1
|
Pantiushenko IV, Rudakovskaya PG, Starovoytova AV, Mikhaylovskaya AA, Abakumov MA, Kaplan MA, Tsygankov AA, Majouga AG, Grin MA, Mironov AF. Development of bacteriochlorophyll a-based near-infrared photosensitizers conjugated to gold nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy of cancer. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:752-62. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915060103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
2
|
Weijer R, Broekgaarden M, Kos M, van Vught R, Rauws EA, Breukink E, van Gulik TM, Storm G, Heger M. Enhancing photodynamic therapy of refractory solid cancers: Combining second-generation photosensitizers with multi-targeted liposomal delivery. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a method for releasing macromolecules from endosomal and lysosomal compartments. The PCI approach uses a photosensitizer that localizes to endosomal and lysosomal compartments, and a light source with appropriate light spectra for excitation of the photosensitizer. Upon photosensitizer excitation, endosomal and lysosomal membranes are destroyed, due to the formation of reactive oxygen species, followed by release of the endocytosed material. PCI has been demonstrated to enhance and control (site- and time-specific) delivery of various macromolecules such as viruses, proteins, chemotherapeutics, nucleic acid, and so on. In this Review we present past and current studies of PCI-controlled delivery of natural and artificial nucleic acids, such as peptide nucleic acids, siRNA molecules, mRNA molecules and plasmids. We also discuss critical aspects to further the possibilities for successful gene targeting in space and time.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bachan S, Tony KA, Kawamura A, Montenegro D, Joshi A, Garg H, Mootoo DR. Synthesis and anti-tumor activity of carbohydrate analogues of the tetrahydrofuran containing acetogenins. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6554-64. [PMID: 24045006 PMCID: PMC3886712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The tetrahydrofuran (THF) containing annonaceous acetogenins (AAs) are attractive candidates for drug development because of their potent cytotoxicity against a wide range of tumors and their relatively simple and robust structures. Replacement of the THF segment with a sugar residue may deliver analogues with improved tumor selectivity and pharmacokinetics and are therefore attractive for drug development. As a first test to the feasibility of such structures, a set of such monosaccharide analogues was synthesized and assayed against four human tumor cell lines, cervical (HeLa), breast (MDA-MB231), T-cell leukemia (Jurkat) and prostate (PC-3). Certain analogues showed low micromolar activity that was comparable to a structurally similar, naturally occurring mono-THF acetogenin. A preliminary examination of the structure-activity profile of these carbohydrate analogues suggests that they have a similar mechanism of action as their THF congeners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Bachan
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Josefsen LB, Boyle RW. Unique diagnostic and therapeutic roles of porphyrins and phthalocyanines in photodynamic therapy, imaging and theranostics. Theranostics 2012; 2:916-66. [PMID: 23082103 PMCID: PMC3475217 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinic molecules have a unique theranostic role in disease therapy; they have been used to image, detect and treat different forms of diseased tissue including age-related macular degeneration and a number of different cancer types. Current focus is on the clinical imaging of tumour tissue; targeted delivery of photosensitisers and the potential of photosensitisers in multimodal biomedical theranostic nanoplatforms. The roles of porphyrinic molecules in imaging and pdt, along with research into improving their selective uptake in diseased tissue and their utility in theranostic applications are highlighted in this Review.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
In photodynamic therapy it is important to avoid undesirable side effects caused by photodynamic reactions with accumulated photosensitizers, especially in the skin. Although phthalocyanine monomers can serve as photosensitizers, aggregated phthalocyanines are inactive. In this study the aggregations of five zinc phthalocyanines (MSPc, TSPc, TX-101A, TX-105A and TX-106A) in the skin and in the tumor are compared. Every phthalocyanine was more dissociated in the tumor than in the skin. In particular, TX-101A and TX-106A remained in monomeric form in the tumor but were aggregated in the skin. The aggregation effects of phthalocyanines in organic solvents and biological materials were also investigated. These phthalocyanines were aggregated in water and ethanol and also by the addition of bovine serum albumin and ghosts of red cells. On the other hand, they were dissociated in propanol and also by the addition of low-density lipoprotein. It was found that the dissociation of these phthalocyanines depended strongly on the polarity of the solvents and on the biological microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KENJI TABATA
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - KAORU FUKUSHIMA
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - KAZUO ODA
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - ICHIRO OKURA
