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Russo E, Di Lelio I, Shi M, Becchimanzi A, Pennacchio F. Aphidius ervi venom regulates Buchnera contribution to host nutritional suitability. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 147:104506. [PMID: 37011858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The association between the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), and the endophagous parasitoid wasp Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) offers a unique model system for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex interactions between the parasitoid, its host and the associated primary symbiont. Here, we investigate in vivo the functional role of the most abundant component of A. ervi venom, Ae-γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (Ae-γ-GT), which is known to induce host castration. Microinjections of double-stranded RNA into A. ervi pupae stably knocked down Ae-γ-GT1 and Ae-γ-GT2 paralogue genes in newly emerged females. These females were used to score the phenotypic changes both in parasitized hosts and in the parasitoid's progeny, as affected by a venom blend lacking Ae-γ-GT. Ae-γ-GT gene silencing enhanced growth both of host and parasitoid, supported by a higher load of the primary bacterial symbiont Buchnera aphidicola. Emerging adults showed a reduced survival and fecundity, suggesting a trade-off with body size. This demonstrates in vivo the primary role of Ae-γ-GT in host ovary degeneration and suggests that this protein counterbalances the proliferation of Buchnera likely triggered by other venom components. Our study provides a new approach to unravelling the complexity of aphid parasitoid venom in vivo, and sheds light on a novel role for Ae-γ-GT in host regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Russo
- University of Naples "Federico II" - Department of Agricultural Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- University of Naples "Federico II" - Department of Agricultural Sciences, Naples, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Min Shi
- Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Andrea Becchimanzi
- University of Naples "Federico II" - Department of Agricultural Sciences, Naples, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- University of Naples "Federico II" - Department of Agricultural Sciences, Naples, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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2
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Parra LM, Carvalho JRD, Hoback WW, Oliveira RCD. Optimizing Mass Rearing of the Egg Parasitoid, Telenomus podisi, for Control of the Brown Stink Bug, Euschistus heros. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050435. [PMID: 37233063 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The parasitoid Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 is used in biological control programs in Brazil against eggs of Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1798), a key pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. To optimize the mass production of parasitoids, artificial diets and storage of host eggs at low temperatures have been developed; however, direct comparisons of the effects of these conditions have not occurred. We assessed a double factorial arrangement composed of six treatments (fresh or cryopreserved E. heros eggs from adults fed on natural or two artificial diets). We evaluated the biological characteristics and parasitism capacity of T. podisi produced from these treatments across seven temperatures. The thermal range between 21 and 30 °C resulted in satisfactory daily parasitism in all treatments tested, with an inverse relationship between temperature and female survival. The best parasitoid biological parameters were found between 21 and 27 °C, where all tested diets supported T. podisi development, with the best results from artificial diets. Fresh eggs and those frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -196 °C until use supported parasitoid development. These results suggest that the best method to mass rear T. podisi is to use artificial diets to rear E. heros and store eggs until needed, and then rear parasitoids at 24 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Martins Parra
- Crop Protection Department, School of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCA/UNESP), Botucatu 18610034, SP, Brazil
| | - José Romário de Carvalho
- Department of Natural Sciences, State Secretary of Education of Espírito Santo, Guaçui 29560000, ES, Brazil
| | - William Wyatt Hoback
- Noble Research Center, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Regiane Cristina de Oliveira
- Crop Protection Department, School of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCA/UNESP), Botucatu 18610034, SP, Brazil
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3
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Stochastic control of ecological networks. J Math Biol 2022; 85:7. [PMID: 35809135 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper models the maintenance of ecological networks in forest environments, built from bioreserves, patches and corridors, when these grids are subject to random processes such as extreme natural events. It also outlines a management plan to support the optimized results. After presenting the random graph-theoretic framework, we apply the stochastic optimal control to the graph dynamics. Our results show that the preservation of the network architecture cannot be achieved, under stochastic control, over the entire duration. It can only be accomplished, at the cost of sacrificing the links between the patches, by increasing the usage of the control devices. This would have a negative effect on the species migration by causing congestion among the channels left at their disposal. The optimal scenario, in which the shadow price is at its lowest and all connections are well-preserved, occurs at half of the course, be it the only optimal stopping moment found on the stochastic optimal trajectories. In such a scenario, the optimal forestry management policy has to integrate agility, integrated response, and quicker response time.
