1
|
Kucal E, Jóźwik P, Mieszczyński C, Heller R, Akhmadaliev S, Dufour C, Czerski K. Temperature Effects of Nuclear and Electronic Stopping Power on Si and C Radiation Damage in 3C-SiC. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2843. [PMID: 38930212 PMCID: PMC11204392 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Silicon carbide has been considered a material for use in the construction of advanced high-temperature nuclear reactors. However, one of the most important design issues for future reactors is the development of structural defects in SiC under a strong irradiation field at high temperatures. To understand how high temperatures affect radiation damage, SiC single crystals were irradiated at room temperature and after being heated to 800 °C with carbon and silicon ions of energies ranging between 0.5 and 21 MeV. The number of displaced atoms and the disorder parameters have been estimated by using the channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The experimentally determined depth profiles of induced defects at room temperature agree very well with theoretical calculations assuming its proportionality to the electronic and nuclear-stopping power values. On the other hand, a significant reduction in the number of crystal defects was observed for irradiations performed at high temperatures or for samples annealed after irradiation. Additionally, indications of saturation of the crystal defect concentration were observed for higher fluences and the irradiation of previously defected samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kucal
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, A. Soltana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland; (P.J.); (C.M.); (K.C.)
| | - Przemysław Jóźwik
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, A. Soltana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland; (P.J.); (C.M.); (K.C.)
| | - Cyprian Mieszczyński
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, A. Soltana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland; (P.J.); (C.M.); (K.C.)
| | - René Heller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (R.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Shavkat Akhmadaliev
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (R.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Christian Dufour
- Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique, 6 Bvd du Maréchal Juin, CEDEX 4, 14050 Caen, France;
| | - Konrad Czerski
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, A. Soltana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland; (P.J.); (C.M.); (K.C.)
- Institut für Festkörper-Kernphysik gGmbH, Leistikowstraße 2, 14050 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, ul. Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kusumoto T, Mori Y, Kodaira S, Kanasaki M, Barillon R, Yamauchi T. Application of polyimide films as a nuclear track detector (1): A systematic study of track registration sensitivity. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 204:111100. [PMID: 38011803 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the variation of track registration sensitivity as a function of the stopping power of heavy ions in UPILEX-S® films, which is known as the most radiation tolerant polyimide (PI). The detection thresholds in the stopping power for etch pit formation are determined as 4,000, 4,100, 4,800, and 5600 keV/μm for 40Ar, 84Kr, 132Xe and 238U ions, respectively. Furthermore, we investigate the latent track structure in two kinds of PI films (UPILEX-S® and Kapton) by means of FT-IR spectroscopy. At the similar stopping power value, the radiation chemical yields (G value) for heavier ions are lower than those of lighter ions. This is due to the difference of the radial dose distribution for low and high velocity ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamon Kusumoto
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, 263-8555 Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Mori
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, 658-0022 Kobe, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kodaira
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, 263-8555 Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Kanasaki
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, 658-0022 Kobe, Japan
| | - Rémi Barillon
- Institute Pluridisiplinaire Hubert Curien, 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Tomoya Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, 658-0022 Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kusumoto T, Mori Y, Kodaira S, Kanasaki M, Barillon R, Yamauchi T. Application of polyimide films as a nuclear track detector (2): A latent track structure study with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 204:111125. [PMID: 38056283 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the relation between latent track structure and the detection threshold of etch pits formation in UPILEX-S® and Kapton. At the similar stopping power value, effective track core radii and G values for heavier ions are lower than those of lighter ions. These results would be due to the difference of the radial dose distribution for low- and high-velocity ions. The G value starts more rapidly rising above 600 and 1000 keV/μm for Kapton and UPILEX-S®, respectively. The detection threshold of UPILEX-S is 4000 keV/μm for Ar ions, at which effective track core radii of all functional groups are larger than 2 nm. Since the length of a molecule unit of UPILEX-S® is about 1.4 nm, at least more than two molecule units have to be damaged for the etch pit formation. A similar discussion is applicable to Kapton, whose detection threshold is significantly lower than UPILEX-S®.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamon Kusumoto
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, 263-8555, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Mori
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, 658-0022, Kobe, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kodaira
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, 263-8555, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Kanasaki
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, 658-0022, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rémi Barillon
- Institute Pluridisiplinaire Hubert Curien, 23 Rue du Loess, 67037, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Tomoya Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, 5-1-1 Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, 658-0022, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kusumoto T, Fromm M, Cloutier P, Bass AD, Sanche L, Kodaira S. Revealing the mechanism of damage to the carbonate ester in PADC polymeric nuclear track detector using low-energy electron stimulated desorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30412-30418. [PMID: 37916504 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04282k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the mechanism of damage to the carbonate ester chemical functions in Poly allyl diglycol carbonate (PADC) induced by low-energy electrons (LEEs) of <50 eV, which are major components of the initial secondary products of ionizing radiation. PADC is the world's most widely used polymeric nuclear track detector (PNTD) for swift ion detection. Using diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate as a surrogate for PADC, we have measured for irradiation with low-energy electrons (LEEs) of <50 eV, the electron stimulated desorption (ESD) signal of O- from 3-monolayer thick films of DGMEA by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We find that for electron irradiation at energies >6-9 eV, the instantaneous ESD yield of O- increases with the cumulative number of incident electrons (i.e., fluence), indicating that the additional O- signal derives from an electron-induced DGMEA product. From comparison with ESD measurements from films of acetic acid and acetaldehyde, we identify that the additional desorbed O- signal derives from oxygen atoms originally adjacent to the carbonyl bond in DGMEA. Since LEEs are the predominant secondary particles produced by ionizing radiation, this finding helps to better understand the mechanism of damage to carbonate ester in PADC, which is a key step for latent track formation in PADC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamon Kusumoto
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, 263-8555 Chiba, Japan
| | - Michel Fromm
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, F-2530 Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Pierre Cloutier
