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Kumar M, Has C, Lam-Kamath K, Ayciriex S, Dewett D, Bashir M, Poupault C, Schuhmann K, Thomas H, Knittelfelder O, Raghuraman BK, Ahrends R, Rister J, Shevchenko A. Eye proteome of Drosophila melanogaster. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300330. [PMID: 37963819 PMCID: PMC11258641 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a popular model organism to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the structure and function of the eye as well as the causes of retinopathies, aging, light-induced damage, or dietary deficiencies. Large-scale screens have isolated genes whose mutation causes morphological and functional ocular defects, which led to the discovery of key components of the phototransduction cascade. However, the proteome of the Drosophila eye is poorly characterized. Here, we used GeLC-MS/MS to quantify 3516 proteins, including the absolute (molar) quantities of 43 proteins in the eye of adult male Drosophila reared on standard laboratory food. This work provides a generic and expandable resource for further genetic, pharmacological, and dietary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Canan Has
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Khanh Lam-Kamath
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Integrated Sciences Complex, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Sophie Ayciriex
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Deepshe Dewett
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Integrated Sciences Complex, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Mhamed Bashir
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Integrated Sciences Complex, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Clara Poupault
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Integrated Sciences Complex, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Kai Schuhmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Thomas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oskar Knittelfelder
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bharath Kumar Raghuraman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Ahrends
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Rister
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Integrated Sciences Complex, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Imran MAS, Carrera M, Pérez-Polo S, Pérez J, Barros L, Dios S, Gestal C. Insights into Common Octopus (Octopus vulgaris) Ink Proteome and Bioactive Peptides Using Proteomic Approaches. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040206. [PMID: 37103345 PMCID: PMC10142993 DOI: 10.3390/md21040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) is nowadays the most demanded cephalopod species for human consumption. This species was also postulated for aquaculture diversification to supply its increasing demand in the market worldwide, which only relies on continuously declining field captures. In addition, they serve as model species for biomedical and behavioral studies. Body parts of marine species are usually removed before reaching the final consumer as by-products in order to improve preservation, reduce shipping weight, and increase product quality. These by-products have recently attracted increasing attention due to the discovery of several relevant bioactive compounds. Particularly, the common octopus ink has been described as having antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, among others. In this study, the advanced proteomics discipline was applied to generate a common octopus reference proteome to screen potential bioactive peptides from fishing discards and by-products such as ink. A shotgun proteomics approach by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using an Orbitrap Elite instrument was used to create a reference dataset from octopus ink. A total of 1432 different peptides belonging to 361 non-redundant annotated proteins were identified. The final proteome compilation was investigated by integrated in silico studies, including gene ontology (GO) term enrichment, pathways, and network studies. Different immune functioning proteins involved in the innate immune system, such as ferritin, catalase, proteasome, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, calreticulin, disulfide isomerase, heat shock protein, etc., were found in ink protein networks. Additionally, the potential of bioactive peptides from octopus ink was addressed. These bioactive peptides can exert beneficial health properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antitumoral properties and are therefore considered lead compounds for developing pharmacological, functional foods or nutraceuticals.
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Kumar M, Has C, Lam-Kamath K, Ayciriex S, Dewett D, Bashir M, Poupault C, Schuhmann K, Knittelfelder O, Raghuraman BK, Ahrends R, Rister J, Shevchenko A. Eye proteome of Drosophila melanogaster. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.04.531088. [PMID: 36945598 PMCID: PMC10028839 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.04.531088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster eye is a popular model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the structure and function of the eye as well as the causes of retinopathies. For instance, the Drosophila eye has been used to investigate the impacts of ageing and environmental stresses such as light-induced damage or dietary deficiencies. Moreover, large-scale screens have isolated genes whose mutation causes morphological and functional ocular defects, which includes key components of the phototransduction cascade. However, the proteome of the Drosophila eye is poorly characterized. Here, we used GeLC-MS/MS to quantify 3516 proteins he adult Drosophila melanogaster eye and provide a generic and expandable resource for further genetic, pharmacological, and dietary studies.
