indicate that in vitro exposure of human parathyroid cancer cells to AZT resulted in intracellular accumulation of AZT-monophosphate (AZT-MP) and inhibition of telomerase, which correlate with inhibition of human parathyroid cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, we also found that AZT induced an apoptotic rather than a necrotic type of cellular death. None of these effects were observed in human adenomatous parathyroid cells in culture. CONCLUSIONS Altogether these results indicate that AZT may be a highly effective agent against cancer parathyroid cells proliferation, which is an extremely important observation for a neoplasia which shows lack of response to classical pharmacological and physical antiblastic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Falchetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Kim S, Chin K, Gray JW, Bishop JM. A screen for genes that suppress loss of contact inhibition: identification of ING4 as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16251-6. [PMID: 15528276 PMCID: PMC528940 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407158101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have devised a screen for genes that suppress the loss of contact inhibition elicited by overexpression of the protooncogene MYCN. The initial application of this screen detected nine distinctive suppressors within a representative human cDNA library. One of these genes was ING4, a potential tumor suppressor gene that maps to human chromosome 12p13. Ectopic expression of ING4 suppressed the loss of contact inhibition elicited by either MYCN or MYC but had no direct effect on cellular proliferation. Pursuing the possibility that ING4 might be a tumor suppressor gene, we found inactivating mutations in ING4 transcripts from various human cancer cell lines. In addition, we used comparative genomic hybridization to detect deletion of the ING4 locus in 10-20% of human breast cancer cell lines and primary breast tumors. Ectopic expression of ING4 attenuated the growth of T47D human breast cancer cells in soft agar. We conclude that ING4 is a strong candidate as a tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwon Kim
- The G. W. Hooper Research Foundation and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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21
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Falcone A, Lencioni M, Brunetti I, Pfanner E, Allegrini G, Antonuzzo A, Andreuccetti M, Malvaldi G, Danesi R, Del Tacca M, Conte PF. Maximum tolerable doses of intravenous zidovudine in combination with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Clinical evidence of significant antitumor activity and enhancement of zidovudine-induced DNA single strand breaks in peripheral nuclear blood cells. Ann Oncol 1997; 8:539-45. [PMID: 9261522 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008249803523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies have demonstrated that 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) enhances zidovudine (AZT)-induced DNA strand breaks and cytotoxicity. Phase I studies have demonstrated that the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) of AZT is 8000 mg/sqm when administered i.v. over two hours after weekly 5-FU + l-leucovorin (LV), and that this combination has promising antitumor activity. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the antitumor activity of weekly bolus 5-FU + LV + AZT, administered at its MTD, and to determine whether 5-FU enhances AZT-induced DNA strand breaks in blood nuclear cells. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-nine chemotherapy-naïve metastatic colorectal cancer patients with measurable disease entered the study to evaluate the activity of a weekly 5-FU 500 mg/m2 i.v. bolus + LV 250 mg/m2 i.v. two-hour infusion + AZT 8000 mg/m2 i.v. two-hour infusion. In 10 different patients, who during three different weeks received 5-FU + LV, AZT and 5-FU + LV + AZT, DNA strand breaks in blood nuclear cells were determined by a fluorescent analysis of DNA unwinding. RESULTS Treatment was generally well tolerated and WHO grades III-IV toxicities, consisting mostly of diarrhea (17%), were uncommon. One patient died of severe diarrhea with consequent hypokalemia and cardiac arrhythmia. All patients were considered evaluable for response, and 3 (10%) complete and 10 (35%) partial responses were observed, for an objective response rate of 45% (95% confidence limit interval 26%-64%). Both 5-FU + LV and AZT decreased the percentage of double stranded DNA in nuclear blood cells. The greatest effect was observed with 5-FU + LV + AZT, which reduced the percentage of double stranded DNA to 50% and 36% after 24 and 48 hours, respectively, and this interaction between 5-FU + LV and AZT was found to be cumulative. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that the present dose and schedule of AZT in combination with 5-FU + LV has significant activity in metastatic colorectal cancer and that the combination of 5-FU + LV with AZT increases the amount of DNA damage. Therefore, AZT in combination with 5-FU + LV warrants further study in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Falcone
- U.O. Oncologia Medica, Ospedale S. Chiara, Pisa, Italy
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