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Abstract
BACKGROUND The history of multiple sclerosis (MS) is dominated by the discoveries of famous men. However, women would like to feel part of the story and to know that women have contributed to MS research. OBJECTIVE To identify women who contributed to the history of discovery in MS. METHOD This was a personal survey from my knowledge of previous work. RESULTS There were no women participants in the early stages of MS research. However, since 1950 there are many women who have contributed to MS research. In the 20th century, there were famous women who contributed to the scientific fields that form the basis of MS research. In the 21st century, more women participate in MS research but studies suggest that they are under-represented in positions of prominence. CONCLUSION Women have been part of the effort to understand MS, but are not well recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A McCombe
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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2
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Brown RF, Tennant CC, Dunn SM, Pollard JD. A review of stress-relapse interactions in multiple sclerosis: important features and stress-mediating and -moderating variables. Mult Scler 2016; 11:477-84. [PMID: 16042233 DOI: 10.1191/1352458505ms1170oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Studies do not provide a consensus opinion of the relationship between stress and relapse in relapsing=remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Few studies have defined the critical features of these stressful situations, or examined the role of stress-mediating and -moderating variables. Available evidence indicates that the relationship between life stress and relapse is complex, and is likely to depend on factors such as stressor chronicity, frequency, severity and type, and individual patient characteristics such as depression, health locus of control and coping strategy use. Little is known about how these factors, individually or in combination, are related to MS disease activity. Viral infections are also likely to precipitate relapse in MS, and significant life-stress may further enhance this relationship. The nature and strength of these interrelationships have strong clinical implications. MS patients are particularly vulnerable to a deteriorating cycle of stressful life events, illness episodes and disability. Timely multidisciplinary care interventions aimed at both minimizing psychological distress and physical symptoms may halt this downward reciprocal cycle. Little is known of the pathogenesis of these putative stress-induced changes in disease activity, and almost all stressor studies suffer from some biases or limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Brown
- Psychology Department, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
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3
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Donzé C. Update on rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. Presse Med 2015; 44:e169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Hale LA, Nukada H, Du Plessis LJ, Peebles KC. Clinical screening of autonomic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2008; 14:42-55. [DOI: 10.1002/pri.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Xu J, Racke MK, Drew PD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist fenofibrate regulates IL-12 family cytokine expression in the CNS: relevance to multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2008; 103:1801-10. [PMID: 17727629 PMCID: PMC2288776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-12 (IL-12) family of cytokines which includes IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27 play critical roles in T cell differentiation and are important modulators of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Previously, we demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) -alpha agonists suppress the development of EAE. The present studies demonstrated that the PPAR-alpha agonist fenofibrate inhibited the secretion of IL-12p40, IL-12p70 (p35/p40), IL-23 (p19/p40), and IL-27p28 by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia. The cytokines interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha also stimulated IL-12 p40 and IL-27 p28 expression by microglia, which was suppressed by fenofibrate. Furthermore, fenofibrate inhibited microglial expression of CD14 which plays a critical role in TLR signaling, suggesting a mechanism by which this PPAR-alpha agonist regulates the production of these pro-inflammatory molecules. In addition, fenofibrate suppressed the secretion of IL-12p40, IL-23, and IL-27p28 by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated astrocytes. Importantly, fenofibrate suppression of EAE was associated with decreased expression of IL-12 family cytokine mRNAs as well as mRNAs encoding TLR4, CD14, and MyD88 known to play critical roles in MyD88-dependent TLR signaling. These novel observations suggest that PPAR-alpha agonists including fenofibrate may modulate the development of EAE, at least in part, by suppressing the production of IL-12 family cytokines and MyD88-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Michael K. Racke
- Department of Neurology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul D. Drew
