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Alhendi AMN, Patrikakis M, Daub CO, Kawaji H, Itoh M, de Hoon M, Carninci P, Hayashizaki Y, Arner E, Khachigian LM. Promoter Usage and Dynamics in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Exposed to Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 or Interleukin-1β. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13164. [PMID: 30177712 PMCID: PMC6120868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMC) in blood vessels are normally growth quiescent and transcriptionally inactive. Our objective was to understand promoter usage and dynamics in SMC acutely exposed to a prototypic growth factor or pro-inflammatory cytokine. Using cap analysis gene expression (FANTOM5 project) we report differences in promoter dynamics for immediate-early genes (IEG) and other genes when SMC are exposed to fibroblast growth factor-2 or interleukin-1β. Of the 1871 promoters responding to FGF2 or IL-1β considerably more responded to FGF2 (68.4%) than IL-1β (18.5%) and 13.2% responded to both. Expression clustering reveals sets of genes induced, repressed or unchanged. Among IEG responding rapidly to FGF2 or IL-1β were FOS, FOSB and EGR-1, which mediates human SMC migration. Motif activity response analysis (MARA) indicates most transcription factor binding motifs in response to FGF2 were associated with a sharp induction at 1 h, whereas in response to IL-1β, most motifs were associated with a biphasic change peaking generally later. MARA revealed motifs for FOS_FOS{B,L1}_JUN{B,D} and EGR-1..3 in the cluster peaking 1 h after FGF2 exposure whereas these motifs were in clusters peaking 1 h or later in response to IL-1β. Our findings interrogating CAGE data demonstrate important differences in promoter usage and dynamics in SMC exposed to FGF2 or IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad M N Alhendi
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Margaret Patrikakis
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Carsten O Daub
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies) (CLST DGT), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies) (CLST DGT), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Preventive Medicine and Applied Genomics Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Itoh
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies) (CLST DGT), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Michiel de Hoon
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies) (CLST DGT), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Applied Computational Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Piero Carninci
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies) (CLST DGT), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Transcriptome Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Erik Arner
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies) (CLST DGT), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Applied Regulatory Genomics Network Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Levon M Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
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Silver PJ. IBT 9302 (Heparinase III): a novel enzyme for the management of reperfusion injury-related vascular damage, restenosis and wound healing. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 7:1003-14. [PMID: 15992012 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.7.6.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IBT 9302 (heparinase III, EC 4.2.2.8), purified from Flavobacterium heparinum, selectively cleaves heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) from cellular surfaces and extracellular matrices. HSPGs serve as binding sites for P- and L-selectins, as well as for pro-inflammatory chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-8. IBT 9302 reversibly removes these binding sites and inflammatory mediators, thereby limiting tissue damage following reperfusion of ischaemic areas by reducing leukocyte rolling, adhesion and extravasation. In models of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury, infusion of IBT 9302 the time of transport and reperfusions, reduces the area of necrosis/area at risk ratios relative to vehicle-treated animals. Cardioprotection is accompanied by a reduction in serum creatine kinase levels and neutrophil adherence to coronary vessels, and the preservation of endothelial relaxation responsiveness to acetylcholine. HSPGs also serve as accumulation sites for most growth factors and IBT 9302 limits both proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and endothelial growth factor (EGF). In vivo, the application of IBT 9302 at the time of vascular injury significantly reduces arterial medial proliferation. External application of IBT 9302 to wounds in a steroid-impaired wound healing model increases tensile strength by releasing mitogenic growth factors and HSPGs from the surrounding extracellular matrix. Pharmacokinetic studies show a simple monoexponential decay following iv. bolus dosing of IBT 9302, with a half-life of 5 - 6 min. The majority of [(125)I]-IBT 9302 goes to the liver (60%) and kidneys (25%), following iv. dosing. Preliminary toxicology studies in rats following single iv. bolus (10 mg/kg) or infusion (10 mug/kg/min) dosing show no untoward effects. These results suggest that IBT 9302 may have therapeutic utility in treating myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury, ischaemic stroke, restenosis or in healing diabetic ulcer wounds, by virtue of its ability to selectively cleave HSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Silver
