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Baloyi JT, Taylor J, Taylor JRN. Bioplastic film making properties of quality protein maize (QPM) zein. Cereal Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia T. Baloyi
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Janet Taylor
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - John R. N. Taylor
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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2
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Shrestha V, Yobi A, Slaten ML, Chan YO, Holden S, Gyawali A, Flint-Garcia S, Lipka AE, Angelovici R. Multiomics approach reveals a role of translational machinery in shaping maize kernel amino acid composition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:111-133. [PMID: 34618082 PMCID: PMC8774818 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) seeds are a good source of protein, despite being deficient in several essential amino acids. However, eliminating the highly abundant but poorly balanced seed storage proteins has revealed that the regulation of seed amino acids is complex and does not rely on only a handful of proteins. In this study, we used two complementary omics-based approaches to shed light on the genes and biological processes that underlie the regulation of seed amino acid composition. We first conducted a genome-wide association study to identify candidate genes involved in the natural variation of seed protein-bound amino acids. We then used weighted gene correlation network analysis to associate protein expression with seed amino acid composition dynamics during kernel development and maturation. We found that almost half of the proteome was significantly reduced during kernel development and maturation, including several translational machinery components such as ribosomal proteins, which strongly suggests translational reprogramming. The reduction was significantly associated with a decrease in several amino acids, including lysine and methionine, pointing to their role in shaping the seed amino acid composition. When we compared the candidate gene lists generated from both approaches, we found a nonrandom overlap of 80 genes. A functional analysis of these genes showed a tight interconnected cluster dominated by translational machinery genes, especially ribosomal proteins, further supporting the role of translation dynamics in shaping seed amino acid composition. These findings strongly suggest that seed biofortification strategies that target the translation machinery dynamics should be considered and explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Shrestha
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Abou Yobi
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Marianne L Slaten
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Yen On Chan
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Samuel Holden
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Abiskar Gyawali
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Sherry Flint-Garcia
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Alexander E Lipka
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ruthie Angelovici
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Sousa R, Portmann R, Dubois S, Recio I, Egger L. Protein digestion of different protein sources using the INFOGEST static digestion model. Food Res Int 2020; 130:108996. [PMID: 32156409 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.108996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In vitro digestion systems are valuable tools for understanding and monitoring the complex behavior of food degradation during digestion, thus proving to be good candidates for replacing in vivo assays. The aim of the present work was to study protein hydrolysis in a selection of different protein sources using the harmonized INFOGEST static protocol: three isolated proteins (collagen, zein, and whey protein) and five foods (sorghum flour, wheat bran cereals, peanuts, black beans, and pigeon peas). The proteins of all the substrates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and HPLC-MS/MS. Individual amino acid composition was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). EAA/NEAA (essential amino acids/ nonessential amino acids) ratios in the substrates from low to high were as follows: wheat bran cereals, peanuts, collagen, zein, whey protein, sorghum, pigeon peas, and black beans. The results revealed sorghum, whey protein, and zein as good sources of BCAA. In all substrates, no intact protein from the substrates was visually detected by SDS-PAGE after the intestinal phase of in vitro digestion with the INFOGEST protocol. However, digestion-resistant peptides were detected in all substrates after the intestinal digestion phase. Protein hydrolysis was high in whey protein isolate and pigeon pea and low for wheat bran cereals and bovine collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sousa
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstr, 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reto Portmann
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstr, 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Isidra Recio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lotti Egger
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstr, 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
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4
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Orona-Tamayo D, Valverde ME, Paredes-López O. Bioactive peptides from selected latin american food crops – A nutraceutical and molecular approach. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1949-1975. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1434480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domancar Orona-Tamayo
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados de Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, CP
