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Shen GH, Hong JH. Chemical Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogs Linked with Cyclic Systems between the Phosphonate and the Base Moieties. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5918-5948. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190620100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) analogs linked with cyclic systems
are described in the present review. The purpose of the review is to report the methodology of
ANP analogs and to give an idea on the synthesis of a therapeutic structural feature of such analogs.
The cyclopropane systems were mainly prepared by diazomethane cyclopropanation catalyzed by
Pd(OAc)2, intramolecular alkylation, Kulinkovich cyclopropanation, and use of difluorocyclopropane,
and so forth. The preparation of methylenecyclopropane system was made by diazoacetate
cyclopropanation catalyzed by Rhodium followed by addition-elimination reactions. For the preparation
of a variety of tethered 1,2,3-triazole systems, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azidealkylphosphonates
and propargylated nucleobases was mainly applied. The formation of various
phosphonate moieties was achieved via phosphonylation of alkoxide, cross-coupling between
BrZnCF2P (O)(OEt)2 with iodoalkens catalyzed by CuBr, Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction with phosphite,
and Rh(II)-catalyzed O-H insertion, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Huan Shen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Treatment for Senile Diseases, College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Joon Hee Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Korea
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2
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Taylor D, Ahmed S, Brennan T, Navé JF, Casara P, Tyms A. Anti-HIV Activity of MDL 74968, a Novel Acyclonucleotide Derivative of Guanine: Drug Resistance and Drug Combination Effects in Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
MDL 74968 (9-[2-methylidene-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-propyl]guanine), a novel acyclonucleotide derivative of guanine, inhibited human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in vitro with activity comparable to that of adefovir (PMEA; 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine). MDL 74968 was investigated in combination with two licensed nucleoside analogues, zidovudine and didanosine, using a cell viability assay, and drug interactions were evaluated by the isobologram technique, by calculating combination indices and by the MacSynergy™ program. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication was only additive in both cases. MDL 74968 had equivalent antiviral activity against strains of HIV-1 HXB2 engineered to have mutations which conferred resistance to the nucleoside analogues lamivudine, didanosine and zidovudine and the non-nucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase (RT) nevirapine, as against the wild type strain. Continued passage of HIV-1 RF in C8166 cells in the presence of MDL 74968 for 5 months (30 passages) failed to select drug resistant mutants. Continued passage of virus in the presence of the same concentration of adefovir for the same length of time selected a virus in a single culture, which was 3-fold resistant to adefovir and cross-resistant to MDL 74968. Genotypic characterization of this virus revealed a lysine to arginine exchange (AAA to AGA) at position 65 in the RT gene. This virus was not cross-resistant to either zidovudine or nevirapine but showed reduced sensitivity to zalcitabine, didanosine and lamivudine. Continued passage of HIV-1 RF in the presence of nevirapine or zidovudine, using similar experimental protocols selected drug resistant viruses after eight and 17 passages, respectively, but these viruses remained sensitive to adefovir and MDL 74968.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.L. Taylor
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - S.P. Ahmed
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - T.M. Brennan
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - J.-F. Navé
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, 16 rue d'Ankara, 67080 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - P. Casara
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, 16 rue d'Ankara, 67080 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - A.S. Tyms
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
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3
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Wainwright P, Maddaford A, Zhang X, Billington H, Leese D, Glen R, Pryde DC, Middleton DS, Stephenson PT, Sutton S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of acyclic phosphonic acid nucleoside derivatives. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 32:477-92. [PMID: 24079272 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2013.820833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As part of a project to generate a library of nucleosides as potential antiviral agents, a small subset of novel acyclic phosphonic acid nucleosides was prepared. Practical synthetic routes are described for three targets, which were then tested against HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Dengue virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wainwright