- Départment de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Andrew D Bass
- Départment de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Léon Sanche
- Départment de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Satoshi Kodaira
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, 263-8555 Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nattudurai R, Arous D, Edin NF, Pandey A, Malinen E. The energy dependence of BaSO4: Eu nanophosphors for thermoluminescence dosimetry of orthovoltage X-rays and low energy protons. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
6
|
Medvedev N, Voronkov R, Volkov AE. Metallic water: Transient state under ultrafast electronic excitation. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:074501. [PMID: 36813717 DOI: 10.1063/5.0139802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The modern means of controlled irradiation by femtosecond lasers or swift heavy ion beams can transiently produce such energy densities in samples that reach collective electronic excitation levels of the warm dense matter state, where the potential energy of interaction of the particles is comparable to their kinetic energies (temperatures of a few eV). Such massive electronic excitation severely alters the interatomic potentials, producing unusual nonequilibrium states of matter and different chemistry. We employ density functional theory and tight binding molecular dynamics formalisms to study the response of bulk water to ultrafast excitation of its electrons. After a certain threshold electronic temperature, the water becomes electronically conducting via the collapse of its bandgap. At high doses, it is accompanied by nonthermal acceleration of ions to a temperature of a few thousand Kelvins within sub-100 fs timescales. We identify the interplay of this nonthermal mechanism with the electron-ion coupling, enhancing the electron-to-ions energy transfer. Various chemically active fragments are formed from the disintegrating water molecules, depending on the deposited dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Medvedev
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Voronkov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij pr., 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander E Volkov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij pr., 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Awad ES, Salah A, Abu-Shady M, Hassan S. Annular energy and radial dose distributions study for a wide range of ions of different equal LET groups in water. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.110771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
8
|
Sequeira MC, Djurabekova F, Nordlund K, Mattei JG, Monnet I, Grygiel C, Alves E, Lorenz K. Examining Different Regimes of Ionization-Induced Damage in GaN Through Atomistic Simulations. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2102235. [PMID: 36310127 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of gGaN in radiation-hard semiconductor devices relies on a comprehensive understanding of its response to strongly ionizing radiation. Despite being widely acclaimed for its high radiation resistance, the exact effects induced by ionization are still hard to predict due to the complex phase-transition diagrams and defect creation-annihilation dynamics associated with group-III nitrides. Here, the Two-Temperature Model, Molecular Dynamics simulations and Transmission Electron Microscopy, are employed to study the interaction of Swift Heavy Ions with GaN at the atomic level. The simulations reveal a high propensity of GaN to recrystallize the region melted by the impinging ion leading to high thresholds for permanent track formation. Although the effect exists in all studied electronic energy loss regimes, its efficiency is reduced with increasing electronic energy loss, in particular when there is dissociation of the material and subsequent formation of N2 bubbles. The recrystallization is also hampered near the surface where voids and pits are prominent. The exceptional agreement between the simulated and experimental results establishes the applicability of the model to examine the entire electronic energy loss spectrum. Furthermore, the model supports an empirical relation between the interaction cross sections (namely for melting and amorphization) and the electronic energy loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel C Sequeira
- IBC, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
- IPFN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Kai Nordlund
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jean-Gabriel Mattei
- CIMAP, Normandie University, CEA, CNRS, UNICAEN, ENSICAEN-BP5133, Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Isabelle Monnet
- CIMAP, Normandie University, CEA, CNRS, UNICAEN, ENSICAEN-BP5133, Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Clara Grygiel
- CIMAP, Normandie University, CEA, CNRS, UNICAEN, ENSICAEN-BP5133, Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Eduardo Alves
- IPFN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Katharina Lorenz
- IPFN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Lisbon, Portugal
- INESC MN, Rua Alves Redol 9, Lisbon, 1000-029, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Y, Han X, Zhao J, Sun J, Huang Q, Wang X, Liu P. Structure Formation and Regulation of Au Nanoparticles in LiTaO 3 by Ion Beam and Thermal Annealing Techniques. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4028. [PMID: 36432317 PMCID: PMC9692592 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The size uniformity and spatial dispersion of nanoparticles (NPs) formed by ion implantation must be further improved due to the characteristics of the ion implantation method. Therefore, specific swift heavy ion irradiation and thermal annealing are combined in this work to regulate the size and spatial distributions of embedded Au NPs formed within LiTaO3 crystals. Experimental results show that small NPs migrate to deeper depths induced by 656 MeV Xe35+ ion irradiation. During thermal annealing, the growth of large Au NPs is limited due to the reductions in the number of small Au NPs, and the migrated Au NPs aggregate at deeper depths, resulting in a more uniform size distribution and an increased spatial distribution of Au NPs. The present work presents a novel method to modify the size and spatial distributions of embedded NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinqing Han
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Science, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Degradation of thin, carbon-backed lithium fluoride targets bombarded by 68 MeV 17O beams. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
11
|
Thermal Spike Responses and Structure Evolutions in Lithium Niobate on Insulator (LNOI) under Swift Ion Irradiation. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12070943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Irradiating solid materials with energetic ions are extensively used to explore the evolution of structural damage and specific properties in structural and functional materials under natural and artificial radiation environments. Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) technology is revolutionizing the lithium niobate industry and has been widely applied in various fields of photonics, electronics, optoelectronics, etc. Based on 30 MeV 35Cl and 40Ar ion irradiation, thermal spike responses and microstructure evolution of LNOI under the action of extreme electronic energy loss are discussed in detail. Combining experimental transmission electron microscopy characterizations with numerical calculations of the inelastic thermal spike model, discontinuous and continuous tracks with a lattice disorder structure in the crystalline LiNbO3 layer and recrystallization in the amorphous SiO2 layer are confirmed, and the ionization process via energetic ion irradiation is demonstrated to inherently connect energy exchange and temperature evolution processes in the electron and lattice subsystems of LNOI. According to Rutherford backscattering/channeling spectrometry and the direct impact model, the calculated track damage cross–section is further verified, coinciding with the experimental observations, and the LiNbO3 layer with a thickness of several hundred nanometers presents track damage behavior similar to that of bulk LiNbO3. Systematic research into the damage responses of LNOI is conducive to better understanding and predicting radiation effects in multilayer thin film materials under extreme radiation environments, as well as to designing novel multifunctional devices.