| | - María Elena Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados de Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, CP
| | - Octavio Paredes-López
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados de Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México, CP
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5
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Chaidez-Laguna LD, Torres-Chávez PI, Ramirez-Wong B, Medina-Rodríguez CL, Carvajal-Millán E. Comparison of Solubility of Corn Proteins in Propanol, Ethanol, and tert-Butyl Alcohol Solutions on the Tortilla Process Samples. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-05-17-0113-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D. Chaidez-Laguna
- Universidad de Sonora – Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Patricia I. Torres-Chávez
- Universidad de Sonora – Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Hermosillo Sonora, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Ramirez-Wong
- Universidad de Sonora – Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Hermosillo Sonora, Mexico
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6
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Labib G. Overview on zein protein: a promising pharmaceutical excipient in drug delivery systems and tissue engineering. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2017; 15:65-75. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1349752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gihan Labib
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
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7
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Naseri S, Hum J, Lepry WC, Miri AK, Nazhat SN, Boccaccini AR. Fabrication and characterization of zein–bioactive glass scaffolds. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2015. [DOI: 10.1680/bbn.14.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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8
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Joshi JB, Geetha S, Singh B, Kumar KK, Kokiladevi E, Arul L, Balasubramanian P, Sudhakar D. A maize α-zein promoter drives an endosperm-specific expression of transgene in rice. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 21:35-42. [PMID: 25649529 PMCID: PMC4312335 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-014-0268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An alpha-zein promoter isolated from maize containing P-box, E motif sequence TGTAAAGT, opaque-2 box and TATA box was studied for its tissue-specific expression in rice. A 1,098 bp promoter region of alpha-zein gene, fused to the upstream of gusA reporter gene was used for transforming rice immature embryos (ASD 16 or IR 64) via the particle bombardment-mediated method. PCR analysis of putative transformants demonstrated the presence of transgenes (the zein promoter, gusA and hpt). Nineteen out of 37 and two out of five events generated from ASD 16 and IR 64 were found to be GUS-positive. A histological staining analysis performed on sections of mature T1 seeds revealed that the GUS expression was limited to the endosperm and not to the pericarp or the endothelial region. GUS expression was observed only in the following seed development stages : milky (14-15 DAF), soft dough (17-18 DAF), hard dough (20-23 DAF), and mature stages (28-30 DAF) of zein-gusA transformed (T0) plants. On the contrary a constitutive expression of GUS was evident in CaMV35S-gusA plants. PCR and Southern blotting analyses on T1 plants demonstrated a stable integration and inheritance of transgene in the subsequent T1 generation. GUS assay on T2 seeds revealed that the expression of gusA gene driven by alpha-zein promoter was stable and tissue-specific over two generations. Results suggest that this alpha-zein promoter could serve as an alternative promoter to drive endosperm-specific expression of transgenes in rice and other cereal transformation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Beslin Joshi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003 India
| | - S. Geetha
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003 India
| | - Birla Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003 India
| | - K. K. Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003 India
| | - E. Kokiladevi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003 India
| | - L. Arul
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003 India
| | - P. Balasubramanian
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003 India
| | - D. Sudhakar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003 India
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9
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Andersson H, Öhgren C, Johansson D, Kniola M, Stading M. Extensional flow, viscoelasticity and baking performance of gluten-free zein-starch doughs supplemented with hydrocolloids. Food Hydrocoll 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Transgenic plants are generated in nature by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a pathogen that produces disease through the transfer of some of its own DNA into susceptible plants. The genes are carried on a plasmid. Much has been learned about how the plasmid is transferred, how the plasmid-borne genes are organized, regulated, and expressed, and how the bacteria's pathogenic effects are produced. The A. tumefaciens plasmid has been manipulated for use as a general vector for the transfer of specific segments of foreign DNA of interest (from plants and other sources) into plants; the activities of various genes and their regulation by enhancer and silencer sequences have been assessed. Future uses of the vector (or others like it that have different host ranges) by the agriculture industry are expected to aid in moving into vulnerable plants specific genes that will protect them from such killers as nonselective herbicides, insects, and viruses.
