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Divyanshi, Yang J. Germ plasm dynamics during oogenesis and early embryonic development in Xenopus and zebrafish. Mol Reprod Dev 2023:10.1002/mrd.23718. [PMID: 38126950 PMCID: PMC11190040 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Specification of the germline and its segregation from the soma mark one of the most crucial events in the lifetime of an organism. In different organisms, this specification can occur through either inheritance or inductive mechanisms. In species such as Xenopus and zebrafish, the specification of primordial germ cells relies on the inheritance of maternal germline determinants that are synthesized and sequestered in the germ plasm during oogenesis. In this review, we discuss the formation of the germ plasm, how germline determinants are recruited into the germ plasm during oogenesis, and the dynamics of the germ plasm during oogenesis and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyanshi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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2
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Hwang H, Chen S, Ma M, Divyanshi, Fan HC, Borwick E, Böke E, Mei W, Yang J. Solubility phase transition of maternal RNAs during vertebrate oocyte-to-embryo transition. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2776-2788.e5. [PMID: 37922909 PMCID: PMC10841985 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET) is regulated by maternal products stored in the oocyte cytoplasm, independent of transcription. How maternal products are precisely remodeled to dictate the OET remains largely unclear. In this work, we discover the dynamic solubility phase transition of maternal RNAs during Xenopus OET. We have identified 863 maternal transcripts that transition from a soluble state to a detergent-insoluble one after oocyte maturation. These RNAs are enriched in the animal hemisphere, and many of them encode key cell cycle regulators. In contrast, 165 transcripts, including nearly all Xenopus germline RNAs and some vegetally localized somatic RNAs, undergo an insoluble-to-soluble phase transition. This phenomenon is conserved in zebrafish. Our results demonstrate that the phase transition of germline RNAs influences their susceptibility to RNA degradation machinery and is mediated by the remodeling of germ plasm. This work thus identifies important remodeling mechanisms that act on RNAs to control vertebrate OET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojeong Hwang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Sijie Chen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Meng Ma
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Divyanshi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hao-Chun Fan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Elizabeth Borwick
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Elvan Böke
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wenyan Mei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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3
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Hwang H, Chen S, Ma M, Divyanshi, Fan HC, Borwick E, Böke E, Mei W, Yang J. Phase transition of maternal RNAs during vertebrate oocyte-to-embryo transition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.11.540463. [PMID: 37214813 PMCID: PMC10197690 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.11.540463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The oocyte-to-embryo transition (OET) is regulated by maternal products stored in the oocyte cytoplasm, independent of transcription. How maternal products are precisely remodeled to dictate the OET remains an open question. In this work, we discover the dynamic phase transition of maternal RNAs during Xenopus OET. We have identified 863 maternal transcripts that transition from a soluble state to a detergent-insoluble one after oocyte maturation. These RNAs are enriched in the animal hemisphere and many of them encode key cell cycle regulators. In contrast, 165 transcripts, including nearly all Xenopus germline RNAs and some vegetally localized somatic RNAs, undergo an insoluble-to-soluble phase transition. This phenomenon is conserved in zebrafish. Our results demonstrate that the phase transition of germline RNAs influences their susceptibility to RNA degradation machinery and is mediated by the remodeling of germ plasm. This work thus uncovers novel remodeling mechanisms that act on RNAs to regulate vertebrate OET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojeong Hwang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Sijie Chen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Meng Ma
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Divyanshi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hao-Chun Fan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Elizabeth Borwick
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Elvan Böke
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wenyan Mei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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4
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Hwang H, Yun S, Arcanjo RB, Divyanshi, Chen S, Mei W, Nowak RA, Kwon T, Yang J. Regulation of RNA localization during oocyte maturation by dynamic RNA-ER association and remodeling of the ER. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111802. [PMID: 36516762 PMCID: PMC9811979 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric localization of mRNAs is crucial for cell polarity and cell fate determination. By performing fractionation RNA-seq, we report here that a large number of maternal RNAs are associated with the ER in Xenopus oocytes but are released into the cytosol after oocyte maturation. We provide evidence that the majority of ER-associated RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) remain associated with the ER after oocyte maturation. However, all ER-associated RBPs analyzed exhibit reduced binding to some of their target RNAs after oocyte maturation. Our results further show that the ER is remodeled massively during oocyte maturation, leading to the formation of a widespread tubular ER network in the animal hemisphere that is required for the asymmetric localization of mRNAs in mature eggs. Thus, our findings demonstrate that dynamic regulation of RNA-ER association and remodeling of the ER are important for the asymmetric localization of RNAs during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojeong Hwang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Seongmin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Rachel Braz Arcanjo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Divyanshi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Sijie Chen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Wenyan Mei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Romana A. Nowak
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea,Correspondence: (T.K.), (J.Y.)
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence: (T.K.), (J.Y.)