Collapse
|
12
|
Energy Deposition around Swift Carbon-Ion Tracks in Liquid Water. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116121. [PMID: 35682798 PMCID: PMC9181504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic carbon ions are promising projectiles used for cancer radiotherapy. A thorough knowledge of how the energy of these ions is deposited in biological media (mainly composed of liquid water) is required. This can be attained by means of detailed computer simulations, both macroscopically (relevant for appropriately delivering the dose) and at the nanoscale (important for determining the inflicted radiobiological damage). The energy lost per unit path length (i.e., the so-called stopping power) of carbon ions is here theoretically calculated within the dielectric formalism from the excitation spectrum of liquid water obtained from two complementary approaches (one relying on an optical-data model and the other exclusively on ab initio calculations). In addition, the energy carried at the nanometre scale by the generated secondary electrons around the ion's path is simulated by means of a detailed Monte Carlo code. For this purpose, we use the ion and electron cross sections calculated by means of state-of-the art approaches suited to take into account the condensed-phase nature of the liquid water target. As a result of these simulations, the radial dose around the ion's path is obtained, as well as the distributions of clustered events in nanometric volumes similar to the dimensions of DNA convolutions, contributing to the biological damage for carbon ions in a wide energy range, covering from the plateau to the maximum of the Bragg peak.
Collapse
|
13
|
Deurvorst FR, Collado Lara G, Matalliotakis A, Vos HJ, de Jong N, Daeichin V, Verweij MD. A spatial and temporal characterisation of single proton acoustic waves in proton beam cancer therapy. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:1200. [PMID: 35232071 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An in vivo range verification technology for proton beam cancer therapy, preferably in real-time and with submillimeter resolution, is desired to reduce the present uncertainty in dose localization. Acoustical imaging technologies exploiting possible local interactions between protons and microbubbles or nanodroplets might be an interesting option. Unfortunately, a theoretical model capable of characterising the acoustical field generated by an individual proton on nanometer and micrometer scales is still missing. In this work, such a model is presented. The proton acoustic field is generated by the adiabatic expansion of a region that is locally heated by a passing proton. To model the proton heat deposition, secondary electron production due to protons has been quantified using a semi-empirical model based on Rutherford's scattering theory, which reproduces experimentally obtained electronic stopping power values for protons in water within 10% over the full energy range. The electrons transfer energy into heat via electron-phonon coupling to atoms along the proton track. The resulting temperature increase is calculated using an inelastic thermal spike model. Heat deposition can be regarded as instantaneous, thus, stress confinement is ensured and acoustical initial conditions are set. The resulting thermoacoustic field in the nanometer and micrometer range from the single proton track is computed by solving the thermoacoustic wave equation using k-space Green's functions, yielding the characteristic amplitudes and frequencies present in the acoustic signal generated by a single proton in an aqueous medium. Wavefield expansion and asymptotic approximations are used to extend the spatial and temporal ranges of the proton acoustic field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F R Deurvorst
- Medical Imaging, Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - G Collado Lara
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Matalliotakis
- Medical Imaging, Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - H J Vos
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N de Jong
- Medical Imaging, Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - V Daeichin
- Medical Imaging, Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - M D Verweij
- Medical Imaging, Imaging Physics, Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Development and validation of proton track-structure model applicable to arbitrary materials. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24401. [PMID: 34934066 PMCID: PMC8692440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel transport algorithm performing proton track-structure calculations in arbitrary materials was developed. Unlike conventional algorithms, which are based on the dielectric function of the target material, our algorithm uses a total stopping power formula and single-differential cross sections of secondary electron production. The former was used to simulate energy dissipation of incident protons and the latter was used to consider secondary electron production. In this algorithm, the incident proton was transmitted freely in matter until the proton produced a secondary electron. The corresponding ionising energy loss was calculated as the sum of the ionisation energy and the kinetic energy of the secondary electron whereas the non-ionising energy loss was obtained by subtracting the ionising energy loss from the total stopping power. The most remarkable attribute of this model is its applicability to arbitrary materials, i.e. the model utilises the total stopping power and the single-differential cross sections for secondary electron production rather than the material-specific dielectric functions. Benchmarking of the stopping range, radial dose distribution, secondary electron energy spectra in liquid water, and lineal energy in tissue-equivalent gas, against the experimental data taken from literature agreed well. This indicated the accuracy of the present model even for materials other than liquid water. Regarding microscopic energy deposition, this model will be a robust tool for analysing the irradiation effects of cells, semiconductors and detectors.