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11
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Fox G, Manley M. Hardness methods for testing maize kernels. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5647-5657. [PMID: 19496585 DOI: 10.1021/jf900623w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Maize is a highly important crop to many countries around the world, through the sale of the maize crop to domestic processors and subsequent production of maize products and also provides a staple food to subsistance farms in undeveloped countries. In many countries, there have been long-term research efforts to develop a suitable hardness method that could assist the maize industry in improving efficiency in processing as well as possibly providing a quality specification for maize growers, which could attract a premium. This paper focuses specifically on hardness and reviews a number of methodologies as well as important biochemical aspects of maize that contribute to maize hardness used internationally. Numerous foods are produced from maize, and hardness has been described as having an impact on food quality. However, the basis of hardness and measurement of hardness are very general and would apply to any use of maize from any country. From the published literature, it would appear that one of the simpler methods used to measure hardness is a grinding step followed by a sieving step, using multiple sieve sizes. This would allow the range in hardness within a sample as well as average particle size and/or coarse/fine ratio to be calculated. Any of these parameters could easily be used as reference values for the development of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy calibrations. The development of precise NIR calibrations will provide an excellent tool for breeders, handlers, and processors to deliver specific cultivars in the case of growers and bulk loads in the case of handlers, thereby ensuring the most efficient use of maize by domestic and international processors. This paper also considers previous research describing the biochemical aspects of maize that have been related to maize hardness. Both starch and protein affect hardness, with most research focusing on the storage proteins (zeins). Both the content and composition of the zein fractions affect hardness. Genotypes and growing environment influence the final protein and starch content and, to a lesser extent, composition. However, hardness is a highly heritable trait and, hence, when a desirable level of hardness is finally agreed upon, the breeders will quickly be able to produce material with the hardness levels required by the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Fox
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Grain Research Laboratory, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia
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12
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Oom A, Pettersson A, Taylor JR, Stading M. Rheological properties of kafirin and zein prolamins. J Cereal Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Lee SH, Benmoussa M, Sathe SK, Roux KH, Teuber SS, Hamaker BR. A 50 kDa maize gamma-zein has marked cross-reactivity with the almond major protein. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:7965-70. [PMID: 16190657 DOI: 10.1021/jf0479618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cross-reactivity of antibodies against almond major protein (AMP, a legumin), the major almond allergen, with cereal proteins may cause problems in detecting almond contaminants in cereal products when antibody-based assays are used. Rabbit polyclonal IgG antiserum produced against AMP was used to test cross-reactivity with protein extracts from maize, a cereal commonly found in breakfast and snack foods. Gradient SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting was performed, and two cross-reactive proteins were detected by chemiluminescence. A fraction of maize proteins purified by elution from an IgG anti-AMP affinity column followed by electrophoreseis and immunoblotting showed a high degree of cross-reactivity with a minor 50 kDa protein of maize, as well as low cross-reactivity with the 27 kDa gamma-zein. The 50 kDa cross-reactive protein was identified as the 50 kDa gamma-zein by immunoreaction with anti-50 kDa gamma-zein antiserum. Notably, the 50 kDa maize gamma-zein also reacted with IgE from pooled human sera from patients with self-reported severe almond allergies. The high immunoreactivity of the 50 kDa gamma-zein should be considered in maize quality improvement programs, and such notable cross-reactivity is of relevance in the design of antibody-based assays for almond allergen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2009, USA
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15
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Gallie DR, Young TE. The ethylene biosynthetic and perception machinery is differentially expressed during endosperm and embryo development in maize. Mol Genet Genomics 2004; 271:267-81. [PMID: 14760521 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-004-0977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 12/31/2003] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The maize endosperm undergoes programmed cell death late in its development so that, with the exception of the aleurone layer, the tissue is dead by the time the kernel matures. Although ethylene is known to regulate the onset of endosperm cell death, the temporal and spatial control of the ethylene biosynthetic and perception machinery during maize endosperm development has not been examined. In this study, we report the isolation of the maize gene families for ACC synthase, ACC oxidase, the ethylene receptor, and EIN2 and EIL, which act downstream of the receptor. We show that ACC oxidase is expressed primarily in the endosperm, and only at low levels in the developing embryo late in its development. ACC synthase is expressed throughout endosperm development but, in contrast to ACC oxidase, it is transiently expressed to a significantly higher level in the developing embryo at a time that corresponds with the onset of endosperm cell death. Only two ethylene receptor gene families were identified in maize, in contrast to the five types previously identified in Arabidopsis. Members of both ethylene receptor families were expressed to substantially higher levels in the developing embryo than in the endosperm, as were members of the EIN2 and EIL gene families. These results suggest that the endosperm and embryo both contribute to the synthesis of ethylene, and they provide a basis for understanding why the developing endosperm is especially sensitive to ethylene-induced cell death while the embryo is protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Gallie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0129, USA.