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5
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Concha ML, Reig G. Origin, form and function of extraembryonic structures in teleost fishes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210264. [PMID: 36252221 PMCID: PMC9574637 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost eggs have evolved a highly derived early developmental pattern within vertebrates as a result of the meroblastic cleavage pattern, giving rise to a polar stratified architecture containing a large acellular yolk and a small cellular blastoderm on top. Besides the acellular yolk, the teleost-specific yolk syncytial layer (YSL) and the superficial epithelial enveloping layer are recognized as extraembryonic structures that play critical roles throughout embryonic development. They provide enriched microenvironments in which molecular feedback loops, cellular interactions and mechanical signals emerge to sculpt, among other things, embryonic patterning along the dorsoventral and left-right axes, mesendodermal specification and the execution of morphogenetic movements in the early embryo and during organogenesis. An emerging concept points to a critical role of extraembryonic structures in reinforcing early genetic and morphogenetic programmes in reciprocal coordination with the embryonic blastoderm, providing the necessary boundary conditions for development to proceed. In addition, the role of the enveloping cell layer in providing mechanical, osmotic and immunological protection during early stages of development, and the autonomous nutritional support provided by the yolk and YSL, have probably been key aspects that have enabled the massive radiation of teleosts to colonize every ecological niche on the Earth. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel L. Concha
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Germán Reig
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica y del Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 7800003, Chile
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6
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Iegorova V, Naraine R, Psenicka M, Zelazowska M, Sindelka R. Comparison of RNA localization during oogenesis within Acipenser ruthenus and Xenopus laevis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:982732. [PMID: 36204678 PMCID: PMC9531136 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.982732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oocyte is a unique cell, from which develops a complex organism comprising of germ layers, tissues and organs. In some vertebrate species it is known that the asymmetrical localization of biomolecules within the oocyte is what drives the spatial differentiation of the daughter cells required for embryogenesis. This asymmetry is first established to produce an animal-vegetal (A-V) axis which reflects the future specification of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm layers. Several pathways for localization of vegetal maternal transcripts have already been described using a few animal models. However, there is limited information about transcripts that are localized to the animal pole, even though there is accumulating evidence indicating its active establishment. Here, we performed comparative TOMO-Seq analysis on two holoblastic cleavage models: Xenopus laevis and Acipenser ruthenus oocytes during oogenesis. We found that there were many transcripts that have a temporal preference for the establishment of localization. In both models, we observed vegetal transcript gradients that were established during either the early or late oogenesis stages and transcripts that started their localization during the early stages but became more pronounced during the later stages. We found that some animal gradients were already established during the early stages, however the majority were formed during the later stages of oogenesis. Some of these temporally localized transcripts were conserved between the models, while others were species specific. Additionally, temporal de novo transcription and also degradation of transcripts within the oocyte were observed, pointing to an active remodeling of the maternal RNA pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Iegorova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Ravindra Naraine
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Martin Psenicka
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czechia
| | - Monika Zelazowska
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Radek Sindelka
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Radek Sindelka,
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Houston DW, Elliott KL, Coppenrath K, Wlizla M, Horb ME. Maternal Wnt11b regulates cortical rotation during Xenopus axis formation: analysis of maternal-effect wnt11b mutants. Development 2022; 149:dev200552. [PMID: 35946588 PMCID: PMC9515810 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric signalling centres in the early embryo are essential for axis formation in vertebrates. These regions (e.g. amphibian dorsal morula, mammalian anterior visceral endoderm) require stabilised nuclear β-catenin, but the role of localised Wnt ligand signalling activity in their establishment remains unclear. In Xenopus, dorsal β-catenin is initiated by vegetal microtubule-mediated symmetry breaking in the fertilised egg, known as 'cortical rotation'. Localised wnt11b mRNA and ligand-independent activators of β-catenin have been implicated in dorsal β-catenin activation, but the extent to which each contributes to axis formation in this paradigm remains unclear. Here, we describe a CRISPR-mediated maternal-effect mutation in Xenopus laevis wnt11b.L. We find that wnt11b is maternally required for robust dorsal axis formation and for timely gastrulation, and zygotically for left-right asymmetry. Importantly, we show that vegetal microtubule assembly and cortical rotation are reduced in wnt11b mutant eggs. In addition, we show that activated Wnt coreceptor Lrp6 and Dishevelled lack behaviour consistent with roles in early β-catenin stabilisation, and that neither is regulated by Wnt11b. This work thus implicates Wnt11b in the distribution of putative dorsal determinants rather than in comprising the determinants themselves. This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| | - Karen L. Elliott
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| | - Kelsey Coppenrath
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Marcin Wlizla
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Marko E. Horb
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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8