Collapse
|
15
|
Fromm M, Abu-Shady M, Groetz J, Awad E. Etched track profiles for relativistic 7 GeV silicon and 17.48 GeV Nickel ions in PADC detector: The case study of convex track walls. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Boubir A, Mammeri S, Dib A, Ammi H, Msimanga M, Bouldjedri A, Matshali C, Mlungisi N. Experimental study and thermal spike modeling of sputtering in SiO
2
thin films under MeV Au
q
+
heavy ion irradiation. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abir Boubir
- Department of Physics, Primalab Laboratory Batna 1 University Batna Algeria
| | - Ster Mammeri
- Nuclear Division Techniques Nulcear Research Center of Algiers Algiers Algeria
| | - Amel Dib
- Nuclear Division Techniques Nulcear Research Center of Algiers Algiers Algeria
| | - Hakim Ammi
- Nuclear Division Techniques Nulcear Research Center of Algiers Algiers Algeria
| | - Mandla Msimanga
- Departement of Physics Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa
| | | | | | - Nkosi Mlungisi
- iThemba LABS National Research Foundation Somerset West South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Methodological and Conceptual Progresses in Studies on the Latent Tracks in PADC. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162665. [PMID: 34451202 PMCID: PMC8398540 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified structure along latent tracks and track formation process have been investigated in poly (allyl diglycol carbonate), PADC, which is well recognized as a sensitive etched track detector. This knowledge is essential to develop novel detectors with improved track registration property. The track structures of protons and heavy ions (He, C, Ne, Ar, Fe, Kr and Xe) have been examined by means of FT-IR spectrometry, covering the stopping power region between 1.2 to 12,000 eV/nm. Through a set of experiments on low-LET radiations—such as gamma ray-, multi-step damage process by electron hits was confirmed in the radiation-sensitive parts of the PADC repeat-unit. From this result, we unveiled for the first-time the layered structure in tracks, in relation with the number of secondary electrons. We also proved that the etch pit was formed when at least two repeat-units were destroyed along the track radial direction. To evaluate the number of secondary electrons around the tracks, a series of numerical simulations were performed with Geant4-DNA. Therefore, we are proposing new physical criterions to describe the detection thresholds. Furthermore, we propose a present issue of the definition of detection threshold for semi-relativistic C ions. Additionally, as a possible chemical criterion, formation density of hydroxyl group is suggested to express the response of PADC.
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu Q, Zhao J, Guo J, Wu R, Liu W, Chen Y, Du G, Duan H. Sub-5 nm Lithography with Single GeV Heavy Ions Using Inorganic Resist. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2390-2396. [PMID: 33683892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate a process having the capability to realize single-digit nanometer lithography using single heavy ions. By adopting 2.15 GeV 86Kr26+ ions as the exposure source and hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) as a negative-tone inorganic resist, ultrahigh-aspect-ratio nanofilaments with sub-5 nm feature size, following the trajectory of single heavy ions, were reliably obtained. Control experiments and simulation analysis indicate that the high-resolution capabilities of both HSQ resist and the heavy ions contribute the sub-5 nm fabrication result. Our work on the one hand provides a robust evidence that single heavy ions have the potential for single-digit nanometer lithography and on the other hand proves the capability of inorganic resists for reliable sub-5 nm patterning. Along with the further development of heavy-ion technology, their ultimate patterning resolution is supposed to be more accessible for device prototyping and resist evaluation at the single-digit nanometer scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Grinding, State-Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinlong Guo
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruqun Wu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiqin Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Grinding, State-Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guanghua Du
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huigao Duan
- National Engineering Research Center for High Efficiency Grinding, State-Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Matsuya Y, Kai T, Sato T, Liamsuwan T, Sasaki K, Nikjoo H. Verification of KURBUC-based ion track structure mode for proton and carbon ions in the PHITS code. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66:06NT02. [PMID: 33588391 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abe65e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The particle and heavy ion transport code system (PHITS) is a general-purpose Monte Carlo radiation transport simulation code. It has the ability to handle diverse particle types over a wide range of energy. The latest PHITS development enables the generation of track structure for proton and carbon ions (1H+, 12C6+) based on the algorithms in the KURBUC code, which is considered as one of the most verified track-structure codes worldwide. This ion track-structure mode is referred to as the PHITS-KURBUC mode. In this study, the range, radial dose distributions, and microdosimetric distributions were calculated using the PHITS-KURBUC mode. Subsequently, they were compared with the corresponding data obtained from the original KURBUC and from other studies. These comparative studies confirm the successful inclusion of the KURBUC code in the PHITS code. As results of the synergistic effect between the macroscopic and microscopic radiation transport codes, this implementation enabled the detailed calculation of the microdosimetric and nanodosimetric quantities under complex radiation fields, such as proton beam therapy with the spread-out Bragg peak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuya
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kai
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Sato
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Thiansin Liamsuwan
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Kohei Sasaki
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Maeda 7-15, Teine-ku, Sapporo 006-8585, Japan
| | - Hooshang Nikjoo
- Radiation Biophysics Group, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ferry M, Ngono Y. Energy transfer in polymers submitted to ionizing radiation: A review. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Kusumoto T, Barillon R, Okada S, Yamauchi T, Kodaira S. Improved criterion of the mechanism for forming latent tracks in poly(allyl diglycol carbonate) based on the number of interactions induced by secondary electrons. RADIAT MEAS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2020.106445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
22
|