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shliakhtsin SV, Trukhachova TV, Isakau HA, Istomin YP. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Photolon (Fotolon) in intact and tumor-bearing rats. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2009; 6:97-104. [PMID: 19683210 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper provides the results of the non-clinical evaluation of biodistribution of the PS Photolon in inner organs and tissues of intact and tumor-bearing rats with xenograft tumors of different morphologic types. METHODS The accumulation studies were performed in rats by means of intravital laser fluorimetry in situ and spectrophotometric determination ex vivo. RESULTS The biodistribution pattern of Photolon does not depend on tumor carriage as well as on morphologic type of the xenograft tumor. We have also showed that Photolon easily crosses an intact blood-brain barrier and accumulates in tissues of central nervous system. The relative bioavailability of brain tissues for Photolon was estimated as 82%, T(max)-30 min, mean residual time (MRT)-1.6h. CONCLUSIONS In general, results of the experimental study of biodistribution of Photolon in inner organs and tissues of rats, performed as in real time (by means of intravital laser fluorimetry in situ) as ex vivo (spectrophotometric assay) can be utilized while optimizing existing regimens of PDT with the purpose to increase safety and efficacy of treatment as well as for the development of new PDT protocols with Photolon applied for new indications. Parameters of pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Photolon/Fotolon as well as its' ability to cross an intact blood-brain barrier, are optimal for the majority of modern clinical applications of PDT.
Collapse
|
8
|
Calabrese C, Pisi A, Di Febo G, Liguori G, Filippini G, Cervellera M, Righi V, Lucchi P, Mucci A, Schenetti L, Tonini V, Tosi MR, Tugnoli V. Biochemical alterations from normal mucosa to gastric cancer by ex vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1386-95. [PMID: 18559553 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The metabolic profile and morphologic aspects of normal and pathologic human gastric mucosa were studied. The aim of the present research was the application of ex vivo high-resolution magic angle spinning magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR-MAS MRS) to the human gastric tissue to get information on the molecular steps involved in gastric carcinogenesis and the identification of biochemical markers useful for the development of in vivo MRS methodologies to diagnose gastric pathologies in clinical situations. METHODS Twelve normal subjects, five with autoimmune atrophic gastritis, five with Helicobacter pylori infection, and five with adenocarcinoma were examined. Ten biopsies were taken during endoscopy from each patient. Specimens from carcinoma were also obtained during gastrectomy. Of the 10 biopsies, 4 were used for histologic evaluation, 4 were fixed in glutaraldehyde and processed for transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and 2 were immersed in liquid nitrogen and stored at -85 degrees C for monodimensional and bidimensional ex vivo HR-MAS MRS analysis. RESULTS Ex vivo HR-MAS MRS identified glycine, alanine, free choline, and triglycerides as possible molecular markers related to the human gastric mucosa differentiation toward preneoplastic and neoplastic conditions. Ultrastructural studies of autoimmune atrophic gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma revealed lipid accumulations intracellularly and extracellularly associated with a severe prenecrotic hypoxia and mitochondria degeneration. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of synergic applications of ex vivo HR-MAS MRS and electron microscopy in studying the human gastric mucosa differentiation. This research provides useful information about some molecular steps involved in gastric carcinogenesis. The biochemical data obtained on gastric pathologic tissue could represent the basis for clinical applications of in vivo MRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Università di Bologna, Via G. Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Giuliano EA, Ota J, Tucker SA. Photodynamic therapy: basic principles and potential uses for the veterinary ophthalmologist. Vet Ophthalmol 2007; 10:337-43. [PMID: 17970993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of photochemical reactions mediated through the interaction of photosensitizing agents, light and oxygen. PDT, while now commonly used in physician ophthalmology and oncology, is uncommonly used for the veterinary ophthalmic patient. It is an emerging new therapy in veterinary ophthalmology for the treatment of periocular tumors. This article reviews the basic principles of PDT to provide the veterinary ophthalmologic community with a succinct reference for this emerging treatment modality in our field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging modality for the treatment of various neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathologies. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS PDT usually occurs when reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from light-activated chemicals (photosensitizer, PS) destroy the target. For non-dermatologic applications the PS are delivered systemically and accumulate, at different concentrations, in most organs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Typically there is a modest enhanced accumulation of the PS in tumor tissues, providing a first level of selectivity. Additional selectivity is provided by the confined illumination of the target area with the appropriate wavelength of light. For the treatment of pathologies in complex anatomical sites, such as in the peritoneal cavity, where restricted illumination is difficult; improved targeting of the PS is necessary to prevent damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. This article will focus on targeted PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Solban