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Rostam N, Goloborodko A, Riemer S, Hertel A, Riedel D, Vorbrüggen G, Dosch R. The germ plasm is anchored at the cleavage furrows through interaction with tight junctions in the early zebrafish embryo. Development 2022; 149:275789. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The zebrafish germline is specified during early embryogenesis by inherited maternal RNAs and proteins collectively called germ plasm. Only the cells containing germ plasm will become part of the germline, whereas the other cells will commit to somatic cell fates. Therefore, proper localization of germ plasm is key for germ cell specification and its removal is crucial for the development of the soma. The molecular mechanism underlying this process in vertebrates is largely unknown. Here, we show that germ plasm localization in zebrafish is similar to that in Xenopus but distinct from Drosophila. We identified non muscle myosin II (NMII) and tight junction (TJ) components, such as ZO2 and claudin-d (Cldn-d) as interaction candidates of Bucky ball (Buc), which is the germ plasm organizer in zebrafish. Remarkably, we also found that TJ protein ZO1 colocalizes with germ plasm, and electron microscopy of zebrafish embryos uncovered TJ-like structures at the cleavage furrows where the germ plasm is anchored. In addition, injection of the TJ receptor Cldn-d produced extra germ plasm aggregates, whereas expression of a dominant-negative version inhibited germ plasm aggregate formation. Our findings support for the first time a role for TJs in germ plasm localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rostam
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center 1 , 37073 Göttingen , Germany
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen 2 Department of Developmental Biology , , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Alexander Goloborodko
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center 3 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Stephan Riemer
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center 3 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Andres Hertel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry 4 Department of Molecular Developmental Biology , , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry 5 Laboratory of Electron Microscopy , , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Gerd Vorbrüggen
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen 2 Department of Developmental Biology , , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry 4 Department of Molecular Developmental Biology , , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Roland Dosch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center 1 , 37073 Göttingen , Germany
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center 3 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
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9
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Evolutionary conservation of maternal RNA localization in fishes and amphibians revealed by TOMO-Seq. Dev Biol 2022; 489:146-160. [PMID: 35752299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetrical localization of biomolecules inside the egg, results in uneven cell division and establishment of many biological processes, cell types and the body plan. However, our knowledge about evolutionary conservation of localized transcripts is still limited to a few models. Our goal was to compare localization profiles along the animal-vegetal axis of mature eggs from four vertebrate models, two amphibians (Xenopus laevis, Ambystoma mexicanum) and two fishes (Acipenser ruthenus, Danio rerio) using the spatial expression method called TOMO-Seq. We revealed that RNAs of many known important transcripts such as germ layer determinants, germ plasm factors and members of key signalling pathways, are localized in completely different profiles among the models. It was also observed that there was a poor correlation between the vegetally localized transcripts but a relatively good correlation between the animally localized transcripts. These findings indicate that the regulation of embryonic development within the animal kingdom is highly diverse and cannot be deduced based on a single model.
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10
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Jamieson-Lucy AH, Kobayashi M, James Aykit Y, Elkouby YM, Escobar-Aguirre M, Vejnar CE, Giraldez AJ, Mullins MC. A proteomics approach identifies novel resident zebrafish Balbiani body proteins Cirbpa and Cirbpb. Dev Biol 2022; 484:1-11. [PMID: 35065906 PMCID: PMC8967276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Balbiani body (Bb) is the first marker of polarity in vertebrate oocytes. The Bb is a conserved structure found in diverse animals including insects, fish, amphibians, and mammals. During early zebrafish oogenesis, the Bb assembles as a transient aggregate of mRNA, proteins, and membrane-bound organelles at the presumptive vegetal side of the oocyte. As the early oocyte develops, the Bb appears to grow slowly, until at the end of stage I of oogenesis it disassembles and deposits its cargo of localized mRNAs and proteins. In fish and frogs, this cargo includes the germ plasm as well as gene products required to specify dorsal tissues of the future embryo. We demonstrate that the Bb is a stable, solid structure that forms a size exclusion barrier similar to other biological hydrogels. Despite its central role in oocyte polarity, little is known about the mechanism behind the Bb's action. Analysis of the few known protein components of the Bb is insufficient to explain how the Bb assembles, translocates, and disassembles. We isolated Bbs from zebrafish oocytes and performed mass spectrometry to define the Bb proteome. We successfully identified 77 proteins associated with the Bb sample, including known Bb proteins and novel RNA-binding proteins. In particular, we identified Cirbpa and Cirbpb, which have both an RNA-binding domain and a predicted self-aggregation domain. In stage I oocytes, Cirbpa and Cirbpb localize to the Bb rather than the nucleus (as in somatic cells), indicating that they may have a specialized function in the germ line. Both the RNA-binding domain and the self-aggregation domain are sufficient to localize to the Bb, suggesting that Cirbpa and Cirbpb interact with more than just their mRNA targets within the Bb. We propose that Cirbp proteins crosslink mRNA cargo and proteinaceous components of the Bb as it grows. Beyond Cirbpa and Cirbpb, our proteomics dataset presents many candidates for further study, making it a valuable resource for building a comprehensive mechanism for Bb function at a protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison H Jamieson-Lucy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manami Kobayashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y James Aykit
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yaniv M Elkouby
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matias Escobar-Aguirre
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles E Vejnar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Antonio J Giraldez
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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11