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Abstract
Rapid development in molecular biology and recent advancement in recombinant technology increase identification and commercialization of potential protein drugs. Traditional forms of administrations for the peptide and protein drugs often rely on their parenteral injection, since the bioavailability of these therapeutic agents is poor when administered nonparenterally. Tremendous efforts by numerous investigators in the world have been put to improve protein formulations and as a result, a few successful formulations have been developed including sustained-release human growth hormone. For a promising protein delivery technology, efficacy and safety are the first requirement to meet. However, these systems still require periodic injection and increase the incidence of patient compliance. The development of an oral dosage form that improves the absorption of peptide and especially protein drugs is the most desirable formulation but one of the greatest challenges in the pharmaceutical field. The major barriers to developing oral formulations for peptides and proteins are metabolic enzymes and impermeable mucosal tissues in the intestine. Furthermore, chemical and conformational instability of protein drugs is not a small issue in protein pharmaceuticals. Conventional pharmaceutical approaches to address these barriers, which have been successful with traditional organic drug molecules, have not been effective for peptide and protein formulations. It is likely that effective oral formulations for peptides and proteins will remain highly compound specific. A number of innovative oral drug delivery approaches have been recently developed, including the drug entrapment within small vesicles or their passage through the intestinal paracellular pathway. This review provides a summary of the novel approaches currently in progress in the protein oral delivery followed by factors affecting protein oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye J Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Kwanak-Gu, Korea.
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Bugusu BA, Campanella O, Hamaker BR. Improvement of Sorghum-Wheat Composite Dough Rheological Properties and Breadmaking Quality Through Zein Addition. Cereal Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.2001.78.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Betty A. Bugusu
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 1160 Food Science Building, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Osvaldo Campanella
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, ABE Building, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Bruce R. Hamaker
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 1160 Food Science Building, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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18
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Mu-Forster C, Wasserman BP. Surface localization of zein storage proteins in starch granules from maize endosperm. Proteolytic removal by thermolysin and in vitro cross-linking of granule-associated polypeptides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:1563-1571. [PMID: 9536075 PMCID: PMC35065 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.4.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/1997] [Accepted: 12/19/1997] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Starch granules from maize (Zea mays) contain a characteristic group of polypeptides that are tightly associated with the starch matrix (C. Mu-Forster, R. Huang, J.R. Powers, R.W. Harriman, M. Knight, G.W. Singletary, P.L. Keeling, B.P. Wasserman [1996] Plant Physiol 111: 821-829). Zeins comprise about 50% of the granule-associated proteins, and in this study their spatial distribution within the starch granule was determined. Proteolysis of starch granules at subgelatinization temperatures using the thermophilic protease thermolysin led to selective removal of the zeins, whereas granule-associated proteins of 32 kD or above, including the waxy protein, starch synthase I, and starch-branching enzyme IIb, remained refractory to proteolysis. Granule-associated proteins from maize are therefore composed of two distinct classes, the surface-localized zeins of 10 to 27 kD and the granule-intrinsic proteins of 32 kD or higher. The origin of surface-localized delta-zein was probed by comparing delta-zein levels of starch granules obtained from homogenized whole endosperm with granules isolated from amyloplasts. Starch granules from amyloplasts contained markedly lower levels of delta-zein relative to granules prepared from whole endosperm, thus indicating that delta-zein adheres to granule surfaces after disruption of the amyloplast envelope. Cross-linking experiments show that the zeins are deposited on the granule surface as aggregates. In contrast, the granule-intrinsic proteins are prone to covalent modification, but do not form intermolecular cross-links. We conclude that individual granule intrinsic proteins exist as monomers and are not deposited in the form of multimeric clusters within the starch matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mu-Forster
- Department of Food Science, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08901-8520, USA