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part three-Photosensitizer pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, tumor localization and modes of tumor destruction. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2005; 2:91-106. [PMID: 25048669 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been known for over a hundred years, but is only now becoming widely used. Originally developed as cancer therapy, some of its most successful applications are for non-malignant disease. The majority of mechanistic research into PDT, however, is still directed towards anti-cancer applications. In the final part of series of three reviews, we will cover the possible reasons for the well-known tumor localizing properties of photosensitizers (PS). When PS are injected into the bloodstream they bind to various serum proteins and this can affect their phamacokinetics and biodistribution. Different PS can have very different pharmacokinetics and this can directly affect the illumination parameters. Intravenously injected PS undergo a transition from being bound to serum proteins, then bound to endothelial cells, then bound to the adventitia of the vessels, then bound either to the extracellular matrix or to the cells within the tumor, and finally to being cleared from the tumor by lymphatics or blood vessels, and excreted either by the kidneys or the liver. The effect of PDT on the tumor largely depends at which stage of this continuous process light is delivered. The anti-tumor effects of PDT are divided into three main mechanisms. Powerful anti-vascular effects can lead to thrombosis and hemorrhage in tumor blood vessels that subsequently lead to tumor death via deprivation of oxygen and nutrients. Direct tumor cell death by apoptosis or necrosis can occur if the PS has been allowed to be taken up by tumor cells. Finally the acute inflammation and release of cytokines and stress response proteins induced in the tumor by PDT can lead to an influx of leukocytes that can both contribute to tumor destruction as well as to stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy tumor cells even at distant locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Castano
- BAR414, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tatiana N Demidova
- BAR414, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Tufts University, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- BAR414, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Solban N, Ortel B, Pogue B, Hasan T. Targeted optical imaging and photodynamic therapy. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2005:229-58. [PMID: 15524219 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-26809-x_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Solban
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zoula S, Rijken PFJW, Peters JPW, Farion R, Van der Sanden BPJ, Van der Kogel AJ, Décorps M, Rémy C. Pimonidazole binding in C6 rat brain glioma: relation with lipid droplet detection. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:1439-44. [PMID: 12778075 PMCID: PMC2741029 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In C6 rat brain glioma, we have investigated the relation between hypoxia and the presence of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of viable cells adjacent to necrosis. For this purpose, rats were stereotaxically implanted with C6 cells. Experiments were carried out by the end of the tumour development. A multifluorescence staining protocol combined with digital image analysis was used to quantitatively study the spatial distribution of hypoxic cells (pimonidazole), blood perfusion (Hoechst 33342), total vascular bed (collagen type IV) and lipid droplets (Red Oil) in single frozen sections. All tumours (n=6) showed necrosis, pimonidazole binding and lipid droplets. Pimonidazole binding occurred at a mean distance of 114 microm from perfused vessels mainly around necrosis. Lipid droplets were principally located in the necrotic tissue. Some smaller droplets were also observed in part of the pimonidazole-binding cells surrounding necrosis. Hence, lipid droplets appeared only in hypoxic cells adjacent to necrosis, at an approximate distance of 181 microm from perfused vessels. In conclusion, our results show that severe hypoxic cells accumulated small lipid droplets. However, a 100% colocalisation of hypoxia and lipid droplets does not exist. Thus, lipid droplets cannot be considered as a surrogate marker of hypoxia, but rather of severe, prenecrotic hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Zoula
- Laboratoire Mixte INSERM U438 ‘RMN Bioclinique’, Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire Correspondent de CEA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pavillon B, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - P F J W Rijken
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 32, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J P W Peters
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 32, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Farion
- Laboratoire Mixte INSERM U438 ‘RMN Bioclinique’, Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire Correspondent de CEA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pavillon B, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - B P J Van der Sanden
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 32, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Van der Kogel
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 32, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Décorps
- Laboratoire Mixte INSERM U438 ‘RMN Bioclinique’, Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire Correspondent de CEA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pavillon B, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - C Rémy