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Hansen CL, Pelegri F. Primordial Germ Cell Specification in Vertebrate Embryos: Phylogenetic Distribution and Conserved Molecular Features of Preformation and Induction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730332. [PMID: 34604230 PMCID: PMC8481613 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) occurs during early embryonic development and is critical for the survival and fitness of sexually reproducing species. Here, we review the two main mechanisms of PGC specification, induction, and preformation, in the context of four model vertebrate species: mouse, axolotl, Xenopus frogs, and zebrafish. We additionally discuss some notable molecular characteristics shared across PGC specification pathways, including the shared expression of products from three conserved germline gene families, DAZ (Deleted in Azoospermia) genes, nanos-related genes, and DEAD-box RNA helicases. Then, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the distribution of germ cell determination systems across kingdom Animalia, with particular attention to vertebrate species, but include several categories of invertebrates - ranging from the "proto-vertebrate" cephalochordates to arthropods, cnidarians, and ctenophores. We also briefly highlight ongoing investigations and potential lines of inquiry that aim to understand the evolutionary relationships between these modes of specification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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12
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Guo Q, Shi X, Wang X. RNA and liquid-liquid phase separation. Noncoding RNA Res 2021; 6:92-99. [PMID: 33997539 PMCID: PMC8111091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS) is a biological phenomenon that refers to the components of similar properties form droplets condensate in cells. These droplets play an important role in maintaining the stability of order in cells. In the studies of phase separation, weak multivalent interactions between proteins have always been the focus of attentions. With the deepening research of phase separation, more and more evidences show that RNA, especially long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), also plays an important regulatory role in the phase separation. We summarized recent researches between phase separation and RNA, and focused on the function of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in the process of phase separation. In fact, phase separation and RNA have a two-way regulation relationship. Noncoding RNA usually recruits proteins as molecular scaffolds to drive phase separation. On the other hand, phase separation is also involved in RNA transcription, transport, metabolism and other processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiangmin Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiangting Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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13
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Mytlis A, Elkouby YM. Live and Time-Lapse Imaging of Early Oogenesis and Meiotic Chromosomal Dynamics in Cultured Juvenile Zebrafish Ovaries. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2218:137-155. [PMID: 33606229 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0970-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Oocyte production is crucial for sexual reproduction. Recent findings in zebrafish and other established model organisms emphasize that the early steps of oogenesis involve the coordination of simultaneous and tightly sequential processes across cellular compartments and between sister cells. To fully understand the mechanistic framework of these coordinated processes, cellular and morphological analysis in high temporal resolution is required. Here, we provide a protocol for four-dimensional live time-lapse analysis of cultured juvenile zebrafish ovaries. We describe how multiple-stage oocytes can be simultaneously analyzed in single ovaries, and several ovaries can be processed in single experiments. In addition, we detail adequate conditions for quantitative image acquisition. Finally, we demonstrate that using this protocol, we successfully capture rapid meiotic chromosomal movements in early prophase for the first time in zebrafish oocytes, in four dimensions and in vivo. Our protocol expands the use of the zebrafish as a model system to understand germ cell and ovarian development in postembryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishag Mytlis
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Research - Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaniv M Elkouby
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Research - Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Jerusalem, Israel.
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14
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Ponomarev MB, Konduktorova VV, Luchinskaya NN, Belyavsky AV. Localization of Germes RNA in Xenopus Oocytes. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Gao C, Wang Y. mRNA Metabolism in Cardiac Development and Disease: Life After Transcription. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:673-694. [PMID: 31751167 PMCID: PMC7327233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The central dogma of molecular biology illustrates the importance of mRNAs as critical mediators between genetic information encoded at the DNA level and proteomes/metabolomes that determine the diverse functional outcome at the cellular and organ levels. Although the total number of protein-producing (coding) genes in the mammalian genome is ~20,000, it is evident that the intricate processes of cardiac development and the highly regulated physiological regulation in the normal heart, as well as the complex manifestation of pathological remodeling in a diseased heart, would require a much higher degree of complexity at the transcriptome level and beyond. Indeed, in addition to an extensive regulatory scheme implemented at the level of transcription, the complexity of transcript processing following transcription is dramatically increased. RNA processing includes post-transcriptional modification, alternative splicing, editing and transportation, ribosomal loading, and degradation. While transcriptional control of cardiac genes has been a major focus of investigation in recent decades, a great deal of progress has recently been made in our understanding of how post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA contributes to transcriptome complexity. In this review, we highlight some of the key molecular processes and major players in RNA maturation and post-transcriptional regulation. In addition, we provide an update to the recent progress made in the discovery of RNA processing regulators implicated in cardiac development and disease. While post-transcriptional modulation is a complex and challenging problem to study, recent technological advancements are paving the way for a new era of exciting discoveries and potential clinical translation in the context of cardiac biology and heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yibin Wang
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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16
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Abstract
The Xenopus oocyte is a unique model system, allowing both the study of complex biological processes within a cellular context through expression of exogenous mRNAs and proteins, and the study of the cell, molecular, and developmental biology of the oocyte itself. During oogenesis, Xenopus oocytes grow dramatically in size, with a mature oocyte having a diameter of ∼1.3 mm, and become highly polarized, localizing many mRNAs and proteins. Thus, the mature oocyte is a repository of maternal mRNAs and proteins that will direct early embryogenesis prior to zygotic genome transcription. Importantly, the Xenopus oocyte also has the capacity to translate exogenous microinjected RNAs, which has enabled breakthroughs in a wide range of areas including cell biology, developmental biology, molecular biology, and physiology. This introduction outlines how Xenopus oocytes can be used to study a variety of important biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Mowry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Box G-L268, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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17