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Fernández O. Combination therapy in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2007; 259:95-103. [PMID: 17507031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 08/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory/demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease. Treatment of MS is currently based on various different therapeutic algorithms of a sequential or escalating therapy with immunomodulators or immunosuppressants, generated partly from evidence based medicine and partly from expert's consensus. However, these therapies are not always effective as monotherapies. An alternative would be the combination of agents which already have some proven efficacy in MS therapy, are directed against different mechanisms of the pathogenic chain, and ideally result in synergic effects and a profile of reduced toxicity. Combination therapy in multiple sclerosis can be: Combination of two or more anti-inflammatory agents or combination of anti-inflammatory agents plus neuroprotective agents. Many combinations of drugs have been or are being tested in multiple sclerosis. Clinical trials have included a low number of patients for short periods of time. Preliminary studies on safety suggest that some combination therapies might be safe and efficacious. Ongoing and new phase III clinical trials involving a greater number of patients for longer periods of time are needed to verify this hypothesis. A wise balance between efficacy and safety and extremely clear information to patients should drive clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Fernández
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain. fernandez.sspa.@juntadeandalucia.es
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Boucher A, Desforges M, Duquette P, Talbot PJ. Long-term human coronavirus-myelin cross-reactive T-cell clones derived from multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Immunol 2007; 123:258-67. [PMID: 17448727 PMCID: PMC7106099 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune reactions associated with MS involve genetic and environmental factors. Because murine coronaviruses induce an MS-like disease, the human coronaviruses (HCoV) are attractive candidates as environmental factors involved in a demyelinating pathology. We previously reported the isolation of HCoV-229E/myelin basic protein (MBP) cross-reactive T-cell lines (TCL) in MS patients. To investigate antigenic cross-reactivity at the molecular level, 155 long-term T-cell clones (TCC) were derived from 32 MS patients by in vitro selection with MBP, proteolipid protein (PLP) or HCoV (strains 229E and OC43). Overall, 114 TCC were virus-specific, 31 were specific for myelin Ag and 10 other were HCoV/myelin cross-reactive. Twenty-eight virus-specific TCC and 7 myelin-specific TCC were obtained from six healthy donors. RACE RT-PCR amplification of the Vbeta chains of five of ten the cross-reactive TCC confirmed clonality and sequencing identified the CDR3 region associated with cross-reactivity. Our findings have promising implications in the investigation of the role of molecular mimicry between coronaviruses and myelin in MS as a mechanism related to disease initiation or relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Boucher
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Marc Desforges
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Pierre Duquette
- MS Clinic, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2L 4K8
| | - Pierre J. Talbot
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), Canada H7V 1B7
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 450 686 5566.
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Xu J, Drew PD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists suppress the production of IL-12 family cytokines by activated glia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1904-13. [PMID: 17237441 PMCID: PMC2288778 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The IL-12 family of cytokines, which include IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27, play critical roles in the differentiation of Th1 cells and are believed to contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Relatively little is known concerning the expression of IL-12 family cytokines by cells of the CNS, the affected tissue in MS. Previously, we and others demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonists suppress the development of EAE, alter T cell proliferation and phenotype, and suppress the activation of APCs. The present studies demonstrated that PPAR-gamma agonists, including the naturally occurring 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) and the synthetic thiazoladinedione rosiglitazone, inhibited the induction of IL-12p40, IL-12p70 (p35/p40), IL-23 (p19/p40), and IL-27p28 proteins by LPS-stimulated primary microglia. In primary astrocytes, LPS induced the production of IL-12p40, IL-23, and IL-27p28 proteins. However, IL-12p70 production was not detected in these cells. The 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) potently suppressed IL-12p40, IL-23, and IL-27p28 production by primary astrocytes, whereas rosiglitazone suppressed IL-23 and IL-27p28, but not IL-12p40 in these cells. These novel observations suggest that PPAR-gamma agonists modulate the development of EAE, at least in part, by inhibiting the production of IL-12 family cytokines by CNS glia. In addition, we demonstrate that PPAR-gamma agonists inhibit TLR2, MyD88, and CD14 expression in glia, suggesting a possible mechanism by which these agonists modulate IL-12 family cytokine expression. Collectively, these studies suggest that PPAR-gamma agonists may be beneficial in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul D. Drew