Donahue WP, Newhauser WD, Li X, Chen F, Dey J. Computational feasibility of simulating changes in blood flow through whole-organ vascular networks from radiation injury. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:055027. [PMID: 33444258 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/abaf5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vasculature is necessary to the healthy function of most tissues. In radiation therapy, injury of the vasculature can have both beneficial and detrimental effects, such as tumor starvation, cardiac fibrosis, and white-matter necrosis. These effects are caused by changes in blood flow due to the vascular injury. Previously, research has focused on simulating the radiation injury of vasculature in small volumes of tissue, ignoring the systemic effects of local damage on blood flow. Little is known about the computational feasibility of simulating the radiation injury to whole-organ vascular networks. The goal of this study was to test the computational feasibility of simulating the dose deposition to a whole-organ vascular network and the resulting change in blood flow. To do this, we developed an amorphous track-structure model to transport radiation and combined this with existing methods to model the vasculature and blood flow rates. We assessed the algorithm's computational scalability, execution time, and memory usage. The data demonstrated it is computationally feasible to calculate the radiation dose and resulting changes in blood flow from 2 million protons to a network comprising 8.5 billion blood vessels (approximately the number in the human brain) in 87 hours using a 128-node cluster. Furthermore, the algorithm demonstrated both strong and weak scalability, meaning that additional computational resources can reduce the execution time further. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that it is computationally feasible to calculate radiation dose deposition in whole-organ vascular networks. These findings provide key insights into the computational aspects of modeling whole-organ radiation damage. Modeling the effects radiation has on vasculature could prove useful in the study of radiation effects on tissues, organs, and organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Donahue
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Latent Tracks in Ion-Irradiated LiTaO3 Crystals: Damage Morphology Characterization and Thermal Spike Analysis. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Systematic research on the response of crystal materials to the deposition of irradiation energy to electrons and atomic nuclei has attracted considerable attention since it is fundamental to understanding the behavior of various materials in natural and manmade radiation environments. This work examines and compares track formation in LiTaO3 induced by separate and combined effects of electronic excitation and nuclear collision. Under 0.71–6.17 MeV/u ion irradiation with electronic energy loss ranging from 6.0 to 13.8 keV/nm, the track damage morphologies evolve from discontinuous to continuous cylindrical zone. Based on the irradiation energy deposited via electronic energy loss, the subsequently induced energy exchange and temperature evolution processes in electron and lattice subsystems are calculated through the inelastic thermal spike model, demonstrating the formation of track damage and relevant thresholds of lattice energy and temperature. Combined with a disorder accumulation model, the damage accumulation in LiTaO3 produced by nuclear energy loss is also experimentally determined. The damage characterizations and inelastic thermal spike calculations further demonstrate that compared to damage-free LiTaO3, nuclear-collision-damaged LiTaO3 presents a more intense thermal spike response to electronic energy loss owing to the decrease in thermal conductivity and increase in electron–phonon coupling, which further enhance track damage.
Collapse
|
24
|
Li X, Sun S, Yao J, Sun Z. Using Relaxation Time to characterize biological effects of different mutagens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13941. [PMID: 32811881 PMCID: PMC7434921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
All kinds of mutagenic factors may cause physiological, biochemical and genetic changes of all organisms. To characterize their characteristic biology effects, the concept of Relaxation Time (RT) was introduced for the first time, and the specific process was as follows. After mutation of organisms, the offsprings will be continuingly cultured (or cultivated) to the next generation (Rx). Once a biological effect began to show no significant difference compared to the untreated controls, the Rx was defined as the RT of the effect. In this paper, three kinds of mutagenic factors were selected to treat the seeds or seedlings of Astragalus sinicus L., subsequently, the corresponding RT was calibrated. The results showed that the RT was diverse not only among different biological effects but also among different mutagenic factors. For the RT of chemical mutagens and gamma rays, most of which are concentrated on R1, whereas the heavy ion beams have significant differences among different tracks. Among biological effects, the SOD activity and superoxide anion free radical content in the Peak region are more prominent, and their RT reaches R3 and R4, respectively. Thus, the RT may characterize the characteristic biological effects from differently mutagenic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinglin Li
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Shuguang Sun
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingxia Yao
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zhengfeng Sun
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ferry M, Dannoux-Papin A, Legand S, Exposito E, Durand D, Ngono-Ravache Y, Esnouf S. Alkaline hydrolysis of radio-oxidized aliphatic polymers. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
26
|
Parisi A, Van Hoey O, Mégret P, Vanhavere F. Microdosimetric specific energy probability distribution in nanometric targets and its correlation with the efficiency of thermoluminescent detectors exposed to charged particles. RADIAT MEAS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
27
|
Mota-Santiago P, Vazquez H, Bierschenk T, Kremer F, Nadzri A, Schauries D, Djurabekova F, Nordlund K, Trautmann C, Mudie S, Ridgway MC, Kluth P. Nanoscale density variations induced by high energy heavy ions in amorphous silicon nitride and silicon dioxide. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:144004. [PMID: 29384134 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaabdb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cylindrical nanoscale density variations resulting from the interaction of 185 MeV and 2.2 GeV Au ions with 1.0 μm thick amorphous SiN x :H and SiO x :H layers are determined using small angle x-ray scattering measurements. The resulting density profiles resembles an under-dense core surrounded by an over-dense shell with a smooth transition between the two regions, consistent with molecular-dynamics simulations. For amorphous SiN x :H, the density variations show a radius of 4.2 nm with a relative density change three times larger than the value determined for amorphous SiO x :H, with a radius of 5.5 nm. Complementary infrared spectroscopy measurements exhibit a damage cross-section comparable to the core dimensions. The morphology of the density variations results from freezing in the local viscous flow arising from the non-uniform temperature profile in the radial direction of the ion path. The concomitant drop in viscosity mediated by the thermal conductivity appears to be the main driving force rather than the presence of a density anomaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mota-Santiago