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Oh D, Houston DW. RNA Localization in the Vertebrate Oocyte: Establishment of Oocyte Polarity and Localized mRNA Assemblages. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 63:189-208. [PMID: 28779319 PMCID: PMC6538070 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60855-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA localization is a fundamental mechanism for controlling cell structure and function. Early development in fish and amphibians requires the localization of specific mRNAs to establish the initial differences in cell fates prior to the onset of zygotic genome activation. RNA localization in these oocytes (e.g., Xenopus and zebrafish) requires that animal-vegetal polarity be established early in oogenesis, mediated by formation of the Balbiani body/mitochondrial cloud. This structure serves as a platform for assembly and transport of germline determinants to the future vegetal pole and also sets up the machinery for the localization of non-germline transcripts later in oogenesis. Understanding these polarization and localization mechanisms is critical for understanding the basis for early embryonic development in these organisms and also for understanding the role of RNA compartmentalization in animal gametogenesis. Here we outline recent advances in elucidating the molecular basis for the establishment of oocyte polarity at the level of Balbiani body assembly as well as the formation of RNP assemblies for early and late pathway mRNA localization in the oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Oh
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Douglas W Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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18
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Jamieson-Lucy A, Mullins MC. The vertebrate Balbiani body, germ plasm, and oocyte polarity. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 135:1-34. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Eagle WVI, Yeboah-Kordieh DK, Niepielko MG, Gavis ER. Distinct cis-acting elements mediate targeting and clustering of Drosophila polar granule mRNAs. Development 2018; 145:dev.164657. [PMID: 30333216 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Specification and development of Drosophila germ cells depend on molecular determinants within the germ plasm, a specialized cytoplasmic domain at the posterior of the embryo. Localization of numerous mRNAs to the germ plasm occurs by their incorporation, as single-transcript ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles, into complex RNP granules called polar granules. Incorporation of mRNAs into polar granules is followed by recruitment of additional like transcripts to form discrete homotypic clusters. The cis-acting localization signals that target mRNAs to polar granules and promote homotypic clustering remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we show that the polar granule component (pgc) and germ cell-less (gcl) 3' untranslated regions contain complex localization signals comprising multiple, independently weak and partially functionally redundant localization elements (LEs). We demonstrate that targeting of pgc to polar granules and self-assembly into homotypic clusters are functionally separable processes mediated by distinct classes of LEs. We identify a sequence motif shared by other polar granule mRNAs that contributes to homotypic clustering. Our results suggest that mRNA localization signal complexity may be a feature required by the targeting and self-recruitment mechanism that drives germ plasm mRNA localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitby V I Eagle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Matthew G Niepielko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gavis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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20
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Houston DW. Oocyte Host-Transfer and Maternal mRNA Depletion Experiments in Xenopus. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2018; 2018:pdb.prot096982. [PMID: 29321286 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot096982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This protocol details the oocyte host-transfer method in Xenopus, using transplantation by intraperitoneal injection. This approach is suitable for the overexpression of mRNAs and for the use of antisense oligonucleotides to deplete maternal mRNAs, which are not replaced until zygotic genome activation in the mid-blastula transition. Xenopus oocyte host-transfer can also be used for highly efficient mutagenesis in the F0 generation by prefertilization injection of genome editing reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1324
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21
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Jeschonek SP, Mowry KL. Whole-Mount Immunofluorescence for Visualizing Endogenous Protein and Injected RNA in Xenopus Oocytes. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2018; 2018:pdb.prot097022. [PMID: 29321279 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot097022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric distribution of mRNA and protein is a hallmark of cell polarity in many systems. The Xenopus laevis oocyte provides many technical advantages to studying such polarity. Thousands of oocytes at different stages of maturity can be harvested from a single ovary and, owing to their relatively large size, even the youngest oocytes can be manually microinjected. Microinjection of fluorescently labeled RNA combined with immunofluorescence of endogenous proteins can provide insight into the cytoplasmic interactions contributing to polarity. Here, we present an updated method to image endogenous protein and microinjected RNA in X. laevis oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha P Jeschonek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Kimberly L Mowry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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22