- IBEX Technologies, Inc., 5 Geat Valley Parkway, Suite 300, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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Kingsley K, Plopper GE. Platelet-derived growth factor modulates rat vascular smooth muscle cell responses on laminin-5 via mitogen-activated protein kinase-sensitive pathways. Cell Commun Signal 2005; 3:2. [PMID: 15683539 PMCID: PMC552332 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A treatment to remove vascular blockages, angioplasty, can cause damage to the vessel wall and a subsequent abnormal wound healing response, known as restenosis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) lining the vessel wall respond to growth factors and other stimuli released by injured cells. However, the extracellular matrix (ECM) may differentially modulate VSMC responses to these growth factors, such as proliferation, migration and adhesion. Our previous reports of low-level expression of one ECM molecule, laminin-5, in normal and injured vessels suggest that laminin-5, in addition to growth factors, may mediate VSMC response following vascular injury. To elucidate VSMC response on laminin-5 we investigated-the role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) in activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade as a possible link between growth-factor initiated phenotypic changes in vitro and the ECM. RESULTS: Using a system of in vitro assays we assessed rat vascular smooth muscle cell (rVSMC) responses plated on laminin-5 to the addition of exogenous, soluble PDGF-BB. Our results indicate that although laminin-5 induces haptotactic migration of rVSMC, the addition of PDGF-BB significantly increases rVSMC migration on laminin-5, which is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the MAPK inhibitor, PD98059, and transforming growth factor (TGF-beta1). In addition, PDGF-BB greatly reduces rVSMC adhesion to laminin-5, an effect that is reversible by MAPK inhibition or the addition of TGF-beta1. In addition, this reduction in adhesion is less significant on another ECM substrate, fibronectin and is reversible using TGF-beta1 but not MAPK inhibition. PDGF-BB also strongly increased rVSMC proliferation on laminin-5, but had no effect on rVSMC plated on fibronectin. Finally, plating rVSMC on laminin-5 did not induce an increase in MAPK activation, while plating on fibronectin or the addition of soluble PDGF-BB did. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that rVSMC binding to laminin-5 activates integrin-dependent intracellular signaling cascades that are different from those of fibronectin or PDGF-BB, causing rVSMC to respond more acutely to the inhibition of MAPK. In contrast, our results suggest that fibronectin and PDGF-BB may activate parallel, reinforcing intracellular signaling cascades that converge in the activation of MAPK and are therefore less sensitive to MAPK inhibition. These results suggest a partial mechanism to explain the regulation of rVSMC behaviors, including migration, adhesion, and proliferation that may be responsible for the progression of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, School of Dental Medicine, 1001 Shadow Lane B-234, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89106-4124, USA
- (previous institutional affiliation) Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454004, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89154-4004, USA
| | - George E Plopper
- Department of Biology, Rensselear Polytechnic Institute, 110 8Street, Troy, New York, 12180-3596, USA
- (previous institutional affiliation) Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454004, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89154-4004, USA
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Kingsley K, Huff JL, Rust WL, Carroll K, Martinez AM, Fitchmun M, Plopper GE. ERK1/2 mediates PDGF-BB stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration on laminin-5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:1000-6. [PMID: 12051759 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During restenosis following arterial injury, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) form a neointimal layer in arteries by changing from a differentiated, contractile phenotype to a dedifferentiated, migratory, and proliferative phenotype. Several growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix components released following injury have been implicated in these phenotypic changes. We have recently detected the expression of laminin-5, an ECM protein found predominantly in epithelial tissues, in the arterial vasculature. Here we report that ln-5 expression by VSMC is upregulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta1. Adhesion to ln-5 specifically enhances PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration. PD98059, a specific inhibitor of the ERK1/2 members of the Mitogen Activated Protein kinase family, increases both VSMC adhesion to ln-5 and blocks PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMC migration on ln-5. These results suggest that adhesion to ln-5 mediates a PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMC response to vascular injury via an ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kingsley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