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mammeri S, Msimanga M, Dib A, Ammi H, Pineda-Vargas C. Sputtering of bismuth thin films under MeV Cu heavy ion irradiation: Experimental data and inelastic thermal spike model interpretation. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Mammeri
- Centre de Recherche Nucléaire d'Alger; B.P. 399, 02 Bd. Frantz Fanon, Alger-gare Algiers Algeria
| | - M. Msimanga
- Department of Physics; Tshwane University of Technology; P. Bag X680 Pretoria 001 South Africa
| | - A. Dib
- Centre de Recherche Nucléaire d'Alger; B.P. 399, 02 Bd. Frantz Fanon, Alger-gare Algiers Algeria
| | - H. Ammi
- Centre de Recherche Nucléaire d'Alger; B.P. 399, 02 Bd. Frantz Fanon, Alger-gare Algiers Algeria
| | - C.A. Pineda-Vargas
- iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation; PO Box 722 Somerset West 7129 South Africa
- Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, CPUT; PO Box 1906 Bellville 7535 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li X, Sun S, Wang S, Li W, Qu Y, Cui W, Sun T, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhou G, Man S, Chen Y, Lu F, Wei Z, Jin G. Three dimensional approach to investigating biological effects along energetic ion beam pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44732. [PMID: 28294181 PMCID: PMC5353595 DOI: 10.1038/srep44732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy ion beams have many exciting applications, including radiotherapy of deep-seated tumors and simulation tests of space irradiation for astronauts. These beams often use a feature that concentrates the energy deposition largely along the end of the energy pathway, leading to different distributions of biological effects along the axial direction. Currently, there is relatively little information regarding the radial directional difference of biological effects along the heavy ion paths. This study utilized a filter membrane that was quantatively applied with cells to demonstrate a 3D distribution model of irradiation on biological effects in living organisms. Some results have indicated that there is excitatory effect on the non-irradiated regions with energetic ions, which may give new insights into the distribution of biological effects along the paths of heavy ion beams with mid-high energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinglin Li
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Bioengineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Shuguang Sun
- Forestry College of Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjin, 210037, China
| | - Shanying Wang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Bioengineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Weidong Cui
- Hefei Jiushi Garden Construction Company, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Tianren Sun
- Forestry College, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- Department of Radiological Medicine and Protection, School of Medicine, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shuli Man
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Bioengineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Tianjin Academy of Education, Enrollment and Examination, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, China.,College of Bioengineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zengquan Wei
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Genming Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dufour C, Khomrenkov V, Wang YY, Wang ZG, Aumayr F, Toulemonde M. An attempt to apply the inelastic thermal spike model to surface modifications of CaF 2 induced by highly charged ions: comparison to swift heavy ions effects and extension to some others material. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:095001. [PMID: 28129201 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface damage appears on materials irradiated by highly charged ions (HCI). Since a direct link has been found between surface damage created by HCI with the one created by swift heavy ions (SHI), the inelastic thermal spike model (i-TS model) developed to explain track creation resulting from the electron excitation induced by SHI can also be applied to describe the response of materials under HCI which transfers its potential energy to electrons of the target. An experimental description of the appearance of the hillock-like nanoscale protrusions induced by SHI at the surface of CaF2 is presented in comparison with track formation in bulk which shows that the only parameter on which we can be confident is the electronic energy loss threshold. Track size and electronic energy loss threshold resulting from SHI irradiation of CaF2 is described by the i-TS model in a 2D geometry. Based on this description the i-TS model is extended to three dimensions to describe the potential threshold of appearance of protrusions by HCI in CaF2 and to other crystalline materials (LiF, crystalline SiO2, mica, LiNbO3, SrTiO3, ZnO, TiO2, HOPG). The strength of the electron-phonon coupling and the depth in which the potential energy is deposited near the surface combined with the energy necessary to melt the material defines the classification of the material sensitivity. As done for SHI, the band gap of the material may play an important role in the determination of the depth in which the potential energy is deposited. Moreover larger is the initial potential energy and larger is the depth in which it is deposited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Dufour
- CIMAP (CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN-Université de Caen Basse Normandie), BP5133, 14070 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Parisi A, Van Hoey O, Mégret P, Vanhavere F. The influence of the dose assessment method on the LET dependence of the relative luminescence efficiency of LiF:Mg,Ti and LiF:Mg,Cu,P. RADIAT MEAS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
32
|
Gruber E, Salou P, Bergen L, El Kharrazi M, Lattouf E, Grygiel C, Wang Y, Benyagoub A, Levavasseur D, Rangama J, Lebius H, Ban-d'Etat B, Schleberger M, Aumayr F. Swift heavy ion irradiation of CaF2 - from grooves to hillocks in a single ion track. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:405001. [PMID: 27518588 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/40/405001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel form of ion-tracks, namely nanogrooves and hillocks, are observed on CaF2 after irradiation with xenon and lead ions of about 100 MeV kinetic energy. The irradiation is performed under grazing incidence (0.3°-3°) which forces the track to a region in close vicinity to the surface. Atomic force microscopy imaging of the impact sites with high spatial resolution reveals that the surface track consists in fact of three distinct parts: each swift heavy ion impacting on the CaF2 surface first opens a several 100 nm long groove bordered by a series of nanohillocks on both sides. The end of the groove is marked by a huge single hillock and the further penetration of the swift projectile into deeper layers of the target is accompanied by a single protrusion of several 100 nm in length slowly fading until the track vanishes. By comparing experimental data for various impact angles with results of a simulation, based on a three-dimensional version of the two-temperature-model (TTM), we are able to link the crater and hillock formation to sublimation and melting processes of CaF2 due to the local energy deposition by swift heavy ions.