- a Peakdale Molecular Ltd. , Chapel-en-le-Frith , Derbyshire , United Kingdom
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Liu LJ, Yoo JC, Hong JH. Short synthesis and antiviral activity of acyclic phosphonic acid nucleoside analogues. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2009; 28:150-64. [PMID: 19219742 DOI: 10.1080/15257770902736434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient route for synthesizing novel allylic and cyclopropanoid phosphonic acid nucleoside analogues is described. The condensation of the bromine derivatives 6 and 18 with nucleoside bases (A, U, T, C, G) under standard nucleophilic substitution and deprotection conditions, afforded the target phosphonic acid nucleoside analogues. These compounds were evaluated for their antiviral properties against various viruses. Cyclopropanoid phosphonic adenine nucleoside analogue 23 showed significant anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Jin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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Korovina AN, Yasco MV, Ivanov AV, Khandazhinskaya AL, Karamov EV, Kornilaeva GV, Kukhanova MK. Novel herpes simplex virus and human immunodeficiency virus inhibitors based on phosphonate nucleoside analogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3103/s0027131408020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Amblard F, Nolan SP, Schinazi RF, Agrofoglio LA. Efficient synthesis of various acycloalkenyl derivatives of pyrimidine using cross-metathesis and Pd(0) methodologies. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Guan HP, Qiu YL, Ksebati MB, Kern ER, Zemlicka J. Synthesis of phosphonate derivatives of methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogues by alkylation–elimination method and unusual opening of cyclopropane ring. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Du J, Wang G. Synthesis of unsaturated carboacyclic nucleoside analogues via Mitsunobu reactions. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:867-79. [PMID: 10893707 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008033028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
2-Substituted allyl alcohols 9 and 14 were prepared starting from butane-1,2,4-triol and glycerol, respectively. Mitsunobu condensations of 9 and 14 with purine and pyrimidine bases, followed by deprotection, afforded a number of acyclonucleosides having 4-hydroxy-2-methylenebutyl or 3,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylenepropyl chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Du
- Chemistry Laboratory, ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Costa Mesa, California 92626, USA
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9
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Hatse S, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Enhanced 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine secretion by a specific, indomethacin-sensitive efflux pump in a mutant 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine-resistant human erythroleukemia K562 cell line. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 54:907-17. [PMID: 9804626 DOI: 10.1124/mol.54.5.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the molecular basis of the 100-fold resistance of mutant human erythroleukemia K562/PMEA-1 cells to the antiproliferative potential of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA). Upon exposure to high PMEA concentrations, comparable intracellular PMEA levels were initially observed in mutant K562/PMEA-1 and wild-type K562/0 cells, indicating that PMEA influx was unaltered. However, after 4 hr of exposure to 0.2 microM [3H]bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-PMEA [bis(POM)-PMEA], the total intracellular level of unphosphorylated and mono- and diphosphorylated PMEA was 2.8-fold lower in K562/PMEA-1 than in K562/0 cells. Increased PMEA secretion from K562/PMEA-1 cells (compared with K562/0 cells) became more pronounced upon prolonged exposure to bis(POM)-PMEA; after 24 hr, K562/PMEA-1 cells showed 65-fold lower total intracellular PMEA levels than K562/0 cells and at 48 hr, >400-fold less total PMEA was detected in K562/PMEA-1 cells. In addition, PMEA phosphorylation was 25- to 50-fold less efficient in K562/PMEA-1 than in K562/0 cells, pointing to an additional defect at the level of the metabolism of PMEA. The PMEA efflux mechanism was shown to be temperature- and azide-dependent, was markedly inhibited by indomethacin, and did not recognize adenine nucleotides or the phosphorylated metabolites of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. Also, over a 28-hr period, PMEA efflux was not affected by an inhibitor of RNA synthesis (actinomycin D) or protein synthesis (cycloheximide). Our studies revealed that resistance of K562/PMEA-1 cells to PMEA is the combined result of a severely impaired PMEA phosphorylation on the one hand, and an enhanced PMEA secretion by a highly specific, indomethacin-sensitive efflux pump, different from the classical P-glycoprotein- and multidrug resistance protein-mediated resistance mechanisms, on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hatse