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Forrester JS. James Stuart Forrester III, MD: a conversation with the editor [interview by William Clifford Roberts]. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88:1270-86. [PMID: 11728355 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(01)02106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Hou M, Möller S, Edvinsson L, Erlinge D. MAPKK-dependent growth factor-induced upregulation of P2Y2 receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 258:648-52. [PMID: 10329439 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ATP- and UTP-sensitive P2Y2 receptor which mediates both contractile and mitogenic effects has recently been shown to be upregulated in the synthetic phenotype of the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). Using a competitive RT-PCR we demonstrate that the P2Y2 receptor mRNA is increased by fetal calf serum and other growth factors in a MAPKK-dependent way. This was confirmed at the functional level by examining UTP-stimulated release of intracellular Ca2+. Furthermore, the P2Y2 receptor mRNA is positively autoregulated by ATP and the mRNA is rapidly degraded with only 26% remaining after 1 h in the presence of actinomycin D. Our results indicate growth factor regulation and rapid turnover of the P2Y2 receptor mRNA, which may be of importance in atherosclerosis and neointima formation after balloon angioplasty.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Dactinomycin/pharmacology
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Silver PJ, Moreau JP, Denholm E, Lin YQ, Nguyen L, Bennett C, Recktenwald A, DeBlois D, Baker S, Ranger S. Heparinase III limits rat arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 351:79-83. [PMID: 9698208 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparinase III degrades heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which are co-receptors for growth factors that stimulate arterial proliferation. We assessed the ability of locally-delivered heparinase III to limit medial vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by balloon catheter injury in rat carotid arteries. Whereas vehicle-treated arteries showed 12% of smooth muscle cells proliferating after 2 days, heparinase III (0.022-5.7 mg/kg) treated arteries showed 0.8-4%. Chemically-inactivated heparinase III did not limit proliferation. In isolated rat A10 vascular smooth muscle cells, heparinase III (1 IU/ml) inhibited both PDGF-BB and bFGF mediated increases in proliferation and migration. These results suggest that heparinase III can limit proliferation by affecting heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding growth factors following arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Silver
- IBEX Technologies, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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Seki J, Koyama N, Kovach NL, Yednock T, Clowes AW, Harlan JM. Regulation of beta1-integrin function in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1996; 78:596-605. [PMID: 8635217 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.78.4.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Avidity modulation and function of beta1-integrin receptors in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were investigated using monoclonal antibody (mAb) 8A2, which binds to the beta1 subunit of integrin heterodimers and induces a high avidity state. The adhesion of SMCs to extracellular matrix proteins, but not to poly-L-lysine, was enhanced by pretreatment with mAb 8A2. A qualitative alteration of beta1 integrin was assessed with mAb 15/7, which binds to an activation-dependent epitope on the beta1 subunit. Binding of mAb 15/7 was enhanced by mAb 8A2 in a dose-dependent manner. Arg-Gly-Asp peptide and soluble fibronectin also enhanced expression of the 15/7 epitope, suggesting that the 15/7 epitope is closely related to the ligand-occupied state of beta1 integrin. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA and -BB increased SMC adhesion to type I collagen but did not augment mAb 15/7 binding, suggesting that PDGFs increase binding avidity by a postreceptor mechanism. In addition, mAb 8A2 inhibited PDGF-BB-induced SMC migration through Matrigel-coated filters. These results suggest that avidity modulation of beta1 integrin may play an important role in the function of SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seki
- Division of Hematology, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Wash, USA
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DeFeudis FV. Excess EDRF/NO, a potentially deleterious condition that may be involved in accelerated atherogenesis and other chronic disease states. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1995; 26:667-80. [PMID: 7635242 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(94)00222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1. To date, no method exists for preventing the injury-induced, accelerated atherogenesis that can occur as a "late complication" after initially successful invasive cardiovascular therapy (e.g. coronary angioplasty, endarterectomy). The problems intrinsic to some of the therapeutic approaches that are presently being developed have been analyzed, and the need for an alternative approach is evident. 2. An hypothesis is advanced, providing a novel conceptual basis for developing preventive therapy for accelerated atherogenesis, as well as for other chronic (degenerative) disease states, using agents that selectively inhibit the actions and metabolic transformations of excessive amounts of endogenously-derived and/or exogenously-acquired nitric oxide (NO). 3. It is considered that excess NO can damage tissue by enhancing the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH.) via the peroxynitrite pathway and alpha-hydroxynitrosamines via nitrosation processes, and that it can stimulate cell proliferation by activating guanyl cyclase. These actions would facilitate the process of accelerated atherogenesis. 4. Selectivity for opposing the effects and metabolic handling of excess NO, regardless of its origin (endogenous via the action of constitutive or inducible NO synthase, or exogenous), rather than selectivity for inhibiting the activity of inducible versus constitutive NO synthase, is considered to be the key element required of candidate therapeutic agents. 5. The vitamin C derivative, 2-O-octadecylascorbic acid, which could protect that part of the NO mechanism that is essential for normal function by scavenging superoxide anion-radicals (O2-., while preventing the formation of OH. and potentially toxic nitrosamines via metabolic reactions involving excess NO, represents a model compound for developing effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V DeFeudis