- Laboratoire Mixte INSERM U438 ‘RMN Bioclinique’, Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire Correspondent de CEA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pavillon B, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 32, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Laboratoire Mixte INSERM U438 ‘RMN Bioclinique’ Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Pavillon B BP 217 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an emerging form of cancer therapy in veterinary medicine, which capitalizes on a photochemical reaction to kill malignant cells. Photodynamic therapy has been used to successfully treat a variety of veterinary cancers, with documented efficacy similar to radiation therapy. However, equipment expense and availability of photosensitizer have limited the widespread use of photodynamic therapy by veterinarians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lucroy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 001 Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Smith
- Radiation Oncology, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The reactive nature of species derived from oxygen, such as singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, has been exploited in the clinical setting for targeting bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells by photodynamic excitation of a variety of chromophores. This modality, termed photodynamic therapy (PDT), is currently being used to treat some forms of cancer. However, the applicability of conventional PDT is limited due to the absolute dependence on simultaneous exposure of the target to the photoactive compound and light. In 1990, we demonstrated that the need for simultaneous exposure of the biological target to light and photosensitizer could be circumvented by prior exposure (activation) of the sensitizer molecule to light and its subsequent use as any other anti-cancer or anti-viral drug. By dint of the nature of the protocol, this process was termed preactivation. Since then, the generation of biologically active molecules in vitro by preactivation has been validated using a variety of chromophores, such as merocyanine 540, Photofrin II, and naphthalimide. Here we briefly review the role of reactive oxygen species in the photodynamic effect, and provide an explanation for the mechanism of preactivation. We propose that photo-oxidation not only provides a novel means for the generation of biologically active molecules, but could also explain, at least in part the mechanism of conventional PDT. It is likely that the light-dependent breakdown of the chromophore to generate novel active compounds, in addition to reactive oxygen species, also contributes to the photodynamic damage observed on simultaneous exposure of the chromophore and target tissue to light during PDT.-Pervaiz, S. Reactive oxygen-dependent production of novel photochemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oda K, Ogura S, Okura I. Preparation of a water-soluble fluorinated zinc phthalocyanine and its effect for photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2000; 59:20-5. [PMID: 11332885 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(00)00129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An amphiphilic fluorinated phthalocyanine, zinc tetracarboxyoctafluorophthalocyanine (ZnC4F8Pc) was synthesized and characterized. Its photodynamic efficiency for HeLa cells was compared with hydrophilic zinc octacarboxyphthalocyanine (ZnC8Pc) and hydrophobic zinc hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (ZnF16Pc). ZnC4F8Pc had a remarkable photodynamic effect among the phthalocyanines used. The effect is apparently caused by the fact that ZnC4F8Pc is mainly accumulated in the hydrophobic lipid membrane and is in the photoactive monomer form in HeLa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Oda
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- M D Lucroy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wöhrle D, Muller S, Shopova M, Mantareva V, Spassova G, Vietri F, Ricchelli F, Jori G. Effect of delivery system on the pharmacokinetic and phototherapeutic properties of bis(methyloxyethyleneoxy) silicon-phthalocyanine in tumor-bearing mice. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1999; 50:124-8. [PMID: 10515076 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(99)00082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A Si(IV)-phthalocyanine bearing two methoxyethyleneglycol axial ligands bound to the central metal ion (SiPc) has been prepared by chemical synthesis and analyzed for its phototherapeutic activity after administration in a Cremophor or liposome formulation to C57B1/6 mice bearing a subcutaneously transplanted Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC). The maximum drug accumulation in the tumor is found at 24 h after intraperitoneal injection, independent of the delivery system. However, the tumor concentration of SiPc in the Cremophor formulation is about two-fold higher, while the drug concentration in liver and skin shows similar trends with the two delivery systems. The drug accumulation and retention in the brain is much larger when using Cremophor emulsion. Photodynamic therapy (672 nm, 370 mW m-2, 360 J cm-2) at 24 h after the injection of Cremophor emulsion- or DPPC liposome-formulated SiPc causes a very efficient and similar response for the LLC (approximately 8 versus 22 mm mean tumor diameter for the control groups at 21 days after phototreatment). These very promising effects, obtained both at higher and lower tumor drug concentrations, clearly demonstrate the potential phototherapeutical activity of the newly synthesized SiPc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Wöhrle