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Jeon GS, Bentrude WG. Nucleoside analog-based phosphonates via photochemical, single electron transfer (SET) induced rearrangements of allyl phosphites. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Franchetti P, Sheikha GA, Perlini P, Farhat F, Grifantini M, Perra G, Milia C, Putzolu M, Colla PL, Marongiu ME. Synthesis of Unsaturated Analogues of 9-[2(Phosphono- Methoxy)Propyl]Guanine as Antiviral Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319708002544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Xu ZQ, Zemlicka J. Unsaturated fluoro analogues of adenine nucleotides. Unusual eliminations of hydrogen halides in α,α-difluorophosphonates containing a heterocyclic base. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Balzarini J, Vahlenkamp T, Egberink H, Hartmann K, Witvrouw M, Pannecouque C, Casara P, Navé JF, De Clercq E. Antiretroviral activities of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates [9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)guanine, (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine, and MDL 74,968] in cell cultures and murine sarcoma virus-infected newborn NMRI mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:611-6. [PMID: 9056002 PMCID: PMC163760 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.3.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
From a side-by-side comparative study, the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(R)-PMPA] and 9-(2-methylidene-3-phosphonomethoxypropyl)guanine (MDL 74,968) proved more selective in their inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, feline immunodeficiency virus, and Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) in cell cultures than the 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) derivatives of adenine (PMEA) and guanine (PMEG). In particular, PMEG proved quite toxic. PMEA, (R)-PMPA, and MDL 74,968 afforded a marked delay in MSV-induced tumor initiation in MSV-infected newborn NMRI mice and substantially delayed associated animal death at doses as low as 4 to 10 mg/kg of body weight. Treatment of the NMRI mice with PMEA, (R)-PMPA, and MDL 74,968 at 25 or 50 mg/kg resulted in a high percentage of long-term survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Harnden MR, Serafinowska HT. Synthesis and antiviral activity of new phosphonobutoxypurines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Campos J, Pineda M, Gómez J, Entrena A, Trujillo M, Gallo M, Espinosa A. 5-fluorouracil derivatives. 1. Acyclonucleosides through a tin (IV) chloride-mediated regiospecific ring opening of alkoxy-1,4-diheteroepanes. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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16
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Bridges CG, Taylor DL, Ahmed PS, Brennan TM, Hornsperger JM, Navé JF, Casara P, Tyms AS. MDL 74,968, a new acyclonucleotide analog: activity against human immunodeficiency virus in vitro and in the hu-PBL-SCID.beige mouse model of infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:1072-7. [PMID: 8723443 PMCID: PMC163268 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.5.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel acyclonucleotide derivative of guanine, 9-[2-methylidene-3-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] guanine (MDL 74,968), had antiviral activity comparable to those of 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl) adenine (PMEA) and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine against laboratory strains of both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2 cultured in MT-4 cells and several clinical HIV isolates cultured in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). MDL 74,968 was at least fourfold less toxic than PMEA to MT-4 cells or PBMCs, thereby producing a more favorable in vitro selectivity index for the former compound. Studies of acute toxicity in CD-1 mice showed that MDL 74,968 was not toxic at doses of 1,600 mg/kg of body weight via the intraperitoneal route or at doses of 500 mg/kg via the intravenous route. Furthermore, no adverse effects of MDL 74,968 were apparent when mice were treated at doses of 200 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days. Treatment by continuous subcutaneous infusion of MDL 74,968 or PMEA at the daily dose of 20 mg/kg in the hu-PBL-SCID.beige murine model of HIV infection significantly reduced the severity of infection compared with that in placebo-treated controls. Quantitation of virus recovery by endpoint titration of spleen cells in coculture with mitogen-activated PBMCs demonstrated that MDL 74,968 as well as PMEA significantly reduced the amount of virus (P < 0.02). Moreover, by using DNA extracted from spleens, the mean HIV:HLA PCR product ratio, which takes into account individual variation in immune system reconstitution, were 0.50 and 0.40 for MDL 74,968 and PMEA treatments, respectively, whereas animals receiving the placebo control had significantly higher levels of HIV proviral DNA (mean 0.78; P < 0.02). Taken together, these promising findings suggest that an orally bioavailable prodrug of MDL 74,968 should be developed for the treatment of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Bridges
- Medical Research Council Collaborative Centre, London, United Kingdom.
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