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Murray KJ, Villalta PW, Griffin TJ, Balbo S. Discovery of Modified Metabolites, Secondary Metabolites, and Xenobiotics by Structure-Oriented LC-MS/MS. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1666-1682. [PMID: 37862059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous compounds and metabolites derived from therapeutics, microbiota, or environmental exposures directly interact with endogenous metabolic pathways, influencing disease pathogenesis and modulating outcomes of clinical interventions. With few spectral library references, the identification of covalently modified biomolecules, secondary metabolites, and xenobiotics is a challenging task using global metabolomics profiling approaches. Numerous liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) small molecule analytical workflows have been developed to curate global profiling experiments for specific compound groups of interest. These workflows exploit shared structural moiety, functional groups, or elemental composition to discover novel and undescribed compounds through nontargeted small molecule discovery pipelines. This Review introduces the concept of structure-oriented LC-MS discovery methodology and aims to highlight common approaches employed for the detection and characterization of covalently modified biomolecules, secondary metabolites, and xenobiotics. These approaches represent a combination of instrument-dependent and computational techniques to rapidly curate global profiling experiments to detect putative ions of interest based on fragmentation patterns, predictable phase I or phase II metabolic transformations, or rare elemental composition. Application of these methods is explored for the detection and identification of novel and undescribed biomolecules relevant to the fields of toxicology, pharmacology, and drug discovery. Continued advances in these methods expand the capacity for selective compound discovery and characterization that promise remarkable insights into the molecular interactions of exogenous chemicals with host biochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Murray
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, College of Biological Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Peter W Villalta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy J Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, College of Biological Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Wen B, Zhu M. Applications of mass spectrometry in drug metabolism: 50 years of progress. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:71-87. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.1001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yu J, Mathisen DE, Burdette D, Brown DG, Becker C, Aharony D. Identification of multiple glutathione conjugates of 8-amino- 2-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline maleate (nomifensine) in liver microsomes and hepatocyte preparations: evidence of the bioactivation of nomifensine. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:46-60. [PMID: 19812352 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Amino-2-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline maleate (nomifensine), an antidepressant drug, was withdrawn from the market because of increased incidence of hemolytic anemia, as well as kidney and liver toxicity. Although the nature of the potentially reactive metabolites formed after nomifensine metabolism remains unknown and no glutathione (GSH) adducts of these nomifensine reactive metabolites have been reported, bioactivation has been postulated as a potential mechanism for the toxicity of nomifensine. This study was conducted to probe the potential bioactivation pathways of nomifensine in human and animal hepatocytes and in liver microsomes using GSH as a trapping agent. Two types of GSH conjugates were characterized by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: 1) aniline oxidation followed by GSH conjugation leading to the formation of nomifensine-GSH sulfinamides (M1 and M2); and 2) arene oxidation followed by GSH conjugation yielding a range of arene C-linked GSH adducts (M3-M9). Nine GSH adducts (M1-M9) were identified in liver microsomes of humans, dogs, monkeys, and rats and in human and rat hepatocytes. In dog hepatocyte preparations, six GSH adducts (M1-M6) were identified. The GSH adducts in dog and rat liver microsomes were formed primarily through aniline and arene oxidation, respectively. Both pathways contributed significantly to the formation of the GSH adducts in human and monkey liver microsomes. The bioactivation pathways proposed here account for the formation of the observed GSH conjugates. These investigations have confirmed the aniline and the arene groups in nomifensine as potential toxicophores capable of generating reactive intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- Department of Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 1800 Concord Pike, L-260C, P.O. Box 15437, Wilmington, DE 19850-5437, USA.
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Levsen K, Schiebel HM, Behnke B, Dötzer R, Dreher W, Elend M, Thiele H. Structure elucidation of phase II metabolites by tandem mass spectrometry: an overview. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1067:55-72. [PMID: 15844510 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present paper provides a summary of the collision-induced dissociation of protonated and deprotonated phase II metabolites of drugs and pesticides. This overview is based on published literature and unpublished data from the authors. In particular, glutathione conjugates and their biotransformation products are discussed in detail. In addition, the fragmentation of the major classes of conjugates, i.e. glucuronides, glucosides, malonylglucosides, sulfates, acetates, methyl and glycine conjugates, is reported. Collision-induced dissociation, as studied by tandem mass spectrometry, allows the rapid identification of the type of conjugate, whereas the exact conjugation site can in general be determined only by additional NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Levsen
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str 1, D 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Gallemann D, Greif A, Eyer P, Dasenbrock J, Wimmer E, Sonnenbichler J, Sonnenbichler I, Schäfer W, Buhrow I. Formation of 4,4-dialkoxycyclohexa-2,5-dienone N-(thiol-S-yl)imine during reaction of 4-alkoxynitrosobenzenes with thiols in alcoholic solvents. Chem Res Toxicol 1998; 11:1423-33. [PMID: 9860483 DOI: 10.1021/tx980088i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the interaction of nitrosoarenes with glutathione in aqueous media, intermediate generation of a highly resonance-stabilized sulfenamide cation has been repeatedly suggested. Most intermediates and end products could be explained by reactions of this sulfenamide cation with different nucleophiles such as excess thiol, solvent water, and metabolically produced arylamine. The present paper presents evidence for adduct formation of the sulfenamide cation with solvent alcohol at neutral pH. Sulfenamide cations generated from 4-nitrosophenetole and 4-nitrosoanisole, respectively, are strongly suggested to form the metastable ketals 4-ethoxy-4-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-dienone N-(glutathion-S-yl)imine and 4,4-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-dienone N-(glutathion-S-yl)imine, respectively, during reaction with solvent methanol. Reaction of the two sulfenamide cations in ethanol yielded 4,4-diethoxycyclohexa-2, 5-dienone N-(glutathion-S-yl)imine and 4-ethoxy-4-methoxycyclohexa-2, 5-dienone N-(glutathion-S-yl)imine, respectively. Although the metastability of the ketals did not allow isolation of pure solid material, chromatographic and chemical behavior as well as tandem MS fragmentation substantiate a ketal structure of these intermediates. To confirm the proposed structure, new compounds, 2, 6-dimethyl-4-nitrosophenetole, 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenetole, 2, 6-dimethyl-4-phenetidine, and N-(glutathion-S-yl)-N-hydroxy-4-aminoacetophenone, were synthesized and included in supportive experiments. In summary, the detection of ketals corroborates once more the occurrence of a sulfenamide cation which obviously not only reacts with soft nucleophiles such as GSH but, to a limited extent, also reacts with hard nucleophiles. The toxicological significance of this result is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gallemann