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4
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Charlton-Perkins MA, Friedrich M, Cook TA. Semper's cells in the insect compound eye: Insights into ocular form and function. Dev Biol 2021; 479:126-138. [PMID: 34343526 PMCID: PMC8410683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The arthropod compound eye represents one of two major eye types in the animal kingdom and has served as an essential experimental paradigm for defining fundamental mechanisms underlying sensory organ formation, function, and maintenance. One of the most distinguishing features of the compound eye is the highly regular array of lens facets that define individual eye (ommatidial) units. These lens facets are produced by a deeply conserved quartet of cuticle-secreting cells, called Semper cells (SCs). Also widely known as cone cells, SCs were originally identified for their secretion of the dioptric system, i.e. the corneal lens and underlying crystalline cones. Additionally, SCs are now known to execute a diversity of patterning and glial functions in compound eye development and maintenance. Here, we present an integrated account of our current knowledge of SC multifunctionality in the Drosophila compound eye, highlighting emerging gene regulatory modules that may drive the diverse roles for these cells. Drawing comparisons with other deeply conserved retinal glia in the vertebrate single lens eye, this discussion speaks to glial cell origins and opens new avenues for understanding sensory system support programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Charlton-Perkins
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Ophthalmological, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Tiffany A Cook
- Department of Ophthalmological, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Center of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Chen SP, Liu ZX, Chen YT, Wang Y, Chen JZ, Fu S, Ma WF, Xia S, Liu D, Wu T, Yang G. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of LW-opsin reduces the efficiency of phototaxis in the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3519-3528. [PMID: 33837633 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opsins are crucial for animal vision. The identity and function of opsins in Plutella xylostella remain unknown. The aim of the research is to confirm which opsin gene(s) contribute to phototaxis of P. xylostella. RESULTS LW-opsin, BL-opsin and UV-opsin, were identified in the P. xylostella genome. LW-opsin was more highly expressed than the other two opsin genes, and all three genes were specifically expressed in the head. Three P. xylostella strains, LW-13 with a 13-bp deletion in LW-opsin, BL + 2 with a 2-bp insertion in BL-opsin, and UV-29 with a 5-bp insertion and a 34-bp deletion in UV-opsin, were established from the strain G88 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Among the three opsin-knockout strains, only male and female LW-13 exhibited weaker phototaxis to lights of different wavelengths and white light than G88 at 2.5 lx due to defective locomotion, and LW-13 was defective to sense white, green and infrared lights. The locomotion of LW-13 was reduced compared with G88 at 2.5, 10, 20, 60, 80, 100, and 200 lx under the green light, but the locomotion of LW-13 female was recovered at 80, 100 and 200 lx. The defective phototaxis to the green light of male LW-13 was not affected by light intensity, while the defective phototaxis to the green light of female LW-13 was recovered at 10, 20, 60, 80, 100, and 200 lx. CONCLUSION LW-opsin is involved in light sensing and locomotion of P. xylostella, providing a potential target gene for controlling the pest. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Feng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
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6
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Mishra M, Knust E. Analysis of the Drosophila Compound Eye with Light and Electron Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1834:345-364. [PMID: 30324454 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8669-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila compound eye is composed of about 750 units, called ommatidia, which are arranged in a highly regular pattern. Eye development proceeds in a stereotypical fashion, where epithelial cells of the eye imaginal discs are specified, recruited, and differentiated in a sequential order that leads to the highly precise structure of an adult eye. Even small perturbations, for example in signaling pathways that control proliferation, cell death, or differentiation, can impair the regular structure of the eye, which can be easily detected and analyzed. In addition, the Drosophila eye has proven to be an ideal model for studying the genetic control of neurodegeneration, since the eye is not essential for viability. Several human neurodegeneration diseases have been modeled in the fly, leading to a better understanding of the function/misfunction of the respective gene. In many cases, the genes involved and their functions are conserved between flies and human. More strikingly, when ectopically expressed in the fly eye some human genes, even those without a Drosophila counterpart, can induce neurodegeneration, detectable by aberrant phototaxis, impaired electrophysiology, or defects in eye morphology and retinal histology. These defects are often rather subtle alteration in shape, size, or arrangement of the cells, and can be easily scored at the ultrastructural level. This chapter aims to provide an overview regarding the analysis of the retina by light and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Mishra
- National Institute of Technology Rourkela (NITR), Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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7
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Stowasser A, Owens M, Buschbeck EK. Giving invertebrates an eye exam: an ophthalmoscope that utilizes the autofluorescence of photoreceptors. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:4095-4100. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