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Henriksen MV, Latombe G, Chapple DG, Chown SL, McGeoch MA. A multi-site method to capture turnover in rare to common interactions in bipartite species networks. J Anim Ecol 2021; 91:404-416. [PMID: 34800042 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ecological network structure is maintained by a generalist core of common species. However, rare species contribute substantially to both the species and functional diversity of networks. Capturing changes in species composition and interactions, measured as turnover, is central to understanding the contribution of rare and common species and their interactions. Due to a large contribution of rare interactions, the pairwise metrics used to quantify interaction turnover are, however, sensitive to compositional change in the interactions of, often rare, peripheral specialists rather than common generalists in the network. Here we expand on pairwise interaction turnover using a multi-site metric that enables quantifying turnover in rare to common interactions (in terms of occurrence of interactions). The metric further separates this turnover into interaction turnover due to species turnover and interaction rewiring. We demonstrate the application and value of this method using a host-parasitoid system sampled along gradients of environmental modification. In the study system, both the type and amount of habitat needed to maintain interaction composition depended on the properties of the interactions considered, that is, from rare to common. The analyses further revealed the potential of host switching to prevent or delay species loss, and thereby buffer the system from perturbation. Multi-site interaction turnover provides a comprehensive measure of network change that can, for example, detect ecological thresholds to habitat loss for rare to common interactions. Accurate description of turnover in common, in addition to rare, species and their interactions is particularly relevant for understanding how network structure and function can be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie V Henriksen
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Landscape and Biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guillaume Latombe
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David G Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Melodie A McGeoch
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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He H, Li J, Zhang Z, Tang X, Song D, Yan F. Impacts of Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus (CCYV) on Biological Characteristics of Its Vector Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) MED Species. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:18. [PMID: 34718644 PMCID: PMC8557850 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses can change the phenotypes and defense pathways of the host plants and the performance of their vectors to facilitate their transmission. Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) (Crinivirus), a newly reported virus occurring on cucurbit plants and many other plant species, is transmitted specifically by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (B biotype) and MED (Q biotype) cryptic species in a semipersistent manner. This study evaluated the impacts of CCYV on B. tabaci to better understand the plant-virus-vector interactions. By using CCYV-B. tabaci MED-cucumber as the model, we investigated whether or how a semipersistent plant virus impacts the biology of its whitefly vector. CCYV mRNAs were detectable in nymphs from first to fourth instars and adults of B. tabaci with different titers. Nymph instar durations and adult longevity of female whiteflies greatly extended on CCYV-infected plants, but nymph instar durations and adult longevity of male whiteflies were not significantly influenced. In addition, the body length and oviposition increased in adults feeding on CCYV-infected plants, but the hatching rates of eggs and survival rates of different stages were not affected. Most interestingly, the sex ratio (male:female) significantly reduced to 0.5:1 in whitefly populations on CCYV-infected plants, while the ratio remained about 1:1 on healthy plants. These results indicated that CCYV can significantly impact the biological characteristics of its vector B. tabaci. It is speculated that CCYV and B. tabaci have established a typical mutualist relationship mediated by host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifang He
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Zelong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Xuefei Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Danyang Song
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Fengming Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
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Kotula HJ, Peralta G, Frost CM, Todd JH, Tylianakis JM. Predicting direct and indirect non-target impacts of biocontrol agents using machine-learning approaches. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252448. [PMID: 34061885 PMCID: PMC8168882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological pest control (i.e. ‘biocontrol’) agents can have direct and indirect non-target impacts, and predicting these effects (especially indirect impacts) remains a central challenge in biocontrol risk assessment. The analysis of ecological networks offers a promising approach to understanding the community-wide impacts of biocontrol agents (via direct and indirect interactions). Independently, species traits and phylogenies have been shown to successfully predict species interactions and network structure (alleviating the need to collect quantitative interaction data), but whether these approaches can be combined to predict indirect impacts of natural enemies remains untested. Whether predictions of interactions (i.e. direct effects) can be made equally well for generalists vs. specialists, abundant vs. less abundant species, and across different habitat types is also untested for consumer-prey interactions. Here, we used two machine-learning techniques (random forest and k-nearest