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Paul D. Drew, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, Slot 846, Biomedical Research Building II, Room 563-2, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205. E-mail address:
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9
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Esquifino AI, Cano P, Jimenez-Ortega V, Fernández-Mateos MP, Cardinali DP. Immune response after experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats subjected to calorie restriction. J Neuroinflammation 2007; 4:6. [PMID: 17254325 PMCID: PMC1793957 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Male Lewis rats (6 weeks-old) were submitted to a calorie restriction equivalent to 33% or 66% of food restriction. Fifteen days later, groups of 7 animals were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant plus spinal cord homogenate (SCH) to induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) or with complete Freund's adjuvant alone. EAE was defined solely on clinical grounds. Rats were assessed daily for clinical signs of EAE and were killed on day 15 after immunization. Both diet and SCH injection diminished body weight significantly. In contrast to rats receiving a normal diet or a 33% calorie-restricted diet, rats subjected to severe calorie restriction did not exhibit clinical signs of EAE. Concomitantly with the lack of disease manifestation, 66% of calorie-restricted rats injected with SCH showed significantly less splenic and lymph node mitogenic response to concanavalin A (Con A) and a higher splenic response to lipopolysaccharide. Fewer splenic, lymph node and thymic CD4+ cells, greater numbers of splenic and lymph node CD8+ and CD4+- CD8+ cells, and fewer splenic T, B and T-B cells, and lymph node and thymic B and T-B cells were observed. There was impaired interferon (IFN)-gamma production occurred in the three examined tissues. The results are compatible with the view that the acute phase of EAE can be curtailed by severe calorie restriction, presumably through impaired IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Esquifino
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Jimenez-Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María P Fernández-Mateos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel P Cardinali
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Esquifino AI, Cano P, Zapata A, Cardinali DP. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in pituitary-grafted Lewis rats. J Neuroinflammation 2006; 3:20. [PMID: 16928263 PMCID: PMC1563453 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-3-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of susceptible rats with dopaminergic agonists that reduce prolactin release decreases both severity and duration of clinical signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). To assess to what extent the presence of an ectopic pituitary (that produces an increase in plasma prolactin levels mainly derived from the ectopic gland) affects EAE, 39 male Lewis rats were submitted to pituitary grafting from littermate donors. Another group of 38 rats was sham-operated by implanting a muscle fragment similar in size to the pituitary graft. All rats received subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) plus spinal cord homogenate (SCH) and were monitored daily for clinical signs of EAE. Animals were killed by decapitation on days 1, 4, 7, 11 or 15 after immunization and plasma was collected for prolactin RIA. In a second experiment, 48 rats were immunized by s.c. injection of a mixture of SCH and CFA, and then received daily s.c. injections of bromocriptine (1 mg/kg) or saline. Groups of 8 animals were killed on days 8, 11 or 15 after immunization and plasma prolactin was measured. Only sham-operated rats exhibited clinical signs of the disease when assessed on day 15 after immunization. A progressive decrease in plasma prolactin levels was observed in pituitary-grafted rats, attaining a minimum 15 days after immunization, whereas plasma prolactin levels were increased during the course of the disease in sham-operated rats. Plasma prolactin levels were higher in pituitary-grafted rats than in sham-operated rats 1 day after immunization, but lower on days 7, 11 and 15 after immunogen injection. Further supporting a correlation of suppressed prolactin levels with absence of clinical signs of EAE, rats that were administered the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine showed very low plasma prolactin levels and did not exhibit any clinical sign of EAE. These results indicate that low circulating prolactin levels coincide with absence of clinical signs of EAE in Lewis rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Esquifino
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Zapata
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel P Cardinali
