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Zhang Y, Krahnert I, Bolze A, Gibon Y, Fernie AR. Adenine Nucleotide and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Measurements in Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:e20115. [PMID: 32841544 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As the principal co-factors of many metabolic pathways, the measurement of both adenine nucleotides and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide provides important information about cellular energy metabolism. However, given their rapid and reversible conversion as well as their relatively low concentration ranges, it is difficult to measure these compounds. Here, we describe a highly sensitive and selective ion-pairing HPLC method with fluorescence detection to quantify adenine nucleotides in plants. In addition, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a crucially important redox-active substrate for multiple catabolic and anabolic reactions with the ratios of NAD+ /NADH and NADP+ /NADPH being suggested as indicators of the general intracellular redox potential and hence metabolic state. Here, we describe highly sensitive enzyme cycling-based colorimetric assays (with a detection limit in the pmol range) performed subsequent to a simple extraction procedure involving acid or base extraction to allow the measurement of the cellular levels of these metabolites. © 2020 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of plant material for the measurement Basic Protocol 2: Measurement of ATP, ADP, and AMP via HPLC Basic Protocol 3: NAD+ /NADP+ measurements Basic Protocol 4: NADH/NADPH measurements Basic Protocol 5: Data analysis and quality control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Zhang
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ina Krahnert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Antje Bolze
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yves Gibon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), University of Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Hagedorn PH, Flyvbjerg H, Møller IM. Modelling NADH turnover in plant mitochondria. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2004; 120:370-385. [PMID: 15032834 DOI: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2003.00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
NADH is central to the functioning of mitochondrial respiration. It is produced by enzymes in, or associated with, the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the matrix, and it is oxidized by two respiratory chain enzymes in the inner membrane, the rotenone-sensitive complex I and the rotenone-insensitive internal NADH dehydrogenase (ND(in)). A simplified kinetic model for NADH turnover in the matrix of plant mitochondria is presented. Only the two main NADH-producing enzymes, NAD-malate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.37] (MDH) and NAD-malic enzyme [EC 1.1.1.39] (ME), are considered. This model reproduces the complex behaviour of malate oxidation by isolated mitochondria in response to additions of ADP (state 3/state 4), NAD(+) and/or rotenone, as well as to changes in pH. It is found that MDH always operates at or close to equilibrium. Changes in the activity of complex I, ND(in), or ME are predicted to cause clear changes in the pattern of malate oxidation. In general, the model predicts high sensitivity to changes in the ME activity. In contrast, MDH activity can be reduced 100-fold without detectable changes in malate oxidation. It is demonstrated that it is not the high activity, but the equilibrium properties of MDH that are important for the redox-buffering function of MDH in the mitochondrial matrix. Binding of NAD(+) and NADH in the matrix reduces the concentrations of free NAD(+) and NADH, depending on the concentration of binding sites and the binding strength. On the basis of the modelling results it is estimated that a significant proportion of the mitochondrial NAD is bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Hagedorn
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Electron Transport, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Hydroxylation. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Lee AC, Xu X, Colombini M. The role of pyridine dinucleotides in regulating the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:26724-31. [PMID: 8900151 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.43.26724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Both NADH and NADPH reduce the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. This is specific for the outer membrane and uncorrelated with the respiratory control ratio. This could result in a 7-fold difference between the concentration of ADP in the intermembrane space and that in the external environment (at 5 microM ADP). In both cases the permeability declines by a factor of 5, but NADH is more potent: KD = 86 microM for NADH versus 580 microM for NADPH. The lower apparent affinity for NADPH is partly explained by Mg2+-NADPH being the active species, and under our conditions only 30% of the NADPH is in this form. The corrected KD is 184 microM. Free NADH has the same charge as the Mg2+-NADPH complex, and thus both likely bind to the same site. The ability of NADH and NADPH to induce the closure of reconstituted VDAC channels is consistent with VDAC being the main pathway for metabolite flow across the outer membrane. Oncotic pressure, effective at inducing VDAC closure, also decreases the outer membrane permeability. Thus, in the presence of cytosolic colloidal osmotic pressure NAD(P)H may inhibit mitochondrial catabolic pathways and divert reducing equivalents to anabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Lee
- Laboratories of Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Roberts TH, Fredlund KM, Møller IM. Direct evidence for the presence of two external NAD(P)H dehydrogenases coupled to the electron transport chain in plant mitochondria. FEBS Lett 1995; 373:307-9. [PMID: 7589489 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)01059-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous NADPH oxidation by purified mitochondria from both potato tuber and Arum maculatum spadix was completely and irreversibly inhibited by sub-micromolar diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), while exogenous NADH oxidation was inhibited to only a small degree. Addition of DPI caused the collapse of the membrane potential generated by NADPH oxidation, while the potential generated by NADH was unaffected. We conclude that there are two distinct enzymes on the outer surface of the inner membrane of plant mitochondria, one specific for NADH, the other relatively specific for NADPH, with both enzymes linked to the electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Roberts