neighbour; KNN) to test whether we could accurately predict empirically-observed quantitative host-parasitoid networks using trait and phylogenetic information. Then, we tested whether the accuracy of machine-learning-predicted interactions depended on the generality or abundance of the interacting partners, or on the source (habitat type) of the training data. Finally, we used these predicted networks to generate predictions of indirect effects via shared natural enemies (i.e. apparent competition), and tested these predictions against empirically observed indirect effects between hosts. We found that random-forest models predicted host-parasitoid pairwise interactions (which could be used to predict attack of non-target host species) more successfully than KNN. This predictive ability depended on the generality of the interacting partners for KNN models, and depended on species’ abundances for both random-forest and KNN models, but did not depend on the source (habitat type) of data used to train the models. Further, although our machine-learning informed methods could significantly predict indirect effects, the explanatory power of our machine-learning models for indirect interactions was reasonably low. Combining machine-learning and network approaches provides a starting point for reducing risk in biocontrol introductions, and could be applied more generally to predicting species interactions such as impacts of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Kotula
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Guadalupe Peralta
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Carol M. Frost
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jacqui H. Todd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Marcelino J, Borges PAV, Borges I, Pereira E, Santos V, Soares AO. Standardised arthropod (Arthropoda) inventory across natural and anthropogenic impacted habitats in the Azores archipelago. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e62157. [PMID: 33746534 PMCID: PMC7969584 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e62157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this paper, we present an extensive checklist of selected arthropods and their distribution in five Islands of the Azores (Santa Maria. São Miguel, Terceira, Flores and Pico). Habitat surveys included five herbaceous and four arboreal habitat types, scaling up from native to anthropogenic managed habitats. We aimed to contribute to the ongoing effort to document the terrestrial biodiversity of the world, in particular the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, as islands harbour a significant portion of unique terrestrial biodiversity. Selection of Arthropoda groups for the current checklist was based on their known richness and abundance (Arachnida, Collembola, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera), in almost all terrestrial ecosystems, as well as their importance in current Integrated Pest Management and alternative Biocontrol protocols at large (i.e. hymenopteran parasitoids and beneficial Coleoptera). In addition, we include the list of Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Psocoptera and Thysanoptera species. These assembled groups represent part of the monitoring programme EDEN Azores (2008-2014), where all Arthropod fauna, at all strata, within nine representative habitats of the abovementioned five Islands of the Azores was recorded. New information In this study, a total of 116,523 specimens, belonging to 483 species and subspecies of selected groups of arthropods, are reported by order, family and, when possible, genus and species. Hymenopteran, mostly parasitoids, accounted for the most represented taxa across all the monitoring and sampling phase of EDEN Azores (193 species and mophospecies), followed by Coleoptera (95 species); Collembola (89 species); and Araneae (72 species). A total of 37 non-native species are reported for the first time in the Azores. Coleoptera: Asaphidionflavipes (Linnaeus, 1761) (Carabidae); Tachyporusdispar (Paykull, 1789) (Staphylinidae). Hemiptera: Acrosternumheegeri Fieber, 1861 (Pentatomidae). Collembola: Entomobryaregularis Stach, 1963 (Entomobryidae); Lepidocyrtuslusitanicuspiezoensis (Simón-Benito, 2007) (Entomobryidae); Jordanathrixarticulata (Ellis, 1974) (Sminthuridae); Sminthurinusquadrimaculatus (Ryder, 1879) (Katiannidae); Himalanura sp. (Entomobryidae); Protophorura sp. (Onychiuridae). Hymenoptera, parasitoids: Aphidiuscolemani Viereck, 1912 (Braconidae); Aphidiuservi Haliday, 1834 (Braconidae); Aphidiusmatricariae Viereck, 1912 (Braconidae); Aphidiusrhopalosiphi Stefani-Perez, 1902 (Braconidae); Aphidiusrosae (Haliday, 1834) (Braconidae); Aphidiusurticae Haliday, 1834 (Braconidae); Centistideaectoedemiae Rohwer, 1914 (Braconidae); Meteorusunicolor (Wesmael, 1835) (Braconidae); Meteoruscollaris (Spin.) Hal. – Ruschka, Fulmek, 1915 (Braconidae); Orthostigmacratospilum (Thomson, 1895) (Braconidae); Orthostigmalatriventris Ratzeburg, 1844 (Braconidae); two other species of Orthostigma sp.; Pseudopezomachusbituberculatus (Marshall, 1905) (Braconidae); Tanycarpapunctata (van Achterberg, 1976) (Braconidae); Gonatopusclavipes (Thunberg, 1827) (Dryinidae). New genera not previously recorded for the Azores include: Pycnetron sp. (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae); four species of Aspilota sp. (Braconidae: Alysiinae); four species of Chorebus sp. (Braconidae: Aphidiinae: Alysiinae); Microgaster sp. (Braconidae: Microgastrinae); Homolobus sp. (Braconidae: Homolobinae); Lodbrokia sp. (Braconidae: Alysiinae). These 37 taxa were found in several Islands and five are new species for Flores Island, 10 species are new for Pico Island, 12 species are new for Terceira Island, 19 species are new for S. Miguel Island and five species are new for S. Maria Island. Additional species records for the Islands included: Flores (5 Collembola, 9 Araneae; 2 Hemiptera; 8 Coleoptera, 8 Hymenoptera), Pico (4 Collembola; 7 Araneae; 4 Hemiptera; 11 Coleoptera; 9 Hymenoptera), Terceira (4 Collembola; 1 Araneae; 3 Hymenoptera), S. Miguel (1 Araneae; 2 Coleoptera; 3 Hymenoptera), S. Maria (5 Collembola; 3 Araneae; 2 Hemiptera; 2 Hymenoptera).
