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Sampath Kumar HM, Herrmann L, Tsogoeva SB. Structural hybridization as a facile approach to new drug candidates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127514. [PMID: 32860980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Structural hybridization of preclinically and clinically validated pharmacologically active molecules has emerged as a promising tool to develop new generations of safe and highly efficient drug candidates against various diseases including microbial infections, virus infections and cancer. Strategies of drug-drug combinations have been adopted to generate hybrid conjugates of many clinically used drugs, designed to address inherent problems associated with these drugs. Thus, the design of hybrids was aimed to achieve higher efficacy through possible multi-target interactions, selective delivery of the drug to the site of action with the aim to improve bioavailability, alleviate toxicity and circumvent drug resistances. In this review article, we summarize the progress made in recent years in the rapidly growing field of drug discovery, focusing on the rationality of the hybrid design with particular emphasis on the linker architecture, which plays a crucial role in the overall success of a hybrid drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halmuthur M Sampath Kumar
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Lars Herrmann
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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2
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Knox A, Kalchschmid C, Schuster D, Gaggia F, Manzl C, Baecker D, Gust R. Development of bivalent triarylalkene- and cyclofenil-derived dual estrogen receptor antagonists and downregulators. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 192:112191. [PMID: 32169784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Up to 80% of mammary carcinoma initially exhibit estrogen-dependent growth, which can be treated by aromatase inhibitors or SERMs/SERDs. To increase the options after failure of the hormonal therapy with these drugs, the search for alternatives with a different mode of action to prevent estrogen action is of high relevance. Therefore, this study focused on the inhibition of coactivator recruitment at the estrogen receptor (ER) by targeted attachment of bivalent compounds at the coactivator binding site besides the primary binding at the ligand binding domain. Eight homodimeric 4-[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-1-butenyl]cinnamic acid (GW7604)- or cyclofenilacrylic acid-based ER ligands with diaminoalkane linkers (C2-C5) were synthesized and their effects on the ER subtypes were assessed in vitro. All compounds possessed full antagonistic potency at ERα/β as determined in a transactivation assay. Furthermore, they exerted medium downregulatory effects dependent on the spacer length and did not stimulate the ER expression as observed for 4-hydroxytamoxifen. The cyclofenil-derived dimer with C4 spacer (15b) showed the highest binding affinity to ERα (RBA = 79.2%) and downregulated the ER content in MCF-7 cells with an efficiency of 38% at 1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Knox
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina Kalchschmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesca Gaggia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudia Manzl
- Institute for Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Baecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB - Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria.
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3
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Seitz O. Templated chemistry for bioorganic synthesis and chemical biology. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3198. [PMID: 31309674 PMCID: PMC6771651 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In light of the 2018 Max Bergmann Medal, this review discusses advancements on chemical biology-driven templated chemistry developed in the author's laboratories. The focused review introduces the template categories applied to orient functional units such as functional groups, chromophores, biomolecules, or ligands in space. Unimolecular templates applied in protein synthesis facilitate fragment coupling of unprotected peptides. Templating via bimolecular assemblies provides control over proximity relationships between functional units of two molecules. As an instructive example, the coiled coil peptide-templated labelling of receptor proteins on live cells will be shown. Termolecular assemblies provide the opportunity to put the proximity of functional units on two (bio)molecules under the control of a third party molecule. This allows the design of conditional bimolecular reactions. A notable example is DNA/RNA-triggered peptide synthesis. The last section shows how termolecular and multimolecular assemblies can be used to better characterize and understand multivalent protein-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Seitz
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt University BerlinBerlinGermany
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Shan M, Carlson KE, Bujotzek A, Wellner A, Gust R, Weber M, Katzenellenbogen JA, Haag R. Nonsteroidal bivalent estrogen ligands: an application of the bivalent concept to the estrogen receptor. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:707-15. [PMID: 23312071 DOI: 10.1021/cb3006243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) is a hormone-regulated transcription factor that binds, as a dimer, to estrogens and to specific DNA sequences. To explore at a fundamental level the geometric and topological features of bivalent-ligand binding to the ER dimer, dimeric ER crystal structures were used to rationally design nonsteroidal bivalent estrogen ligands. Guided by this structure-based ligand design, we prepared two series of bivalent ligands (agonists and antagonists) tethered by flexible spacers of varying lengths (7-47 Å) and evaluated their ER-binding affinities for the two ER subtypes and their biological activities in cell lines. Bivalent ligands based on the agonist diethylstilbestrol (DES) proved to be poor candidates, but bivalent ligands based on the antagonist hydroxytamoxifen (OHT) were well suited for intensive study. Binding affinities of the OHT-based bivalent ligands were related to spacer length in a distinctive fashion, reaching two maximum values at 14 and 29 Å in both ER subtypes. These results demonstrate that the bivalent concept can operate in determining ER-ligand binding affinity and suggest that two distinct modes operate for the binding of bivalent estrogen ligands to the ER dimers, an intermolecular as well as an intramolecular mode. Our insights, particularly the possibility of intramolecular bivalent binding on a single ER monomer, may provide an alternative strategy for preparing more selective and active ER antagonists for endocrine therapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shan