- Walther-Straub-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336 München, e
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Ramanathan R, Cao K, Cavalieri E, Gross ML. Mass spectrometric methods for distinguishing structural isomers of glutathione conjugates of estrone and estradiol. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1998; 9:612-619. [PMID: 9879373 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(98)00018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Collisionally activated decompositions (CAD) of [M + H]+ ions from two sets (estrone and estradiol) of three isomeric glutathione (GSH) conjugates were studied by using five tandem mass spectrometric methods: (1) low energy (LE) CAD in an ion trap, (2) LE CAD in a triple quadrupole, (3) electrospray ionization (ESI)-source CAD in a tandem four sector, (4) high energy (HE) CAD of both ESI-produced and fast-atom bombardment (FAB)-produced ions in a tandem four-sector mass spectrometer, and (5) metastable-ion decompositions of FAB-produced ions. Four types of fragment ions are produced. The first type, formed from cleavage of the peptide backbone, gives rise to modified b2, modified y2, y2, and b1 ions. These fragments are observed with all the methods and show that the catechol estrogen attachment is at the cysteine moiety of the GSH. Internal fragment ions are the second type, and they also support that the modification is at cysteine. The third type involves fragmentation of the C-S bond to give an ion containing the steroid bonded to the sulfur. The fourth type of fragment ion is similar to the third but involves oxidation of the steroid ring and reduction of the GSH moiety; it is the most isomer specific of the four. The isomer-specific ions are of relatively low abundance in the product-ion spectra taken on the triple quadrupole and ion trap, but their abundances can be improved by increasing the collision energy. ESI source-CAD and the HE-CAD spectra of the isomers are the most distinctive because abundant product ions of all four types are seen in a single spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Loutelier C, Marcual A, Cherton JC, Lange C. Characterization of cyclodepsipeptide-glutathionyl conjugates by negative-ion fast-atom bombardment linked-scan mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1994; 8:957-959. [PMID: 7696703 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1290081210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A cyclodepsipeptide-glutathionyl conjugate has been analysed for the first time using negative-ion fast-atom bombardment linked-scan mass spectroscopy. Fragment anions produced by collision-induced dissociation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Loutelier
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, Université de Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
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Baillie TA, Davis MR. Mass spectrometry in the analysis of glutathione conjugates. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 22:319-25. [PMID: 8329460 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200220602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T A Baillie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Brzezinka H, Bold P, Budzikiewicz H. A screening method for the rapid detection of barbiturates in serum by means of tandem mass spectrometry. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 22:346-50. [PMID: 8329464 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200220606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A mass spectrometric screening method for barbiturates in serum was developed. Under electron impact conditions barbiturates fragment by loss of HNCO. A 'constant neutral loss' scan of 43 u provides, therefore, an indication of the presence of members of this toxicologically relevant class of compounds. Subsequent identification is possible either by 'daughter' or by 'parent ion' scans. The detection limit for propallylonal, buto- and phenobarbital was determined as better than 1 micrograms ml-1 serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Brzezinka
- Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Bonn, Germany
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Murphy CM, Fenselau C, Gutierrez PL. Fragmentation characteristic of glutathione conjugates activated by high-energy collisions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1992; 3:815-822. [PMID: 24234704 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(92)80004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/1992] [Revised: 06/30/1992] [Accepted: 07/01/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Product ion spectra of fifteen monoglutathione and diglutathione conjugates have been measured using activation by 6000-eV collisions with helium in the third field-free region of a four-sector tandem mass spectrometer of EBEB configuration. Fragmentation patterns in the cation spectra have been analyzed for decompositions of the glutathione moiety that would permit recognition of an unknown as a glutathione conjugate. Five spectra from an earlier study of high-energy collisional activation on a BEEB four-sector instrument have also been included in this analysis. A suite of appropriate ions was found to occur consistently,, including ions of m/z 307 comprising the glutathione tripeptide and the complementary ion [MH-307](+) or the ion radical [MH-306](+).
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 5401 Wilkens Avenue, 21228
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11
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Baillie TA. Advances in the application of mass spectrometry to studies of drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics and toxicology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(92)85066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Gaskell SJ. Hybrid tandem mass spectrometers in biological research. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1992; 21:413-9. [PMID: 1420378 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200210902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Gaskell
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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13
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Sequential mass spectrometry applied to the study of the formation of “internal” fragment ions of protonated peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(91)85054-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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