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marcelino
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Madre de Deus, 9500, Ponta Delgada, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Madre de Deus, 9500 Ponta Delgada Portugal
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroismo Portugal.,IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Isabel Borges
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Madre de Deus, 9500, Ponta Delgada, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Madre de Deus, 9500 Ponta Delgada Portugal
| | - Enésima Pereira
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042 Angra do Heroismo Portugal
| | - Vasco Santos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Madre de Deus, 9500, Ponta Delgada, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Madre de Deus, 9500 Ponta Delgada Portugal
| | - António Onofre Soares
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Madre de Deus, 9500, Ponta Delgada, Portugal cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Madre de Deus, 9500 Ponta Delgada Portugal
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Qiao F, Yang QF, Hou RX, Zhang KN, Li J, Ge F, Ouyang F. Moderately decreasing fertilizer in fields does not reduce populations of cereal aphids but maximizes fitness of parasitoids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2517. [PMID: 33510226 PMCID: PMC7843967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81855-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of the tradeoff between the extent of decreasing nitrogen input and pest suppression is crucial for maintaining the balance between essential yield and an efficient, sustainable pest control strategy. In this study, an experiment with four manipulated nitrogen fertilizer levels (70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N ha−1 = conventional level) was conducted to explore the effects of decreasing nitrogen on cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Aphidiinae parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), and body sizes of parasitoids. The results indicated that nitrogen application, in the range of 70–280 kg N ha−1, has the potential to impact the populations of cereal aphids and their parasitoids. However, both differences between densities of cereal aphids and their parasitoids in moderate (140–210 kg N ha−1) and those in high nitrogen input (280 kg N ha−1) were not significant, and the parasitism rate was also unaffected. A higher parasitism rate reduced population growth of the cereal aphid (S. avenae). Additionally, a moderate decrease of nitrogen fertilizer from 280 to 140–210 kg N ha−1 maximized the body sizes of Aphidiinae parasitoids, indicating that a moderate decrease of nitrogen fertilizer could facilitate biocontrol of cereal aphid by parasitoids in the near future. We conclude that a moderate decrease in nitrogen application, from 280 to 140–210 kg N ha−1, does not quantitatively impact the densities of cereal aphids or the parasitism rate but can qualitatively maximize the fitness of the parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Quan-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui-Xing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ke-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Fang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Interspecific competition among aphid parasitoids: molecular approaches reveal preferential exploitation of parasitized hosts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19641. [PMID: 31873169 PMCID: PMC6928038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When a guild of species exploit the same limited resources, interspecific competition induces the exclusion of inferior competitors, in which case, interspecific recognition mechanisms are needed. Here, we address resource partitioning and interspecific competition among three main solitary parasitoid species attacking the same host resource, the aphid Sitobion avenae in wheat fields. Optimal host acceptance models predict that parasitoid species should prefer attacking unparasitized hosts when they are available in order to maximize their fitness, as already parasitized hosts are less valuable for laying eggs, especially for inferior competitors. Therefore, we expected the level of competition (multiparasitism) in the field to increase at low host density. By using a combination of taxonomical (determination) and molecular (PCR-based) approaches, we assessed the species of all parasitoid adults and immature stages within aphid hosts. Our results demonstrate that, early in the season, the multiparasitism rates were low, whereas they were high in the mid-late season, corresponding to an aphid density decrease over time. Moreover, parasitoid species could not have been exploiting host resources randomly and the better competitor, Aphidius ervi, seemed to be foraging preferentially on hosts already parasitized by the inferior competitor A. rhopalosiphi, even when unparasitized hosts were still available. This could be due to differences in their host detection capability, as species with a narrow host range may be better at detecting their hosts in comparison with species with a greater host range, such as A. ervi, with a greater host range within the guild. Our study suggests differences in the host exploitation of two prevalent parasitoid species through the main period of aphid colonization, which still allowed the coexistence of a third inferior competitor (A. rhopalosiphi) within the assemblage, in spite of some negative interactions (multiparasitism) and redundancies.