- Institut für
Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathryn E. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign,
600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Anja Wellner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marcus Weber
- Zuse Institut Berlin, Takustrasse 7, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - John A. Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign,
600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für
Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Shan M, Bujotzek A, Abendroth F, Wellner A, Gust R, Seitz O, Weber M, Haag R. Conformational Analysis of Bivalent Estrogen Receptor Ligands: From Intramolecular to Intermolecular Binding. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2587-98. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abendroth F, Bujotzek A, Shan M, Haag R, Weber M, Seitz O. DNA-controlled bivalent presentation of ligands for the estrogen receptor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8592-6. [PMID: 21793134 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Abendroth
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Abendroth F, Bujotzek A, Shan M, Haag R, Weber M, Seitz O. DNA-gesteuerte bivalente Präsentation von Liganden für den Östrogenrezeptor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Bujotzek A, Shan M, Haag R, Weber M. Towards a rational spacer design for bivalent inhibition of estrogen receptor. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2011; 25:253-62. [PMID: 21331802 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-011-9417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors are known drug targets that have been linked to several kinds of cancer. The structure of the estrogen receptor ligand binding domain is available and reveals a homodimeric layout. In order to improve the binding affinity of known estrogen receptor inhibitors, bivalent compounds have been developed that consist of two individual ligands linked by flexible tethers serving as spacers. So far, binding affinities of the bivalent compounds do not surpass their monovalent counterparts. In this article, we focus our attention on the molecular spacers that are used to connect the individual ligands to form bivalent compounds, and describe their thermodynamic contribution during the ligand binding process. We use computational methods to predict structural and entropic parameters of different spacer structures. We find that flexible spacers introduce a number of effects that may interfere with ligand binding and possibly can be connected to the low binding affinities that have been reported in binding assays. Based on these findings, we try to provide guidelines for the design of novel molecular spacers.
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Wendlandt AE, Yelton SM, Lou D, Watt DS, Noonan DJ. Synthesis and functional analysis of novel bivalent estrogens. Steroids 2010; 75:825-33. [PMID: 20685325 PMCID: PMC2948962 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The steroid hormone estrogen plays a critical role in female development and homeostasis. Estrogen mediates its effects through binding and activation of specific estrogen receptors alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta), members of the steroid/nuclear receptor family of ligand-induced transcription factors. Due to their intimate roles in genomic and nongenomic signaling pathways, these hormones and their receptors have been also implicated in the pathologies of a variety of cancers and metabolic disorders, and have been the target of large therapeutic development efforts. The binding of estrogen to its respective receptors initiates a cascade of events that include receptor dimerization, nuclear localization, DNA binding and recruitment of co-regulatory protein complexes. In this manuscript, we investigate the potential for manipulating steroid receptor gene expression activity through the development of bivalent steroid hormones that are predicted to facilitate hormone receptor dimerization events. Data are presented for the development and testing of novel estrogen dimers, linked through their C-17 moiety, that can activate estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-mediated transcription events with efficacy and potency equal to or greater than that of ERalpha's cognate ligand, 17beta-estradiol. These bivalent estrogen structures open the door to the development of a variety of steroid therapeutics that could dramatically impact future drug development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Wendlandt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
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10
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Steroidal bivalent ligands for the estrogen receptor: design, synthesis, characterization and binding affinities. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3528-35. [PMID: 19394231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Steroidal bivalent ligands for the estrogen receptor (ER) were designed using crystal structures of ERalpha dimers as a template. The syntheses of several 17alpha-ethynylestradiol-based bivalent ligands with varying linker compositions and lengths are described. The binding affinities of these bivalent ligands for ERalpha and ERbeta were determined. In the two series of bivalent ligands that we synthesized, there is a clear correlation between linker length and binding affinity, both of which reach a maximum at the same tether length. Further studies are underway to explore aspects of bivalent ligand and control compound binding to the ERs and their effects on ER dimer formation; these results will be reported in a subsequent publication.