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Winata CL, Korzh V. The translational regulation of maternal mRNAs in time and space. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3007-3023. [PMID: 29972882 PMCID: PMC6175449 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, the study of maternal mRNAs has led to the identification of mechanisms underlying their spatiotemporal regulation within the context of oogenesis and early embryogenesis. Following synthesis in the oocyte, maternal mRNAs are translationally silenced and sequestered into storage in cytoplasmic granules. At the same time, their unique distribution patterns throughout the oocyte and embryo are tightly controlled and connected to their functions in downstream embryonic processes. At certain points in oogenesis and early embryogenesis, maternal mRNAs are translationally activated to perform their functions in a timely manner. The cytoplasmic polyadenylation machinery is responsible for the translational activation of maternal mRNAs, and its role in initiating the maternal to zygotic transition events has recently come to light. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on maternal mRNA regulation, with particular focus on cytoplasmic polyadenylation as a mechanism for translational regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lanny Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Poland.,Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Sindelka R, Abaffy P, Qu Y, Tomankova S, Sidova M, Naraine R, Kolar M, Peuchen E, Sun L, Dovichi N, Kubista M. Asymmetric distribution of biomolecules of maternal origin in the Xenopus laevis egg and their impact on the developmental plan. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8315. [PMID: 29844480 PMCID: PMC5974320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is a ubiquitous feature during the development of higher organisms. Asymmetry is achieved by differential localization or activities of biological molecules such as proteins, and coding and non-coding RNAs. Here, we present subcellular transcriptomic and proteomic analyses along the animal-vegetal axis of Xenopus laevis eggs. More than 98% of the maternal mRNAs could be categorized into four localization profile groups: animal, vegetal, extremely vegetal, and a newly described group of mRNAs that we call extremely animal, which are mRNAs enriched in the animal cortex region. 3′UTRs of localized mRNAs were analyzed for localization motifs. Several putative motifs were discovered for vegetal and extremely vegetal mRNAs, while no distinct conserved motifs for the extremely animal mRNAs were identified, suggesting different localization mechanisms. Asymmetric profiles were also found for proteins, with correlation to those of corresponding mRNAs. Based on unexpected observation of the profiles of the homoeologous genes exd2 we propose a possible mechanism of genetic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Sindelka
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences - BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Abaffy
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences - BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Yanyan Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Silvie Tomankova
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences - BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Sidova
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences - BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Ravindra Naraine
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences - BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolar
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth Peuchen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Norman Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences - BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.,TATAA Biocenter, Odinsgatan 28, Göteborg, 411 03, Sweden
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24
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Oh D, Houston DW. Role of maternal Xenopus syntabulin in germ plasm aggregation and primordial germ cell specification. Dev Biol 2017; 432:237-247. [PMID: 29037933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The localization and organization of mitochondria- and ribonucleoprotein granule-rich germ plasm is essential for many aspects of germ cell development. In Xenopus, germ plasm is maternally inherited and is required for the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs). Germ plasm is aggregated into larger patches during egg activation and cleavage and is ultimately translocated perinuclearly during gastrulation. Although microtubule dynamics and a kinesin (Kif4a) have been implicated in Xenopus germ plasm localization, little is known about how germ plasm distribution is regulated. Here, we identify a role for maternal Xenopus Syntabulin in the aggregation of germ plasm following fertilization. We show that depletion of sybu mRNA using antisense oligonucleotides injected into oocytes results in defects in the aggregation and perinuclear transport of germ plasm and subsequently in reduced PGC numbers. Using live imaging analysis, we also characterize a novel role for Sybu in the collection of germ plasm in vegetal cleavage furrows by surface contraction waves. Additionally, we show that a localized kinesin-like protein, Kif3b, is also required for germ plasm aggregation and that Sybu functionally interacts with Kif3b and Kif4a in germ plasm aggregation. Overall, these data suggest multiple coordinate roles for kinesins and adaptor proteins in controlling the localization and distribution of a cytoplasmic determinant in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Oh
- The University of Iowa, Department of Biology, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA
| | - Douglas W Houston
- The University of Iowa, Department of Biology, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA.
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25
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Owens DA, Butler AM, Aguero TH, Newman KM, Van Booven D, King ML. High-throughput analysis reveals novel maternal germline RNAs crucial for primordial germ cell preservation and proper migration. Development 2017; 144:292-304. [PMID: 28096217 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During oogenesis, hundreds of maternal RNAs are selectively localized to the animal or vegetal pole, including determinants of somatic and germline fates. Although microarray analysis has identified localized determinants, it is not comprehensive and is limited to known transcripts. Here, we utilized high-throughput RNA-sequencing analysis to comprehensively interrogate animal and vegetal pole RNAs in the fully grown Xenopus laevis oocyte. We identified 411 (198 annotated) and 27 (15 annotated) enriched mRNAs at the vegetal and animal pole, respectively. Ninety were novel mRNAs over 4-fold enriched at the vegetal pole and six were over 10-fold enriched at the animal pole. Unlike mRNAs, microRNAs were not asymmetrically distributed. Whole-mount in situ hybridization confirmed that all 17 selected mRNAs were localized. Biological function and network analysis of vegetally enriched transcripts identified protein-modifying enzymes, receptors, ligands, RNA-binding proteins, transcription factors and co-factors with five defining hubs linking 47 genes in a network. Initial functional studies of maternal vegetally localized mRNAs show that sox7 plays a novel and important role in primordial germ cell (PGC) development and that ephrinB1 (efnb1) is required for proper PGC migration. We propose potential pathways operating at the vegetal pole that highlight where future investigations might be most fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn A Owens
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th St, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Amanda M Butler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th St, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Tristan H Aguero
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th St, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Karen M Newman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th St, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Derek Van Booven