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10
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Kehoe RC, Cruse D, Sanders D, Gaston KJ, van Veen FJF. Shifting daylength regimes associated with range shifts alter aphid-parasitoid community dynamics. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:8761-8769. [PMID: 30271543 PMCID: PMC6157684 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With climate change leading to poleward range expansion of species, populations are exposed to new daylength regimes along latitudinal gradients. Daylength is a major factor affecting insect life cycles and activity patterns, so a range shift leading to new daylength regimes is likely to affect population dynamics and species interactions; however, the impact of daylength in isolation on ecological communities has not been studied so far. Here, we tested for the direct and indirect effects of two different daylengths on the dynamics of experimental multitrophic insect communities. We compared the community dynamics under "southern" summer conditions of 14.5-hr daylight to "northern" summer conditions of 22-hr daylight. We show that food web dynamics indeed respond to daylength with one aphid species (Acyrthosiphon pisum) reaching much lower population sizes at the northern daylength regime compared to under southern conditions. In contrast, in the same communities, another aphid species (Megoura viciae) reached higher population densities under northern conditions. This effect at the aphid level was driven by an indirect effect of daylength causing a change in competitive interaction strengths, with the different aphid species being more competitive at different daylength regimes. Additionally, increasing daylength also increased growth rates in M. viciae making it more competitive under summer long days. As such, the shift in daylength affected aphid population sizes by both direct and indirect effects, propagating through species interactions. However, contrary to expectations, parasitoids were not affected by daylength. Our results demonstrate that range expansion of whole communities due to climate change can indeed change interaction strengths between species within ecological communities with consequences for community dynamics. This study provides the first evidence of daylength affecting community dynamics, which could not be predicted from studying single species separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Kehoe
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallUK
| | - David Cruse
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallUK
| | - Dirk Sanders
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallUK
| | - Kevin J. Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallUK
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11
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Nenzén HK, Martel V, Gravel D. Can hyperparasitoids cause large-scale outbreaks of insect herbivores? OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hedvig K. Nenzén
- Dépt de biologie; Univ. de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
- Dépt des sciences biologiques; Univ. du Québec à Montréal; PO Box 8888 Stn. Centre-Ville, Montréal QC H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Véronique Martel
- Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Stn Ste-Foy; Québec QC Canada
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12
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Pavlopoulos GA, Kontou PI, Pavlopoulou A, Bouyioukos C, Markou E, Bagos PG. Bipartite graphs in systems biology and medicine: a survey of methods and applications. Gigascience 2018; 7:1-31. [PMID: 29648623 PMCID: PMC6333914 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The latest advances in high-throughput techniques during the past decade allowed the systems biology field to expand significantly. Today, the focus of biologists has shifted from the study of individual biological components to the study of complex biological systems and their dynamics at a larger scale. Through the discovery of novel bioentity relationships, researchers reveal new information about biological functions and processes. Graphs are widely used to represent bioentities such as proteins, genes, small molecules, ligands, and others such as nodes and their connections as edges within a network. In this review, special focus is given to the usability of bipartite graphs and their impact on the field of network biology and medicine. Furthermore, their topological properties and how these can be applied to certain biological case studies are discussed. Finally, available methodologies and software are presented, and useful insights on how bipartite graphs can shape the path toward the solution of challenging biological problems are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A Pavlopoulos
- Lawrence Berkeley Labs, DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Panagiota I Kontou
- University of Thessaly, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, Papasiopoulou 2–4, Lamia, 35100, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylül University, 35340, Turkey
| | - Costas Bouyioukos
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR7216, CNRS, France
| | - Evripides Markou
- University of Thessaly, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, Papasiopoulou 2–4, Lamia, 35100, Greece
| | - Pantelis G Bagos
- University of Thessaly, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, Papasiopoulou 2–4, Lamia, 35100, Greece
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13