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Xu J, Chavis JA, Racke MK, Drew PD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and retinoid X receptor agonists inhibit inflammatory responses of astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 176:95-105. [PMID: 16764943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) plays a key role in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Recently, we demonstrated that administration of the PPAR-alpha agonists gemfibrozil and fenofibrate, inhibit the clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study, we investigated the effects of PPAR-alpha agonists on primary mouse astrocytes, a cell type implicated in the pathology of MS and EAE. Our studies demonstrated that the PPAR-alpha agonists fenofibrate, and WY 14643 inhibited NO production by LPS-stimulated astrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, PPAR-alpha agonists inhibited the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 by LPS-stimulated astrocytes. Fenofibrate inhibited NF-kappaB DNA binding activity, suggesting a mechanism by which PPAR-alpha agonists may regulate the expression of genes encoding these pro-inflammatory molecules. Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) physically interact with PPAR-alpha receptors, and the resulting heterodimers regulate the expression of PPAR-responsive genes. Interestingly, a combination of 9-cis RA and the PPAR-alpha agonists fenofibrate or gemfibrozil cooperatively inhibited NO, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and MCP-1 production by these cells. Collectively, these results raise the possibility that PPAR-alpha and RXR agonists might be effective in the treatment of MS, where activated astrocytes are believed to contribute to disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Esquifino AI, Cano P, Jiménez V, Cutrera RA, Cardinali DP. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in male Lewis rats subjected to calorie restriction. J Physiol Biochem 2005; 60:245-52. [PMID: 15957242 DOI: 10.1007/bf03167069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This work analyzes the effect of calorie restriction on the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. Plasma levels of ACTH, corticosterone, prolactin and growth hormone (GH) and mitogenic responses in submaxillary lymph nodes were measured. Male Lewis rats (6 weeks-old) were submitted to a calorie restriction equivalent to 66% of food restriction or to a normal diet. Fifteen days later, rats were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant plus spinal chord homogenate (SCH) or with complete Freund's adjuvant alone. Rats were monitored daily for clinical signs of EAE and were killed on day 15 after immunization. Only rats subjected to normal diet exhibited clinical signs of the disease. The increase in plasma ACTH and corticosterone found after SCH immunization in controls was not detectable in calorie restricted rats. Likewise, the correlation between circulating ACTH and corticosterone was no longer found after calorie restriction. Generally, calorie restriction by itself augmented plasma ACTH or corticosterone and this increase was not further amplified by SCH immunization. Only calorie restricted rats exhibited augmented plasma prolactin levels after SCH immunization, and decreased plasma GH levels regardless of immunization. Calorie restriction depressed the mitogenic response of lymphoid cells to concanavalin A but not to lipopolysaccharide. Calorie restricted rats did not exhibit augmented mitogenic response to concanavalin A following SCH immunization as those found in controls. The results are compatible with the view that the course of EAE can be significantly modified by caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Esquifino
- Depto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Storer PD, Xu J, Chavis J, Drew PD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists inhibit the activation of microglia and astrocytes: implications for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 161:113-22. [PMID: 15748950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonists, including thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14) prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), have been shown to be effective in the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to compare the anti-inflammatory actions of three TZDs - rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and ciglitazone - with those of 15d-PGJ(2) on stimulated mouse microglia and astrocytes. The results show that TZDs and 15d-PGJ(2) are effective in inhibiting production of nitric oxide, the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6, and the chemokine MCP-1 from microglia and astrocytes. However, 15d-PGJ(2) was a more potent suppressor of pro-inflammatory activity than the TZDs. These studies suggest that PPAR-gamma agonists modulate EAE, at least in part, by inhibiting the activation of microglia and astrocytes. The studies further suggest that PPAR-gamma agonists may be effective in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Storer
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 510, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Yune TY, Chang MJ, Kim SJ, Lee YB, Shin SW, Rhim H, Kim YC, Shin ML, Oh YJ, Han CT, Markelonis GJ, Oh TH. Increased production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces apoptosis after traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2003; 20:207-19. [PMID: 12675973 DOI: 10.1089/08977150360547116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that, after spinal cord injury (SCI), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) may serve as an external signal, initiating apoptosis in neurons and oligodendrocytes. To further characterize the apoptotic cascade initiated by TNF-alpha after SCI, we examined the expression of TNF-alpha, inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), and the level of NO after SCI. Western blots and reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions showed an early upregulation of TNF-alpha after injury. A peak TNF-alpha expression was observed within 1 h of injury. By 4 h after injury, the expression of iNOS and the level of NO were markedly increased in the injured spinal cord. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells were also first observed in the lesioned area 4 h after SCI. The largest number of TUNEL-positive cells was observed between 24-48 h after SCI. Injecting a neutralizing antibody against TNF-alpha into the lesion site after injury significantly reduced the expression of iNOS, the level of NO and the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the injured spinal cord. Injecting the NOS inhibitors, N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine monoacetate and S-methylisothiourea sulfate, or an NO scavenger, carboxy-PTIO, into the lesion site also significantly reduced the level of NO and the degree of DNA laddering in the injured spinal cord. These data suggest that after SCI, apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha may be mediated in part by NO via upregulation of iNOS, induced in response to TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Y Yune
- Biomedical Research Center, KIST, Seoul, Korea
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Dousset V, Doche B, Petry KG, Brochet B, Delalande C, Caille JM. Correlation between clinical status and macrophage activity imaging in the central nervous system of rats. Acad Radiol 2002; 9 Suppl 1:S156-9. [PMID: 12019856 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)80426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dousset
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Affections de la Myéline, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux, France
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Talbot
- Centre de recherche en santé humaine, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada, H7V 1B7.
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Dousset V, Gomez C, Petry KG, Delalande C, Caille JM. Dose and scanning delay using USPIO for central nervous system macrophage imaging. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 1999; 8:185-9. [PMID: 10504046 DOI: 10.1007/bf02594597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), central nervous system (CNS) macrophage imaging is achievable by MRI using AMI-227 an ultra-small particle iron oxide contrast agent at a dose of 300 micromol/kg Fe. The objective was to test the feasibility at the human recommended dose of 45 micromol/kg Fe. METHODS Two groups of EAE rats were tested with AMI-227 using 45 and 300 micromol/kg Fe respectively. Following i.v. injection of AMI-227, they were scanned after a delay of 4-6 and 20-24 h. RESULTS With a high dose of AMI-227, all animals showed low signal intensity related to iron-loaded macrophages in the CNS. At low dose no abnormalities were found in the CNS. Furthermore, a delay of 4-6 h failed to demonstrate abnormalities even at high dose. CONCLUSIONS Dose, scanning delay after administration and blood half-life are major parameters for T2* CNS macrophage imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dousset
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Neuroimagerie Expérimentales, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, France.
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Bhat NR, Zhang P, Bhat AN. Cytokine induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in an oligodendrocyte cell line: role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. J Neurochem 1999; 72:472-8. [PMID: 9930718 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0720472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by proinflammatory cytokines was studied in an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell line in relation to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity. When introduced individually to cultures of CG4 cells, the cytokines, i.e., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), had either minimal (TNF alpha) or no (IL-1 and IFN gamma) detectable stimulatory effect on the production of nitric oxide. However, combinations of these factors, in particular, TNF alpha plus IFN gamma, elicited a strong enhancement of nitric oxide synthesis and, as revealed by western blot and RT-PCR analysis, the expression of iNOS. TNF alpha and IL-1 were able to activate p38 MAPK in a time- and dose-dependent manner and together showed a combinatorial effect. In contrast, IFN gamma neither activated on its own nor enhanced the activation of p38 MAPK in response to TNF alpha and IL-1. However, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, i.e., SB203580, inhibited the induction of iNOS in cytokine combination-treated cells in a dose-dependent manner, thereby suggesting a role for the MAPK cascade in regulating the induction of iNOS gene expression in cytokine-treated cells. Blocking of nitric oxide production by an inhibitor of iNOS, i.e., nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, had a minimal protective effect against cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity that occurred before the elevation of nitric oxide levels, thereby indicating temporal and functional dissociation of nitric oxide production from cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Bhat
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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