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Abstract
High-affinity ligands recognizing biomolecules with high specificity are crucial for drug discovery and biomolecule detection. We describe here a simple approach to preparing aptamer-based ligands with enhanced binding affinity. In this approach, two aptamer ligands with suboptimal binding properties are covalently linked with a long flexible linker to create a bivalent ligand with significantly improved binding affinity. We first used a simple oligonucleotide-based model, which mimicked the interaction between bivalent ligands and their target molecules, to investigate the principles governing the affinity enhancement. These experiments showed that as long as the individual ligands had at least submicromolar binding affinities, they could be linked with a nanometer-scale flexible linker to produce bivalent ligands with improved binding affinity and specificity. Furthermore, comparison of the experimental data with the bivalent ligand properties predicted by a wormlike chain model showed that this model provided a good approximation of the binding properties of nanometer-scale flexible bivalent ligands. To verify the practicality of bivalent ligands with nanometer-scale flexible linkers, we constructed aptamer-based bivalent ligands for human alpha-thrombin. In agreement with the predictions derived from the model system, the binding affinities and the anticlotting activities of thrombin bivalent ligands were significantly improved compared to those of the individual ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tian
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University Medical School, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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12
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Hadden MK, Blagg BSJ. Cytotoxic small molecule dimers and their inhibitory activity against human breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5063-7. [PMID: 17656092 PMCID: PMC2682424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules based upon natural product dimers that exhibit cytotoxic activity were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-proliferative activity in human breast cancer cell lines. A central isophthalic core structure linking aromatic amines containing 3,5-disubstitutions produced the most active compounds. This series of compounds was found to be more active against the estrogen receptor positive cell line MCF-7 than the estrogen receptor negative cell line, SKBr3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott 4070, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, USA
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13
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Bérubé G, Rabouin D, Perron V, N'Zemba B, Gaudreault RC, Parent S, Asselin E. Synthesis of unique 17beta-estradiol homo-dimers, estrogen receptors binding affinity evaluation and cytocidal activity on breast, intestinal and skin cancer cell lines. Steroids 2006; 71:911-21. [PMID: 16914177 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient synthesis of a series of C2-symmetric 17beta-estradiol homo-dimers is described. The new molecules are linked at position 17alpha of the steroid nucleus with either an alkyl chain or a polyethylene glycol chain. They are made from estrone in only five chemical steps with an overall yield exceeding 30%. The biological activity of these compounds was evaluated in vitro on estrogen dependent and independent (ER+ and ER-) human breast tumor cell lines: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Some of the dimers present selective cytotoxic activity against the ER+ cell line. However, they are not very cytotoxic when compared to the antiestrogen tamoxifen. Unfortunately, they show only weak affinity for the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and no affinity for the estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta). The new compounds were also tested on human intestinal (HT-29) cancer and on murine skin cancer (B16-F10) cell lines for further biological assessment. Interestingly, the dimers were found to be cytotoxic to the murine skin cancer cell line but were inactive towards the intestinal cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervais Bérubé
- Groupe de Recherche en Biopathologies Cellulaires et Moléculaires, Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7.
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Rabouin D, Perron V, N'Zemba B, C-Gaudreault R, Bérubé G. A facile synthesis of C(2)-symmetric 17 beta-estradiol dimers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:557-60. [PMID: 12565971 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient synthesis of a series of C(2)-symmetric 17 beta-estradiol dimers is described. The new molecules are linked at position 17 alpha of the steroid nucleus with either an alkyl chain or a polyethylene glycol chain. They are made from estrone in five chemical steps with an overall yield exceeding 30%. The biological activity of these compounds was evaluated in vitro on estrogen dependent and independent (ER(+) and ER(-)) human breast tumor cell lines: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Some of the dimers present selective cytotoxic activity against the ER(+) cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rabouin
- Département de Chimie-Biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
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15
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Sperry TS, Thomas P. Androgen binding profiles of two distinct nuclear androgen receptors in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 73:93-103. [PMID: 10925208 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the binding affinities of 28 androgens for two nuclear androgen receptors (AR), termed AR1 and AR2, in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) brain and ovarian tissues, respectively, were determined using competitive binding assays. The 5alpha-reduction of steroids, in general, increased the metabolite's binding affinity for AR2 while decreasing it for AR1. In addition, few androgens bound to AR1 with high affinity and modifications to the basic 3-ketone,4-ene,17beta-hydroxy structure of testosterone usually reduced its binding affinity for AR1. However, androgens with ketone groups at the 3- and 17-position bound with high affinity to AR1 provided that the androgen had either a 5alpha-reduced A-ring or a third ketone group at the 11-position. This suggests that there may be several high affinity conformations that AR1 can occupy depending upon whether an androgen possesses a ketone or a hydroxyl group at the 17-position. The binding of androgens to AR2 showed a more predictable pattern, 5alpha-reduced steroids bound better than 4-ene steroids and any changes to the basic 3-keto,17-hydroxy motif of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone lowered the binding affinity of a steroid. However, these structural changes often caused only minor decreases in binding affinity, such that AR2 has a broader affinity for androgens and a greater affinity than AR1 for structurally diverse androgens. Widely different androgen binding affinities of AR1 and AR2 suggest that these two nuclear androgen receptors may mediate the physiological actions of different androgens in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Sperry
- Department of Marine Science, The University of Texas Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 78373, USA.
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17
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18
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Teutsch G, Nique F, Lemoine G, Bouchoux F, Cérède E, Gofflo D, Philibert D. General structure-activity correlations of antihormones. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 761:5-28. [PMID: 7625749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb31365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Teutsch
- Centre de Recherches Roussel Uclaf 102, Romainville, France
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