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Staniczenko PPA, Lewis OT, Tylianakis JM, Albrecht M, Coudrain V, Klein AM, Reed-Tsochas F. Predicting the effect of habitat modification on networks of interacting species. Nat Commun 2017; 8:792. [PMID: 28986532 PMCID: PMC5630616 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A pressing challenge for ecologists is predicting how human-driven environmental changes will affect the complex pattern of interactions among species in a community. Weighted networks are an important tool for studying changes in interspecific interactions because they record interaction frequencies in addition to presence or absence at a field site. Here we show that changes in weighted network structure following habitat modification are, in principle, predictable. Our approach combines field data with mathematical models: the models separate changes in relative species abundance from changes in interaction preferences (which describe how interaction frequencies deviate from random encounters). The models with the best predictive ability compared to data requirement are those that capture systematic changes in interaction preferences between different habitat types. Our results suggest a viable approach for predicting the consequences of rapid environmental change for the structure of complex ecological networks, even in the absence of detailed, system-specific empirical data. In a changing world, the ability to predict the impact of environmental change on ecological communities is essential. Here, the authors show that by separating species abundances from interaction preferences, they can predict the effects of habitat modification on the structure of weighted species interaction networks, even with limited data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip P A Staniczenko
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC), Annapolis, MD, 21401, USA. .,Department of Biology, University of Maryland College Park, Maryland, MD, 20742, USA. .,CABDyN Complexity Centre, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 1HP, UK.
| | - Owen T Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Matthias Albrecht
- Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, Zurich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Coudrain
- Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology, Aix-Marseille University, University of Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Alexandra-Maria Klein
- Chair of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79106, Germany
| | - Felix Reed-Tsochas
- CABDyN Complexity Centre, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 1HP, UK.,Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3BD, UK
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14
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Gagic V, Petrović-Obradović O, Fründ J, Kavallieratos NG, Athanassiou CG, Starý P, Tomanović Ž. The Effects of Aphid Traits on Parasitoid Host Use and Specialist Advantage. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157674. [PMID: 27309729 PMCID: PMC4910996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialization is a central concept in ecology and one of the fundamental properties of parasitoids. Highly specialized parasitoids tend to be more efficient in host-use compared to generalized parasitoids, presumably owing to the trade-off between host range and host-use efficiency. However, it remains unknown how parasitoid host specificity and host-use depends on host traits related to susceptibility to parasitoid attack. To address this question, we used data from a 13-year survey of interactions among 142 aphid and 75 parasitoid species in nine European countries. We found that only aphid traits related to local resource characteristics seem to influence the trade-off between host-range and efficiency: more specialized parasitoids had an apparent advantage (higher abundance on shared hosts) on aphids with sparse colonies, ant-attendance and without concealment, and this was more evident when host relatedness was included in calculation of parasitoid specificity. More traits influenced average assemblage specialization, which was highest in aphids that are monophagous, monoecious, large, highly mobile (easily drop from a plant), without myrmecophily, habitat specialists, inhabit non-agricultural habitats and have sparse colonies. Differences in aphid wax production did not influence parasitoid host specificity and host-use. Our study is the first step in identifying host traits important for aphid parasitoid host specificity and host-use and improves our understanding of bottom-up effects of aphid traits on aphid-parasitoid food web structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Gagic
- CSIRO, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jochen Fründ
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Agrarökologie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Attica, Greece
| | - Christos G. Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Magnissia, Greece
| | - Petr Starý
- Laboratory of Aphidology, Department of Experimental Ecology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, ČeskéBudějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Željko Tomanović
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Genetic specificity of a plant-insect food web: Implications for linking genetic variation to network complexity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2128-33. [PMID: 26858398 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513633113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts that intraspecific genetic variation can increase the complexity of an ecological network. To date, however, we are lacking empirical knowledge of the extent to which genetic variation determines the assembly of ecological networks, as well as how the gain or loss of genetic variation will affect network structure. To address this knowledge gap, we used a common garden experiment to quantify the extent to which heritable trait variation in a host plant determines the assembly of its associated insect food web (network of trophic interactions). We then used a resampling procedure to simulate the additive effects of genetic variation on overall food-web complexity. We found that trait variation among host-plant genotypes was associated with resistance to insect herbivores, which indirectly affected interactions between herbivores and their insect parasitoids. Direct and indirect genetic effects resulted in distinct compositions of trophic interactions associated with each host-plant genotype. Moreover, our simulations suggest that food-web complexity would increase by 20% over the range of genetic variation in the experimental population of host plants. Taken together, our results indicate that intraspecific genetic variation can play a key role in structuring ecological networks, which may in turn affect network persistence.