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19
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DiBiase MD, Morrel EM. Oral delivery of microencapsulated proteins. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 10:255-88. [PMID: 9160376 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46803-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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20
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Beck M, Tomka I, Waysek E. Physico-chemical characterization of zein as a film coating polymer: A direct comparison with ethyl cellulose. Int J Pharm 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(96)04630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Liu CN, Rubenstein I. Transcriptional characterization of an alpha-zein gene cluster in maize. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 22:323-336. [PMID: 8507833 DOI: 10.1007/bf00014939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A cluster of five alpha-zein subfamily 4 (alpha-zein SF4) genes are present in a 56 kb region of the maize W22 genome. Two types of alpha-zein SF4 genes are in the cluster. One of the genes, termed a type 1 (T1) alpha-zein SF4 gene, contains no early in-frame stop codons. Four of the genes, termed type 2 (T2) alpha-zein SF4 genes, contain one or two early in-frame stop codons. The base sequence of the T1 alpha-zein SF4 gene is similar (> 90%) to the sequences of any of the four T2 alpha-zein SF4 genes. However, their sequences differ markedly at distances greater than -875 bp upstream from the translation initiation codon of the alpha-zein coding region. This region of dissimilarity is well inside the functional 5'-flanking region for the genes since a 1.8 kb transcript is initiated in this region and the sequences of the T2 alpha-zein SF4 genes are similar in this region. Two sizes of mRNA transcripts, 1.8 kb and 0.9 kb, were detected in a gene specific manner for 4 of the 5 genes in this alpha-zein SF4 gene cluster. One of the T2 alpha-zein SF4 genes had only the 0.9 kb transcript. The RNA level for the 0.9 kb transcript of the T1 alpha-zein SF4 gene was 5- to 10-fold higher than the transcript levels of any of the T2 alpha-zein SF4 genes. In each case, the amount of the 0.9 kb transcript detected was at least 5-fold higher than the amount of the 1.8 kb transcript. A cDNA clone with a sequence identical to a T2 alpha-zein SF4 gene was isolated, providing the first direct evidence for the transcription of T2 alpha-zein genes containing early in-frame stop codon(s) in maize endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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22
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Garratt R, Oliva G, Caracelli I, Leite A, Arruda P. Studies of the zein-like alpha-prolamins based on an analysis of amino acid sequences: implications for their evolution and three-dimensional structure. Proteins 1993; 15:88-99. [PMID: 8451243 DOI: 10.1002/prot.340150111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
alpha-Prolamins are the major seed storage proteins of species of the grass tribe Andropogonea. They are unusually rich in glutamine, proline, alanine, and leucine residues and their sequences show a series of tandem repeats presumed to be the result of multiple intragenic duplication. Two new sequences of alpha-prolamin clones from Coix (pBCX25.12 and pBCX25.10) are compared with similar clones from maize and Sorghum in order to investigate evolutionary relationships between the repeat motifs and to propose a schematic model for their three-dimensional structure based on hydrophobic membrane-helix propensities and helical "wheels." A scheme is proposed for the most recent events in the evolution of the central part of the molecule (repeats 3 to 8) which involves two partial intragenic duplications and in which contemporary odd-numbered and even-numbered repeats arise from common ancestors, respectively. Each pair of repeats is proposed to form an antiparallel alpha-helical hairpin and that the helices of the molecule as a whole are arranged on a hexagonal net. The majority of helices show six faces of alternating hydrophobic and polar residues, which give rise to intersticial holes around each helix which alternate in chemical character. The model is consistent with proteins which contain different numbers of repeats, with oligomerization and with the dense packaging of alpha-prolamins within the protein body of the seed endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Garratt
- Departamento de Física e Ciência dos Materiais, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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23