Collapse
|
33
|
Kusumoto T, Mori Y, Kanasaki M, Ikenaga R, Oda K, Kodaira S, Kitamura H, Barillon R, Yamauchi T. Radiation chemical yields for the losses of typical functional groups in PADC films for high energy protons registered as unetchable tracks. RADIAT MEAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
34
|
A first attempt to simulate oxidization effects on latent track structure in PADC combining the radial dose theory and a radio-oxidation kinetic model. RADIAT MEAS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
35
|
Zarkadoula E, Pakarinen OH, Xue H, Zhang Y, Weber WJ. Predictive modeling of synergistic effects in nanoscale ion track formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:22538-42. [PMID: 26267679 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02382c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics techniques in combination with the inelastic thermal spike model are used to study the coupled effects of the inelastic energy loss due to 21 MeV Ni ion irradiation with pre-existing defects in SrTiO3. We determine the dependence on pre-existing defect concentration of nanoscale track formation occurring from the synergy between the inelastic energy loss and the pre-existing atomic defects. We show that the size of nanoscale ion tracks can be controlled by the concentration of pre-existing disorder. This work identifies a major gap in fundamental understanding on the role of defects in electronic energy dissipation and electron-lattice coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zarkadoula
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Litvinchuk AV, Vachelová J, Michaelidesová A, Wagner R, Davídková M. Dose-dependent micronuclei formation in normal human fibroblasts exposed to proton radiation. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2015; 54:327-334. [PMID: 25972267 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-015-0598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Micronuclei are small extranuclear bodies resulting from chromosome fragments or the whole chromosomes secluded from daughter nuclei during mitosis. The number of radiation-induced micronuclei reflects the level of chromosomal damage and relates to an absorbed dose and quality of incident ionizing radiation. The aim of the present study was to determine the micronucleus formation as a specific biological marker for acute radiation-induced DNA damage in normal human fibroblasts exposed to 30-MeV protons and Co-60 gamma radiation. We found a linear increase in binuclear cells containing micronuclei for absorbed doses from 1 to 5 Gy for both radiation modalities. However, the total number of micronuclei in binuclear cells follows a linear-quadratic dose dependence. In case of human exposure to mixed radiation fields or high LET radiation, the proportion of binuclear cells containing micronuclei from all binuclear cells can thus serve as a good biomarker of radiation-induced DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Litvinchuk
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute CAS, Na Truhlářce 39/64, 180 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Investigation of radial dose effect on single event upset cross-section due to heavy ions using GEANT4. RADIAT MEAS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
38
|
Mota–Santiago P, Schauries D, Nadzri A, Vora K, Ridgway MC, Kluth P. Characterization of ion track morphology formed by swift heavy ion irradiation in silicon oxynitride films. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20159100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
39
|
Ngono-Ravache Y, Damaj Z, Dannoux-Papin A, Ferry M, Esnouf S, Cochin F, De Combarieu G, Balanzat E. Effect of swift heavy ions on an EPDM elastomer in the presence of oxygen: LET effect on the radiation-induced chemical ageing. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
40
|
Radial distribution of dose within heavy charged particle tracks – Models and experimental verification using LiF:Mg,Cu,P TL detectors. RADIAT MEAS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
41
|
Pisarev VV, Starikov SV. Atomistic simulation of ion track formation in UO2. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:475401. [PMID: 25339312 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/47/475401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The atomistic simulation of track formation due to the moving of swift heavy ion is performed for uranium dioxide. The two-temperature atomistic model with an explicit account of electron pressure and electron thermal conductivity is used. This two-temperature model describes a ionic subsystem by means of molecular dynamics while the electron subsystem is considered in the continuum approach. The various mechanisms of track formation are examined. It is shown that the mechanism of surface track formation differs from the mechanism of track formation in the bulk. The threshold values of the stopping power for track formation are estimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V V Pisarev
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya st. 13 Bd.2, Moscow 125412, Russia. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudnyy, Moskovskaya oblast, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Energy deposition by heavy ions: additivity of kinetic and potential energy contributions in hillock formation on CaF2. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5742. [PMID: 25034006 PMCID: PMC4102904 DOI: 10.1038/srep05742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of surface and bulk properties of solids by irradiation with ion beams is a widely used technique with many applications in material science. In this study, we show that nano-hillocks on CaF2 crystal surfaces can be formed by individual impact of medium energy (3 and 5 MeV) highly charged ions (Xe(22+) to Xe(30+)) as well as swift (kinetic energies between 12 and 58 MeV) heavy xenon ions. For very slow highly charged ions the appearance of hillocks is known to be linked to a threshold in potential energy (Ep) while for swift heavy ions a minimum electronic energy loss per unit length (Se) is necessary. With our results we bridge the gap between these two extreme cases and demonstrate, that with increasing energy deposition via Se the Ep-threshold for hillock production can be lowered substantially. Surprisingly, both mechanisms of energy deposition in the target surface seem to contribute in an additive way, which can be visualized in a phase diagram. We show that the inelastic thermal spike model, originally developed to describe such material modifications for swift heavy ions, can be extended to the case where both kinetic and potential energies are deposited into the surface.