One of the most important functional features of eyes is focusing light, as both nearsightedness and farsightedness have major functional implications. Accordingly, refractive errors are frequently assessed in vertebrates, but not in the very small invertebrate eyes. We describe a micro-ophthalmoscope that takes advantage of autofluorescent properties of invertebrate photoreceptors and test the device on the relatively well-understood eyes of jumping spiders and flies. In each case, our measurements confirmed previous findings with a greater degree of accuracy. For example, we could precisely resolve the layering of the anterior median eyes and could map out the extensive retina of the anterior lateral eyes of the spider. Measurements also confirmed that fly ommatidia are focused into infinity, but showed that their focal plane is situated slightly below the receptor surface. In contrast to other approaches, this device does not rely on reflective tapeta and allows for precise optical assessment of diverse invertebrate eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Stowasser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Madeline Owens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Elke K. Buschbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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8
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Stecher N, Stowasser A, Stahl A, Buschbeck EK. Embryonic development of the larval eyes of the Sunburst Diving Beetle, Thermonectus marmoratus (Insecta: Dytiscidae): a morphological study. Evol Dev 2016; 18:216-28. [PMID: 27402568 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stemmata, the larval eyes of holometabolous insects are extremely diverse, ranging from full compound eyes, to a few ommatidial units as are typical in compound eyes, to sophisticated and functionally specialized image-forming camera-type eyes. Stemmata evolved from a compound eye ommatidial ancestor, an eye type that is morphologically well conserved in regards to cellular composition, and well studied in regards to development. However, despite this evolutionary origin it remains largely unknown how stemmata develop. In addition, it is completely unclear how development is altered to give rise to some of the functionally most complex stemmata, such as those of the sunburst diving beetle, Thermonectus marmoratus. In this study, we used histological methods to investigate the embryonic development of the functionally complex principal stemmata Eye 1 and Eye 2 of the larval visual system of T. marmoratus. To gain insights into how cellular components of their sophisticated camera-type eyes might have evolved from the cellular components of ommatidial ancestors, we contrast our findings against known features of ommatidia development, which are particularly well understood in Drosophila. We find many similarities, such as the early presence of a pseudostratified epithelium, and the order in which specific cell types are recruited. However, in Thermonectus each cell type is represented by a large number of cells from early on and major tissue re-orientation occurs as eye development progresses. This study provides insights into the timing of morphological features and represents the basis for future molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Stecher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.,Department of Sciences, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Annette Stowasser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Aaron Stahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Elke K Buschbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
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Gurudev N, Florek M, Corbeil D, Knust E. Prominent role of prominin in the retina. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 777:55-71. [PMID: 23161075 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5894-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Prominin molecules represent a new family of pentaspan membrane glycoproteins expressed throughout the animal kingdom. The name originates from its localization on membrane protrusion, such as microvilli, filopodia, lamellipodia, and microspikes. Following the original description in mouse and human, representative prominin members were found in fish (e.g., Danio rerio), amphibian (Ambystoma mexicanum, Xenopus laevis), worm (Caenorhabditis elegans), and flies (Drosophila melanogaster). Mammalian prominin-1 was identified as a marker of somatic and cancer stem cells and plays an essential role in the visual system, which contributed to increased interest of the medical field in this molecule. Here we summarize recent data from various fields, including Drosophila, which will aid to our understanding of its still elusive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagananda Gurudev
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Fatty acid transport proteins in disease: New insights from invertebrate models. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 60:30-40. [PMID: 26416577 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of lipid metabolism has been implicated in various diseases, including diabetes, cardiopathies, dermopathies, retinal and neurodegenerative diseases. Mouse models have provided insights into lipid metabolism. However, progress in the understanding of these pathologies is hampered by the multiplicity of essential cellular processes and genes that modulate lipid metabolism. Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans have emerged as simple genetic models to improve our understanding of these metabolic diseases. Recent studies have characterized fatty acid transport protein (fatp) mutants in Drosophila and C. elegans, establishing new models of cardiomyopathy, retinal degeneration, fat storage disease and dermopathies. These models have generated novel insights into the physiological role of the Fatp protein family in vivo in multicellular organisms, and are likely to contribute substantially to progress in understanding the etiology of various metabolic disorders. Here, we describe and discuss the mechanisms underlying invertebrate fatp mutant models in the light of the current knowledge relating to FATPs and lipid disorders in vertebrates.