- The Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th St, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mary Lou King
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th St, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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26
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Controlling the Messenger: Regulated Translation of Maternal mRNAs in Xenopus laevis Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:49-82. [PMID: 27975270 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The selective translation of maternal mRNAs encoding cell-fate determinants drives the earliest decisions of embryogenesis that establish the vertebrate body plan. This chapter will discuss studies in Xenopus laevis that provide insights into mechanisms underlying this translational control. Xenopus has been a powerful model organism for many discoveries relevant to the translational control of maternal mRNAs because of the large size of its oocytes and eggs that allow for microinjection of molecules and the relative ease of manipulating the oocyte to egg transition (maturation) and fertilization in culture. Consequently, many key studies have focused on the expression of maternal mRNAs during the oocyte to egg transition (the meiotic cell cycle) and the rapid cell divisions immediately following fertilization. This research has made seminal contributions to our understanding of translational regulatory mechanisms, but while some of the mRNAs under consideration at these stages encode cell-fate determinants, many encode cell cycle regulatory proteins that drive these early cell cycles. In contrast, while maternal mRNAs encoding key developmental (i.e., cell-fate) regulators that function after the first cleavage stages may exploit aspects of these foundational mechanisms, studies reveal that these mRNAs must also rely on distinct and, as of yet, incompletely understood mechanisms. These findings are logical because the functions of such developmental regulatory proteins have requirements distinct from cell cycle regulators, including becoming relevant only after fertilization and then only in specific cells of the embryo. Indeed, key maternal cell-fate determinants must be made available in exquisitely precise amounts (usually low), only at specific times and in specific cells during embryogenesis. To provide an appreciation for the regulation of maternal cell-fate determinant expression, an overview of the maternal phase of Xenopus embryogenesis will be presented. This section will be followed by a review of translational mechanisms operating in oocytes, eggs, and early cleavage-stage embryos and conclude with a discussion of how the regulation of key maternal cell-fate determinants at the level of translation functions in Xenopus embryogenesis. A key theme is that the molecular asymmetries critical for forming the body axes are established and further elaborated upon by the selective temporal and spatial regulation of maternal mRNA translation.
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27
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Sindelka R, Sidova M, Abaffy P, Kubista M. Asymmetric Localization and Distribution of Factors Determining Cell Fate During Early Development of Xenopus laevis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 61:229-241. [PMID: 28409307 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53150-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric division is a property of eukaryotic cells that is fundamental to the formation of higher life forms. Despite its importance, the mechanism behind it remains elusive. Asymmetry in the cell is induced by polarization of cell fate determinants that become unevenly distributed among progeny cells. So far dozens of determinants have been identified. Xenopus laevis is an ideal system to study asymmetric cell division during early development, because of the huge size of its oocytes and early-stage blastomeres. Here, we present the current knowledge about localization and distribution of cell fate determinants along the three body axes: animal-vegetal, dorsal-ventral, and left-right. Uneven distribution of cell fate determinants during early development specifies the formation of the embryonic body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Sindelka
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic-Biocev, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Sidova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic-Biocev, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Abaffy
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic-Biocev, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic-Biocev, Prumyslova 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.
- TATAA Biocenter AB, Odinsgatan 28, 411 03, Göteborg, Sweden.
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28
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Houston DW. Vertebrate Axial Patterning: From Egg to Asymmetry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:209-306. [PMID: 27975274 PMCID: PMC6550305 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the bilateral embryonic body axis from a symmetrical egg has been a long-standing question in developmental biology. Historical and modern experiments point to an initial symmetry-breaking event leading to localized Wnt and Nodal growth factor signaling and subsequent induction and formation of a self-regulating dorsal "organizer." This organizer forms at the site of notochord cell internalization and expresses primarily Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) growth factor antagonists that establish a spatiotemporal gradient of BMP signaling across the embryo, directing initial cell differentiation and morphogenesis. Although the basics of this model have been known for some time, many of the molecular and cellular details have only recently been elucidated and the extent that these events remain conserved throughout vertebrate evolution remains unclear. This chapter summarizes historical perspectives as well as recent molecular and genetic advances regarding: (1) the mechanisms that regulate symmetry-breaking in the vertebrate egg and early embryo, (2) the pathways that are activated by these events, in particular the Wnt pathway, and the role of these pathways in the formation and function of the organizer, and (3) how these pathways also mediate anteroposterior patterning and axial morphogenesis. Emphasis is placed on comparative aspects of the egg-to-embryo transition across vertebrates and their evolution. The future prospects for work regarding self-organization and gene regulatory networks in the context of early axis formation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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29