- Department of Plant Physiology, Lund University, Sweden
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Lee AC, Zizi M, Colombini M. Beta-NADH decreases the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP by a factor of 6. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Møller IM, Rasmusson AG, Fredlund KM. NAD(P)H-ubiquinone oxidoreductases in plant mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1993; 25:377-84. [PMID: 8226719 DOI: 10.1007/bf00762463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant (and fungal) mitochondria contain multiple NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in the inner membrane all of which are connected to the respiratory chain via ubiquinone. On the outer surface, facing the intermembrane space and the cytoplasm, NADH and NADPH are oxidized by what is probably a single low-molecular-weight, nonproton-pumping, unspecific rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenase. Exogenous NADH oxidation is completely dependent on the presence of free Ca2+ with a K0.5 of about 1 microM. On the inner surface facing the matrix there are two dehydrogenases: (1) the proton-pumping rotenone-sensitive multisubunit Complex I with properties similar to those of Complex I in mammalian and fungal mitochondria. (2) a rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenase with equal activity with NADH and NADPH and no proton-pumping activity. The NADPH-oxidizing activity of this enzyme is completely dependent on Ca2+ with a K0.5 of 3 microM. The enzyme consists of a single subunit of 26 kDa and has a native size of 76 kDa, which means that it may form a trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Møller
- Department of Plant Biology, Lund University, Sweden
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Yagi T. The bacterial energy-transducing NADH-quinone oxidoreductases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1141:1-17. [PMID: 8435434 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90182-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Yagi
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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The efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in potato-tuber mitochondria is different for succinate and external NADH. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(92)90017-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Dynamics of Nucleotides in Plants Studied on a Cellular Basis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
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11
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Moore AL, Siedow JN. The regulation and nature of the cyanide-resistant alternative oxidase of plant mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1059:121-40. [PMID: 1883834 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In addition to possessing multiple NAD(P)H dehydrogenases, most plant mitochondria contain a cyanide- and antimycin-insensitive alternative terminal oxidase. Although the general characteristics of this terminal oxidase have been known for a considerable number of years, the mechanism by which it is regulated is unclear and until recently there has been relatively little information on its exact nature. In the past 5 years, however, the application of molecular and novel voltametric techniques has advanced our understanding of this oxidase considerably. In this article, we review briefly current understanding on the structure and function of the multiple NADH dehydrogenases and consider, in detail, the nature and regulation of the alternative oxidase. We derive a kinetic model for electron transfer through the ubiquinone pool based on a proposed model for the reduction of the oxidase by quinol and show how this can account for deviations from Q-pool behaviour. We review information on the attempts to isolate and characterise the oxidase and finally consider the molecular aspects of the expression of the alternative oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Moore
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K
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Abstract
The NADH-quinone oxidoreductases of the bacterial respiratory chain could be divided in two groups depending on whether they bear an energy-coupling site. Those enzymes that bear the coupling site are designated as NADH dehydrogenase 1 (NDH-1) and those that do not as NADH dehydrogenase 2 (NDH-2). All members of the NDH-1 group analyzed to date are multiple polypeptide enzymes and contain noncovalently bound FMN and iron-sulfur clusters as prosthetic groups. The NADH-ubiquinone-1 reductase activities of NDH-1 are inhibited by rotenone, capsaicin, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The NDH-2 enzymes are generally single polypeptides and contain noncovalently bound FAD and no iron-sulfur clusters. The enzymatic activities of the NDH-2 are not affected by the above inhibitors for NDH-1. Recently, it has been found that both of these types of the NADH-quinone oxidoreductase are present in a single strain of bacteria. The significance of the occurrence of these two types of enzymes in a single organism has been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yagi
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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Krömer S, Heldt HW. Respiration of pea leaf mitochondria and redox transfer between the mitochondrial and extramitochondrial compartment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Meunier B, Colson-Corbisier AM, Lemesle-Meunier D. Nuclearly inherited diuron-resistant mutations conferring a deficiency in the NADH--or succinate--ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 184:651-6. [PMID: 2509199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, diuron, antimycin and myxothiazol block the respiratory pathway at the bc1 complex level. Nuclearly inherited mutations located at the DIU3 and DIU4 loci confer in vitro resistance to diuron and cross-resistance to antimycin and myxothiazol at the NADH oxidase level. The mutant strains do not exhibit diuron resistance at the quinol-cytochrome-c oxidoreductase level. Thus, the apparent resistance does not seem to be the result of a modification of the inhibitory sites. Instead, the quinone reduction rate was found to be altered in the mutant. The diu3 mutations lead to a deficiency of the NADH--ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity, and the diu4 mutations to a deficiency of the succinate--ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity. On the basis of the model of Kröger and Klingenberg, a decrease of quinone reduction could explain the resistance to the bc1 complex inhibitors. Thus, the apparent resistance to the bc1 complex inhibitors was found to be due to a modification of the electron transfer kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Meunier