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11
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Zhang SX, Sanders E, Fliesler SJ, Wang JJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein responses in retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:30-40. [PMID: 24792589 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary intracellular organelle responsible for protein and lipid biosynthesis, protein folding and trafficking, calcium homeostasis, and several other vital processes in cell physiology. Disturbance in ER function results in ER stress and subsequent activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR up-regulates ER chaperones, reduces protein translation, and promotes clearance of cytotoxic misfolded proteins to restore ER homeostasis. If this vital process fails, the cell will be signaled to enter apoptosis, resulting in cell death. Sustained ER stress also can trigger an inflammatory response and exacerbate oxidative stress, both of which contribute synergistically to tissue damage. Studies performed over the past decade have implicated ER stress in a broad range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, and vascular disorders. Several of these diseases also entail retinal dysfunction and degeneration caused by injury to retinal neurons and/or to the blood vessels that supply retinal cells with nutrients, trophic and homeostatic factors, oxygen, and other essential molecules, as well as serving as a conduit for removal of waste products and potentially toxic substances from the retina. Collectively, such injuries represent the leading cause of blindness world-wide in all age groups. Herein, we summarize recent progress on the study of ER stress and UPR signaling in retinal biology and discuss the molecular mechanisms and the potential clinical applications of targeting ER stress as a new therapeutic approach to prevent and treat neuronal degeneration in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah X Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Emily Sanders
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Steven J Fliesler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA; Research Service, Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joshua J Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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12
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Abstract
The Drosophila compound eye is a regular structure, in which about 750 units, called ommatidia, are arranged in a highly regular pattern. Eye development proceeds in a stereotypical fashion, where epithelial cells of the eye imaginal discs are specified, recruited, and differentiated in a sequential order that leads to the highly precise structure of an adult eye. Even small perturbations, for example in signaling pathways that control proliferation, cell death, or differentiation, can impair the regular structure of the eye, which can be easily detected and analyzed. In addition, the Drosophila eye has proven to be an ideal model for studying the genetic control of neurodegeneration, since the eye is not essential for viability. Several human neurodegeneration diseases have been modeled in the fly, leading to a better understanding of the function/misfunction of the respective gene. In many cases, the genes involved and their function are conserved between flies and human. More strikingly, when ectopically expressed in the fly eye some human genes without a Drosophila counterpart can induce neurodegeneration, detectable by aberrant phototaxis, impaired electrophysiology, or defects in eye morphology. These defects are often rather subtle alteration in shape, size, or arrangement of the cells, and can be easily scored at the ultrastructural level. This chapter aims to provide an overview regarding the analysis of the retina by various means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Mishra
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Sansone CL, Blumenthal EM. Developmental expression of drop-dead is required for early adult survival and normal body mass in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:690-8. [PMID: 22728457 PMCID: PMC3416960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, mutations in the gene drop-dead (drd) result in early adult lethality, with flies dying within 2 weeks of eclosion. Additional phenotypes include neurodegeneration, tracheal defects, starvation, reduced body mass, and female sterility. The cause of early lethality and the function of the drd protein remain unknown. In the current study, the temporal profiles of drd expression required for adult survival and body mass regulation were investigated. Knockdown of drd expression by UAS-RNAi transgenes and rescue of drd expression on a drd mutant background by a UAS-drd transgene were controlled with the Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70)-Gal4 driver. Flies were heat-shocked at different stages of their lifecycle, and the survival and body mass of the resulting adult flies were assayed. Surprisingly, the adult lethal phenotype did not depend upon drd expression in the adult. Rather, expression of drd during the second half of metamorphosis was both necessary and sufficient to prevent rapid adult mortality. In contrast, the attainment of normal adult body mass required a different temporal pattern of drd expression. In this case, manipulation of drd expression solely during larval development or metamorphosis had no effect on body mass, while knockdown or rescue of drd expression during all of pre-adult (embryonic, larval, and pupal) development did significantly alter body mass. Together, these results indicate that the adult-lethal gene drd is required only during development. Furthermore, the mutant phenotypes of body mass and lifespan are separable phenotypes arising from an absence of drd expression at different developmental stages.
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Terrell D, Xie B, Workman M, Mahato S, Zelhof A, Gebelein B, Cook T. OTX2 and CRX rescue overlapping and photoreceptor-specific functions in the Drosophila eye. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:215-28. [PMID: 22113834 PMCID: PMC3444242 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otd-related transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved to control anterior patterning and neurogenesis. In humans, two such factors, OTX2 and CRX, are expressed in all photoreceptors from early specification through adulthood and associate with several photoreceptor-specific retinopathies. It is not well understood how these factors function independently vs. redundantly, or how specific mutations lead to different disease outcomes. It is also unclear how OTX1 and OTX2 functionally overlap during other aspects of neurogenesis and ocular development. Drosophila encodes a single Otd factor that has multiple functions during eye development. Using the Drosophila eye as a model, we tested the ability of the human OTX1, OTX2, and CRX genes, as well as several disease-associated CRX alleles, to rescue the different functions of Otd. RESULTS Our results indicate the following: OTX2 and CRX display overlapping, yet distinct subfunctions of Otd during photoreceptor differentiation; CRX disease alleles can be functionally distinguished based on their rescue properties; and all three factors are able to rescue rhabdomeric photoreceptor morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have important implications for understanding how Otx proteins have subfunctionalized during evolution, and cement Drosophila as an effective tool to unravel the molecular bases of photoreceptor pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Terrell
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
- Physician Scientists Training Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
| | - Baotong Xie
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH
| | - Michael Workman
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH
| | - Simpla Mahato
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Andrew Zelhof
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Brian Gebelein
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH
| | - Tiffany Cook
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH
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