- Institute for BioScience, Grafton, MA 01519, USA
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Thompson MM, Budd JS, Eady SL, Underwood MJ, James RF, Bell PR. The effect of transluminal endothelial seeding on myointimal hyperplasia following angioplasty. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY 1994; 8:423-34. [PMID: 8088393 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-821x(05)80961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Myointimal hyperplasia develops as a generalised response to vascular injury, and may cause stenoses in 40% of all peripheral arterial reconstructions. Disruption of the endothelial monolayer is a prerequisite for the development of intimal hyperplasia, and may be the initiating event in this process. This study examined the hypothesis that restenosis following balloon angioplasty may be reduced by rapid restoration of the endothelial monolayer, achieved by endothelial seeding. Bilateral iliac angioplasties were performed in 11 rabbits. A double balloon catheter was used to seed one angioplasty site with autogenous endothelial cells; the contralateral site was sham seeded with culture medium and acted as a control. Arterial patency rates, the degree of intimal hyperplasia (IH/IEL), and the extent of endothelialisation were quantified at 1 (n = 5) and 3 (n = 6) weeks following balloon dilatation. The results suggest that transluminal endothelial seeding may be a therapeutically applicable technique as it decreases myointimal hyperplasia, and increases patency following angioplasty. This study also illustrates the protective effect of the vascular endothelium following arterial injury, and indicates that intensive efforts should be made to preserve the endothelium during vascular reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Thompson
- Department of Surgery, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, U.K
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13
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Huckle WR, Earp HS. Regulation of cell proliferation and growth by angiotensin II. PROGRESS IN GROWTH FACTOR RESEARCH 1994; 5:177-94. [PMID: 7919223 DOI: 10.1016/0955-2235(94)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone angiotensin II (AngII) has clearly defined physiologic roles as a regulator of vasomotor tone and fluid homeostasis. In addition AngII has trophic or mitogenic effects on a variety of target tissues, including vascular smooth muscle and adrenal cells. More recent data indicate that AngII exhibits many characteristics of the 'classical' peptide growth factors such as EGF/TGF alpha, PDGF and IGF-1. These include the capacity for local generation ('autocrine or paracrine' action) and the ability to stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation, to activate MAP kinases and to increase expression of nuclear proto-oncogenes. The type 1 AngII receptor, which is responsible for all known physiologic actions of AngII, has been cloned. Activation of this receptor leads to elevated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and diacylglycerol, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin and Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent Ser/Thr kinases, as well as Ca2+ regulated tyrosine kinases. The existence of other AngII receptor subtypes has been postulated, but the function(s) of these sites remains unclear. In vascular smooth muscle, AngII can promote cellular hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia, depending in part on the patterns of induction of secondary factors that are known to stimulate (PDGF, IGF-1, basic FGF) or inhibit (TGF-beta) mitosis. Together, these findings have suggested that AngII plays important roles in both the normal development and pathophysiology of vascular, cardiac, renal and central nervous system tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Huckle
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, UNC-Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, CB 7295, Chapel Hill 27599-7295
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Abstract
Although knowledge of the biological processes involved in the development of intimal hyperplasia has increased markedly in recent years, the precise aetiology of infrainguinal vein graft stenosis remains undetermined. Current therapy is therefore directed at treatment of the established lesion rather than its prevention. There seems little doubt, however, that recent advances in understanding of the vascular biology of normal and pathological saphenous vein will eventually lead to specific targeted therapy that will allow the prevention of vein graft stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Varty
- Department of Surgery, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK
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15
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Molloy CJ. Novel signal transduction targets in cardiovascular disease: Role of platelet-derived growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Drug Dev Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430290210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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