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang H, Vassiliev ON. Radial dose distributions from protons of therapeutic energies calculated with Geant4-DNA. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:3657-68. [PMID: 24925886 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/14/3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Models based on the amorphous track structure approximation have been successful in predicting the biological effects of heavy charged particles. Development of such models remains an active area of research that includes applications to hadrontherapy. In such models, the radial distribution of the dose deposited by delta electrons and directly by the particle is the main characteristic of track structure. We calculated these distributions with Geant4-DNA Monte Carlo code for protons in the energy range from 10 to 100 MeV. These results were approximated by a simple formula that combines the well-known inverse square distance dependence with two factors that eliminate the divergence of the radial dose integral at both small and large distances. A clear physical interpretation is given to the asymptotic behaviour of the radial dose distribution resulting from these two factors. The proposed formula agrees with the Monte Carlo data within 10% for radial distances of up to 10 μm, which corresponds to a dose range covering over eight orders of magnitude. Differences between our results and those of previously published analytical models are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Functionalization of nanochannels by radio-induced grafting polymerization on PET track-etched membranes. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
45
|
Vilenskii AI, Sabbatovskii KG, Sobolev VD, Mchedlishvili BV. Electrophysical properties of latent tracks of heavy ions in polymers. COLLOID JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x13060185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
46
|
Wang J, Lang M, Ewing RC, Becker U. Multi-scale simulation of structural heterogeneity of swift-heavy ion tracks in complex oxides. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:135001. [PMID: 23455695 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/13/135001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tracks formed by swift-heavy ion irradiation, 2.2 GeV Au, of isometric Gd2Ti2O7 pyrochlore and orthorhombic Gd2TiO5 were modeled using the thermal-spike model combined with a molecular-dynamics simulation. The thermal-spike model was used to calculate the energy dissipation over time and space. Using the time, space, and energy profile generated from the thermal-spike model, the molecular-dynamics simulations were performed to model the atomic-scale evolution of the tracks. The advantage of the combination of these two methods, which uses the output from the continuum model as an input for the atomistic model, is that it provides a means of simulating the coupling of the electronic and atomic subsystems and provides simultaneously atomic-scale detail of the track structure and morphology. The simulated internal structure of the track consists of an amorphous core and a shell of disordered, but still periodic, domains. For Gd2Ti2O7, the shell region has a disordered pyrochlore with a defect fluorite structure and is relatively thick and heterogeneous with different degrees of disordering. For Gd2TiO5, the disordered region is relatively small as compared with Gd2Ti2O7. In the simulation, 'facets', which are surfaces with definite crystallographic orientations, are apparent around the amorphous core and more evident in Gd2TiO5 along [010] than [001], suggesting an orientational dependence of the radiation response. These results show that track formation is controlled by the coupling of several complex processes, involving different degrees of amorphization, disordering, and dynamic annealing. Each of the processes depends on the mass and energy of the energetic ion, the properties of the material, and its crystallographic orientation with respect to the incident ion beam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Wang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1005, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Evaluation of the relative thermoluminescence efficiency of LiF:Mg,Ti and LiF:Mg,Cu,P TL detectors to low-energy heavy ions. RADIAT MEAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
48
|
Chemical cross sections induced by ions in solid organic detectors: Experimentation and simulation. RADIAT MEAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
49
|
Afra B, Rodriguez MD, Trautmann C, Pakarinen OH, Djurabekova F, Nordlund K, Bierschenk T, Giulian R, Ridgway MC, Rizza G, Kirby N, Toulemonde M, Kluth P. SAXS investigations of the morphology of swift heavy ion tracks in α-quartz. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:045006. [PMID: 23238277 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/4/045006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of swift heavy ion tracks in crystalline α-quartz was investigated using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and transmission electron microscopy. Tracks were generated by irradiation with heavy ions with energies between 27 MeV and 2.2 GeV. The analysis of the SAXS data indicates a density change of the tracks of ~2 ± 1% compared to the surrounding quartz matrix for all irradiation conditions. The track radii only show a weak dependence on the electronic energy loss at values above 17 keV nm(-1), in contrast to values previously reported from Rutherford backscattering spectrometry measurements and expectations from the inelastic thermal spike model. The MD simulations are in good agreement at low energy losses, yet predict larger radii than SAXS at high ion energies. The observed discrepancies are discussed with respect to the formation of a defective halo around an amorphous track core, the existence of high stresses and/or the possible presence of a boiling phase in quartz predicted by the inelastic thermal spike model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Afra
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang T, Li F, Liu Q, Bian P, Wang J, Wu Y, Wu L, Li W. Homologous recombination in Arabidopsis seeds along the track of energetic carbon ions. Mutat Res 2012; 737:51-57. [PMID: 22683605 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Heavy ion irradiation has been used as radiotherapy of deep-seated tumors, and is also an inevitable health concern for astronauts in space mission. Unlike photons such as X-rays and γ-rays, a high linear energy transfer (LET) heavy ion has a varying energy distribution along its track. Therefore, it is important to determine the correlation of biological effects with the Bragg curve energy distribution of heavy ions. In this study, a continuous biological tissue equivalent was constructed using a layered cylinder of Arabidopsis seeds, which was irradiated with carbon ions of 87.5MeV/nucleon. The position of energy loss peak in the seed pool was determined with CR-39 track detectors. The mutagenic effect in vivo along the path of carbon ions was investigated with the seeds in each layer as an assay unit, which corresponded to a given position in physical Bragg curve. Homologous recombination frequency (HRF), expression level of AtRAD54 gene, germination rate of seeds, and survival rate of young seedlings were used as checking endpoints, respectively. Our results showed that Arabidopsis S0 and S1 plants exhibited significant increases in HRF compared to their controls, and the expression level of AtRAD54 gene in S0 plants was significantly up-regulated. The depth-biological effect curves for HRF and the expression of AtRAD54 gene were not consistent with the physical Bragg curve. Differently, the depth-biological effect curves for the developmental endpoints matched generally with the physical Bragg curve. The results suggested a different response pattern of various types of biological events to heavy ion irradiation. It is also interesting that except for HRF in S0 plants, the depth-biological effect curves for each biological endpoint were similar for 5Gy and 30Gy of carbon irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|