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16
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Henri DC, Seager D, Weller T, van Veen FJF. Potential for climate effects on the size-structure of host-parasitoid indirect interaction networks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3018-24. [PMID: 23007090 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Communities of insect herbivores are thought to be structured mainly by indirect processes mediated by shared natural enemies, such as apparent competition. In host-parasitoid interaction networks, overlap in natural enemy communities between any pair of host species depends on the realized niches of parasitoids, which ultimately depend on the foraging decisions of individuals. Optimal foraging theory predicts that egg-limited parasitoid females should reject small hosts in favour of future opportunities to oviposit in larger hosts, while time-limited parasitoids are expected to optimize oviposition rate regardless of host size. The degree to which parasitoids are time- or egg-limited depends in part on weather conditions, as this determines the proportion of an individual's lifespan that is available to foraging. Using a 10-year time series of monthly quantitative host-parasitoid webs, we present evidence for host-size-based electivity and sex allocation in the common secondary parasitoid Asaphes vulgaris. We argue that this electivity leads to body-size-dependent asymmetry in apparent competition among hosts and we discuss how changing weather patterns, as a result of climate change, may impact foraging behaviour and thereby the size-structure and dynamics of host-parasitoid indirect interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic C Henri
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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17
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Traugott M, Kamenova S, Ruess L, Seeber J, Plantegenest M. Empirically Characterising Trophic Networks. ADV ECOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420002-9.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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18
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Jacob U, Woodward G. Preface. ADV ECOL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396992-7.09986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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O'Gorman EJ, Pichler DE, Adams G, Benstead JP, Cohen H, Craig N, Cross WF, Demars BO, Friberg N, Gíslason GM, Gudmundsdóttir R, Hawczak A, Hood JM, Hudson LN, Johansson L, Johansson MP, Junker JR, Laurila A, Manson JR, Mavromati E, Nelson D, Ólafsson JS, Perkins DM, Petchey OL, Plebani M, Reuman DC, Rall BC, Stewart R, Thompson MS, Woodward G. Impacts of Warming on the Structure and Functioning of Aquatic Communities. ADV ECOL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398315-2.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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20
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Hagen M, Kissling WD, Rasmussen C, De Aguiar MA, Brown LE, Carstensen DW, Alves-Dos-Santos I, Dupont YL, Edwards FK, Genini J, Guimarães PR, Jenkins GB, Jordano P, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Ledger ME, Maia KP, Marquitti FMD, Mclaughlin Ó, Morellato LPC, O'Gorman EJ, Trøjelsgaard K, Tylianakis JM, Vidal MM, Woodward G, Olesen JM. Biodiversity, Species Interactions and Ecological Networks in a Fragmented World. ADV ECOL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396992-7.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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22
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23
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Predicted Effects of Behavioural Movement and Passive Transport on Individual Growth and Community Size Structure in Marine Ecosystems. ADV ECOL RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386475-8.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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24
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Arim M, Berazategui M, Barreneche JM, Ziegler L, Zarucki M, Abades SR. Determinants of Density–Body Size Scaling Within Food Webs and Tools for Their Detection. ADV ECOL RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386475-8.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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25
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Melián CJ, Vilas C, Baldó F, González-Ortegón E, Drake P, Williams RJ. Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of Individual-Based Food Webs. ADV ECOL RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386475-8.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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26
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Gilljam D, Thierry A, Edwards FK, Figueroa D, Ibbotson AT, Jones JI, Lauridsen RB, Petchey OL, Woodward G, Ebenman B. Seeing Double:. ADV ECOL RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386475-8.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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