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lin GC, Tsoukas ML, Lee MS, González S, Vibhagool C, Anderson RR, Kollias N. Skin Necrosis due to Photodynamic Action of Benzoporphyrin Depends on Circulating Rather than Tissue Drug Levels: Implications for Control of Photodynamic Therapy. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb02516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Dougherty TJ, Gomer CJ, Henderson BW, Jori G, Kessel D, Korbelik M, Moan J, Peng Q. Photodynamic therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:889-905. [PMID: 9637138 PMCID: PMC4592754 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/90.12.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3701] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy involves administration of a tumor-localizing photosensitizing agent, which may require metabolic synthesis (i.e., a prodrug), followed by activation of the agent by light of a specific wavelength. This therapy results in a sequence of photochemical and photobiologic processes that cause irreversible photodamage to tumor tissues. Results from preclinical and clinical studies conducted worldwide over a 25-year period have established photodynamic therapy as a useful treatment approach for some cancers. Since 1993, regulatory approval for photodynamic therapy involving use of a partially purified, commercially available hematoporphyrin derivative compound (Photofrin) in patients with early and advanced stage cancer of the lung, digestive tract, and genitourinary tract has been obtained in Canada, The Netherlands, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States. We have attempted to conduct and present a comprehensive review of this rapidly expanding field. Mechanisms of subcellular and tumor localization of photosensitizing agents, as well as of molecular, cellular, and tumor responses associated with photodynamic therapy, are discussed. Technical issues regarding light dosimetry are also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qian Peng
- Correspondence to: Qian Peng, Ph.D., Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Love WG, Duk S, Biolo R, Jori G, Taylor PW. Liposome-mediated delivery of photosensitizers: localization of zinc (II)-phthalocyanine within implanted tumors after intravenous administration. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 63:656-61. [PMID: 8628757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb05670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CGP55847, liposomal zinc(II)-phthalocyanine (Zn-Pc), was administered by the intravenous route to Swiss mice bearing intramuscularly implanted Ehrlich carcinomas or to C57/BL6 mice bearing subcutaneously implanted B16 melanomas. Tumors were removed 3 h or 24 h after dosing the intratumoral distribution determined by fluorescence microscopy. Localization of the photosensitizer occurred more rapidly in the Ehrlich carcinoma than in the B16 melanoma; this difference in photosensitizer uptake may be related to a higher degree of vascularization of the carcinoma. The photosensitizer was found in association with blood vessels at 3 h but not 24 h after dosing and appeared to have a greater affinity for areas of tissue necrosis within the tumor compared to viable tumor tissue. Little or no Zn-Pc was detected in the muscle tissue invaded by the Ehrlich carcinoma and was associated with the membranes and the cytosol, but not the nucleus, of cells in both tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W G Love
- Ciba Pharmaceuticals, Horsham, West Sussex, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bottiroli G, Croce AC, Locatelli D, Marchesini R, Pignoli E, Tomatis S, Cuzzoni C, Di Palma S, Dalfante M, Spinelli P. Natural fluorescence of normal and neoplastic human colon: a comprehensive "ex vivo" study. Lasers Surg Med 1995; 16:48-60. [PMID: 7715402 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1900160107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A microspectrofluorometric analysis on "ex vivo" samples from normal tissue and adenocarcinoma of the human colon has been performed to characterize the histological, biochemical, and biophysical bases of the autofluorescence. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Differences between normal and tumor tissues are found that concern both the intensity distribution and spectral shape of the autofluorescence emission. The different pattern of the fluorescence intensity can be related to the histological organization of the tissue, and involves mainly the arrangement of the submucosa, the most fluorescent layer. RESULTS The most evident differences in the spectral shape found in the 480-580 nm range involve the stromal compartment, seem to be due to the presence of different fluorochromes, and are possibly related to the host response to the tumor. CONCLUSION The nature and the extent of the autofluorescence modification between normal and tumor tissue in sections explain at least partly the evidence of the "in vivo" analysis and highlight the importance of excitation for full exploitation of the potentials of autofluorescence in diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bottiroli