- Laboratoire de Génétique Microbienne, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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de Vries S, Grivell LA. Purification and characterization of a rotenone-insensitive NADH:Q6 oxidoreductase from mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 176:377-84. [PMID: 3138118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A mitochondrial NADH:Q6 oxidoreductase has been isolated from cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a simple method involving extraction of the enzyme from the mitochondrial membrane with Triton X-100, followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and blue Sepharose CL-6B. By this procedure a 2000-fold purification is achieved with respect to whole cells or a 150-fold purification with respect to the mitochondrion. The purified NADH dehydrogenase consists of a single subunit with molecular mass of 53 kDa as indicated by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme contains FAD, non-covalently linked, as the sole prosthetic group with Em,7.6 = -370 mV and no iron-sulphur clusters. The enzyme is specific for NADH with apparent Km = 31 microM and was found to be inhibited by flavone (I50 = 95 microM), but not by rotenone or piericidin. The purified enzyme can use ubiquinone-2, -6 or -10, menaquinone, dichloroindophenol or ferricyanide as electron acceptors, but at different rates. The greatest turnover of NADH was obtained with ubiquinone-2 as acceptor (2500 s-1). With the natural ubiquinone-6 this value was 500 s-1. The NADH:Q2 oxidoreductase activity shows a maximum at pH 6.2, the NADH:Q6 oxidoreductase activity is constant between pH 4.5-9.0. The amount of enzyme in the cell is subject to glucose repression; it increases slightly when cells, grown on glucose or lactate, enter the stationary phase. The experiments performed so far suggest that the enzyme purified in this study is the external NADH:Q6 oxidoreductase, bound to the mitochondrial inner membrane and that it is involved in the oxidation of cytosolic NADH. The relation of this enzyme with respect to various other NADH dehydrogenases from yeast and plant mitochondria is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S de Vries
- Section for Molecular Biology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nohl H. Demonstration of the existence of an organo-specific NADH dehydrogenase in heart mitochondria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 169:585-91. [PMID: 3691507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence is presented showing the existence of an NADH-consuming enzyme in heart mitochondria, in addition to the NADH--ubiquinone oxidase of complex I. In contrast to the latter, the novel enzyme is accessible from the extramitochondrial space. Removal of the outer membranes from intact mitochondria had no influence on exogenous NADH consumption, indicating its location at the cytosolic face of the inner membrane. The enzyme could be solubilized from this membrane and purified by sedimentation through preformed sucrose gradients. Liver mitochondria exhibited no oxidation of external NADH, suggesting that the enzyme is organo-specific. The "exogenous NADH dehydrogenase" of heart mitochondria was found to introduce reducing equivalents into the respiratory chain before the rotenone block, indicating that the enzyme is associated with complex I. The enzyme was also demonstrated to be involved in electron flow from the respiratory chain to exogenous electron acceptors, including NAD+. This permitted us to elicit the existence of an energy-dependent reversed electron flow from complex II to complex I. The redox shuttle established by the novel enzyme could be of significance for the regulation of cellular NADH and the metabolic activation of foreign compounds such as adriamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nohl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary University of Vienna, Austria
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Rustin P, Valat M. The control of malate dehydrogenase activity by adenine nucleotides in purified potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 247:62-7. [PMID: 3707142 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The limiting factors of the involvement of malate dehydrogenase in mitochondrial malate oxidation were investigated by using Percoll-purified potato tuber mitochondria. The respective roles of reduced pyridine nucleotides, oxaloacetate, and adenine nucleotides were studied under conditions of high or low phosphorylation potential (Pi + ADP/ATP ratio). Under conditions of high phosphorylation potential, the limitation of malate dehydrogenase activity was caused by the accumulation of oxaloacetate in the medium. In the absence of ADP (phosphorylation potential close to zero), ATP was responsible for the inhibition of malate dehydrogenase activity rather than oxaloacetate or reduced pyridine nucleotides.
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Abstract
A theoretical mechanism is described allowing biomembranes to convert heat into electrical energy during temperature cycling (thermosynthesis). Necessary conditions for thermosynthesis are a temperature dependent electrical capacity and a conductivity as low as that of artificial lipid bilayers. Temperature cycling, and consequently thermosynthesis, can take place in leaves during cyclic transpiration and in organisms in natural waters that are carried along by convection currents. Electrogenic ATPases can convert the electrical energy gained by thermosynthesis into ATP if their activity and stoichiometry are properly regulated. The power of thermosynthesis is discussed and its possible value compared with the power of respiration. Environments where thermosynthesis may occur are listed. Thermosynthesis is a plausible energy source for the first living organisms.
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Alpes I, Schrautemeier B, Scherer S, Böger P. Different enzymes involved in NADH- and NADPH-dependent respiration in the cyanobacteriumAnabaena variabilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb01582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Inhibition of exogenous NADH oxidation in plant mitochondria by chlorotetracycline in the presence of calcium ions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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