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Fukushima D. Structures of plant storage proteins and their functions. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129109540916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Ohtani T, Galili G, Wallace JC, Thompson GA, Larkins BA. Normal and lysine-containing zeins are unstable in transgenic tobacco seeds. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 16:117-28. [PMID: 1909590 DOI: 10.1007/bf00017922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric genes composed of the beta-phaseolin promoter, an alpha-zein coding sequence and its modified versions containing lysine codons, and a beta-zein polyadenylation signal were inserted into the genome of tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. alpha-Zein mRNA levels in the transgenic tobacco seeds 20 days after self-pollination varied between 1.0% and 2.5% of the total mRNA population. At 25 days after pollination the 19 kDa alpha-zein was immunologically detected with a polyclonal antiserum in protein extracts from the seeds of transgenic plants. The transgenic plant with the highest level of zein gene expression had an alpha-zein content that was approximately 0.003% of the total seed protein. The amount of alpha-zein in other transgenic plants varied between 1 x 10(-4)% and 1 x 10(-5)% of the total seed protein. The differences in the amounts of mRNA and protein did not correlate with the lysine substitutions introduced into the alpha-zein protein. Polysomes translating alpha-zein mRNA isolated from tobacco seeds contained fever ribosomes than those from maize endosperm, but this did not appear to be the cause of the inefficient protein synthesis. In vivo labelling and immunoprecipitation indicated that newly synthesized alpha-zein was degraded in tobacco seeds with a half-life of less than 1 hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohtani
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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25
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Developmental Mutants in Carrot. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2103-0_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Goldberg
- Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1606
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27
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Wallace JC, Galili G, Kawata EE, Cuellar RE, Shotwell MA, Larkins BA. Aggregation of lysine-containing zeins into protein bodies in Xenopus oocytes. Science 1988; 240:662-4. [PMID: 2834822 DOI: 10.1126/science.2834822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Zeins, the storage proteins of maize, are totally lacking in the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan. Lysine codons and lysine- and tryptophan-encoding oligonucleotides were introduced at several positions into a 19-kilodalton zein complementary DNA by oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis. A 450-base pair open reading frame from a simian virus 40 (SV40) coat protein was also engineered into the zein coding region. Messenger RNAs for the modified zeins were synthesized in vitro with an SP6 RNA polymerase system and injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. The modifications did not affect the translation, signal peptide cleavage, or stability of the zeins. The ability of the modified zeins to assemble into structures similar to maize protein bodies was assayed by two criteria: assembly into membrane-bound vesicles resistant to exogenously added protease, and ability to self-aggregate into dense structures. All of the modified zeins were membrane-bound; only the one containing a 17-kilodalton SV40 protein fragment was unable to aggregate. These findings suggest that it may be possible to create high-lysine corn by genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Wallace
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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28
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29
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Pernollet JC, Huet JC, Galle AM, Sallantin M. N-terminal sequences of oat avenins compared to other cereal prolamins. Biochimie 1987; 69:683-9. [PMID: 3120802 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(87)90189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Like the alcohol-soluble seed storage proteins (also called prolamins) of other cereals, avenins, the oat prolamins, are a series of polymorphic molecules belonging to a multigenic family stored within the protein bodies of the starchy endosperm. Nevertheless, they exhibit some pecularities: among the seed storage proteins, their proportion is low compared to prolamins from other cereal species; their net charge is higher; the amount of Gln + Pro only reaches 49 mol%; they are less polymorphic. We have isolated and purified several avenins and sequenced their N-terminal end. The microheterogeneity and the pecularity of avenins are revealed by the comparison of the N-terminal sequences. Like other prolamins, they exhibit tandem repeats; these repetitive peptides are slightly different from those of other prolamins of the Festucoideae, and the repetition begins earlier in the sequence. As for prolamins from other species, their predicted secondary structure reveals successive beta-turns which might be arranged in a pseudo-helix structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Pernollet
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Protéines, Centre INRA, Versailles, France
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30
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Pedersen K, Argos P, Naravana SV, Larkins BA. Sequence analysis and characterization of a maize gene encoding a high-sulfur zein protein of Mr 15,000. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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