- Center for Histochemistry, CNR, University of Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hamblin MR, Newman EL. On the mechanism of the tumour-localising effect in photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1994; 23:3-8. [PMID: 8021748 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(94)80018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The proposed mechanisms by which tumours concentrate photosensitisers are reviewed. Tumour-associated macrophages have been shown by others to accumulate up to nine times the level of porphyrins as do tumour cells. Macrophages also take up and degrade oxidised or otherwise modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL). We propose that the interaction of photosensitisers with LDL is an important factor, leading to accumulation in macrophages. Uptake into these cells via liposomes and high-density lipoprotein is also possible. There may be three separate mechanisms for tumour destruction in photodynamic therapy: (i) direct damage to tumour cells; (ii) damage to the endothelial cells of the tumour microvasculature; and (iii) macrophage-mediated immune infiltration of the tumour. The association of photosensitisers with lipoproteins may accentuate the latter two (endothelial cells can also accumulate modified lipoproteins). Accumulation in macrophages may also largely explain the high porphyrin retention observed in atheromatous plaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Hamblin
- Department of Surgery, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Leunig M, Richert C, Gamarra F, Lumper W, Vogel E, Jocham D, Goetz AE. Tumour localisation kinetics of photofrin and three synthetic porphyrinoids in an amelanotic melanoma of the hamster. Br J Cancer 1993; 68:225-34. [PMID: 8347476 PMCID: PMC1968569 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1993.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study the localisation of porphyrinoid photosensitizers in tumours was investigated. To determine if tumour selectivity results from a preferential uptake or prolonged retention of photosensitizers, intravital fluorescence microscopy and chemical extraction were used. Amelanotic melanoma (A-Mel-3) were implanted in a skin fold chamber in Syrian Golden hamsters. Distribution of the porphyrin mixture Photofrin and three porphycenes, pure porphyrinoid model compounds, was studied quantitatively by intravital fluorescence microscopy. Extraction of tissue and blood samples was performed to verify and supplement intravital microscopic results. Photofrin accumulated in melanomas reaching a maximum tumour:skin tissue ratio of 1.7:1. Localisation of the different porphycenes was found to be highly tumour selective (3.2:1), anti-tumour selective (0.2:1), and non-selective (1:1) with increasing polarity of the porphycenes. The two non-tumour selective porphycenes had distinctly accelerated serum and tissue kinetics; serum halflife times being as short as 1 min. The specific localisation of the slowly distributed, tumour selective photosensitizers, occurred exclusively during the distribution from serum and uptake into tissues. For the most selective porphycene, the tumour selection process had a halflife of 260 +/- 150 min and led to a strongly fluorescent tumour edge edema. Accumulation of porphyrines by the amelanotic melanoma (A-Mel-3) can be attributed to an enhanced uptake rate for lipophilic molecules in this subcutaneously growing neoplasm. The slow distribution of the two tumour specific photosensitizers and the strong fluorescence of these hydrophobic molecules in the tumour compartment with a high water content indicate a carrier role of serum proteins in the selection process. Enhanced permeability of the tumour vasculature to macromolecules appears to be the most probable reason for the tumour selectivity of these two sensitisers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Leunig
- Institute for Surgical Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Korbelik M. Low density lipoprotein receptor pathway in the delivery of Photofrin: how much is it relevant for selective accumulation of the photosensitizer in tumors? JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1992; 12:107-9. [PMID: 1531856 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(92)85022-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Korbelik
- Cancer Imaging, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Freitas I, Baronzio GF. Tumor hypoxia, reoxygenation and oxygenation strategies: possible role in photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1991; 11:3-30. [PMID: 1791492 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(91)80264-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept of hypoxia and its role in tumor therapy are currently under re-evaluation. Poor oxygenation is no longer visualized as an independent feature promoting necrosis and resistance to treatments, but rather as one of the several interdependent microenvironmental parameters associated with impaired blood perfusion. Tumor cells display several survival strategies and remain clonogenic for long periods in nutrient-deprived situations. Reoxygenation may cause lethal damage, improve the response to therapy, or else allow the cell variants adapted to hypoxia to resume proliferation with enhanced aggressiveness and resistance to treatment. The blood supply parameters, oxygenation status and metabolism of malignant cells are discussed here from the standpoint of tumor photodynamic therapy. The role of the tumor interstitial fluid as oxygen- and sensitizer-carrier is discussed. Techniques for assessing tumor oxygenation and for mapping hypoxic territories are described. Strategies for locally improving the oxygenation levels or for selectively destroying the hypoxic populations are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Freitas
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Freitas I. Inflammation and photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1991; 8:340-1. [PMID: 1904929 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(91)80091-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|