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King ML. Maternal messages to live by: a personal historical perspective. Genesis 2017; 55:10.1002/dvg.23007. [PMID: 28095642 PMCID: PMC5276792 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the 1980s, the study of localized maternal mRNAs was just emerging as a new research area. Classic embryological studies had linked the inheritance of cytoplasmic domains with specific cell lineages, but the underlying molecular nature of these putative determinants remained a mystery. The model system Xenopus would play a pivotal role in the progress of this new field. In fact, the first localized maternal mRNA to be identified and cloned from any organism was Xenopus vg1, a TGF-beta family member. This seminal finding opened the door to many subsequent studies focused on how RNAs are localized and what functions they had in development. As the field moves into the future, Xenopus remains the system of choice for studies identifying RNA/protein transport particles and maternal RNAs through RNA-sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lou King
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th St, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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30
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Localization in Oogenesis of Maternal Regulators of Embryonic Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 953:173-207. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Elkouby YM, Jamieson-Lucy A, Mullins MC. Oocyte Polarization Is Coupled to the Chromosomal Bouquet, a Conserved Polarized Nuclear Configuration in Meiosis. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002335. [PMID: 26741740 PMCID: PMC4704784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The source of symmetry breaking in vertebrate oocytes is unknown. Animal—vegetal oocyte polarity is established by the Balbiani body (Bb), a conserved structure found in all animals examined that contains an aggregate of specific mRNAs, proteins, and organelles. The Bb specifies the oocyte vegetal pole, which is key to forming the embryonic body axes as well as the germline in most vertebrates. How Bb formation is regulated and how its asymmetric position is established are unknown. Using quantitative image analysis, we trace oocyte symmetry breaking in zebrafish to a nuclear asymmetry at the onset of meiosis called the chromosomal bouquet. The bouquet is a universal feature of meiosis where all telomeres cluster to one pole on the nuclear envelope, facilitating chromosomal pairing and meiotic recombination. We show that Bb precursor components first localize with the centrosome to the cytoplasm adjacent to the telomere cluster of the bouquet. They then aggregate around the centrosome in a specialized nuclear cleft that we identified, assembling the early Bb. We show that the bouquet nuclear events and the cytoplasmic Bb precursor localization are mechanistically coordinated by microtubules. Thus the animal—vegetal axis of the oocyte is aligned to the nuclear axis of the bouquet. We further show that the symmetry breaking events lay upstream to the only known regulator of Bb formation, the Bucky ball protein. Our findings link two universal features of oogenesis, the Bb and the chromosomal bouquet, to oocyte polarization. We propose that a meiotic—vegetal center couples meiosis and oocyte patterning. Our findings reveal a novel mode of cellular polarization in meiotic cells whereby cellular and nuclear polarity are aligned. We further reveal that in zygotene nests, intercellular cytoplasmic bridges remain between oocytes and that the position of the cytoplasmic bridge coincides with the location of the centrosome meiotic—vegetal organizing center. These results suggest that centrosome positioning is set by the last mitotic oogonial division plane. Thus, oocytes are polarized in two steps: first, mitotic divisions preset the centrosome with no obvious polarization yet, then the meiotic—vegetal center forms at zygotene bouquet stages, when symmetry is, in effect, broken. This study traces symmetry breaking in zebrafish oocytes to a cellular organizer that controls the configuration of the meiotic polarized chromosomal bouquet, thereby coupling meiosis and oocyte patterning at the nexus of oocyte differentiation. In most vertebrates, an early event in egg development involves the establishment of the so-called animal—vegetal axis; this sets up the embryonic body axes and contributes to germ-line specification, and therefore, is key to embryonic development. The animal—vegetal axis is established during oogenesis by the Balbiani body (Bb), an aggregate of specific mRNAs, proteins, and mitochondria, which forms adjacent to the nucleus and ultimately defines one pole of the oocyte, the vegetal pole. Despite its universal conservation, how the Bb forms and how its position is determined is unknown. Here, we show that Bb formation is initiated at the onset of meiosis, and its position coincides with a previously known meiotic polarized nuclear configuration, the chromosomal bouquet, which gathers the chromosome ends, the telomeres, asymmetrically on the nuclear membrane to assist in homologous chromosome pairing. We reveal that a global cellular organizer functioning via microtubules generates the bouquet and aggregates the Bb precursors asymmetrically towards the centrosome. We determined that these events lie functionally upstream to the Bb regulator Bucky ball. Further upstream, we found that the centrosome appears prepositioned by an intercellular cytoplasmic bridge derived from the last presumptive cell division plane of the premeiotic oogonial cell. Thus, oocyte polarity and the chromosomal bouquet are linked through a common cellular polarization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv M. Elkouby
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allison Jamieson-Lucy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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De Domenico E, Owens NDL, Grant IM, Gomes-Faria R, Gilchrist MJ. Molecular asymmetry in the 8-cell stage Xenopus tropicalis embryo described by single blastomere transcript sequencing. Dev Biol 2015; 408:252-68. [PMID: 26100918 PMCID: PMC4684228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Correct development of the vertebrate body plan requires the early definition of two asymmetric, perpendicular axes. The first axis is established during oocyte maturation, and the second is established by symmetry breaking shortly after fertilization. The physical processes generating the second asymmetric, or dorsal-ventral, axis are well understood, but the specific molecular determinants, presumed to be maternal gene products, are poorly characterized. Whilst enrichment of maternal mRNAs at the animal and vegetal poles in both the oocyte and the early embryo has been studied, little is known about the distribution of maternal mRNAs along either the dorsal-ventral or left-right axes during the early cleavage stages. Here we report an unbiased analysis of the distribution of maternal mRNA on all axes of the Xenopus tropicalis 8-cell stage embryo, based on sequencing of single blastomeres whose positions within the embryo are known. Analysis of pooled data from complete sets of blastomeres from four embryos has identified 908 mRNAs enriched in either the animal or vegetal blastomeres, of which 793 are not previously reported as enriched. In contrast, we find no evidence for asymmetric distribution along either the dorsal-ventral or left-right axes. We confirm that animal pole enrichment is on average distinctly lower than vegetal pole enrichment, and that considerable variation is found between reported enrichment levels in different studies. We use publicly available data to show that there is a significant association between genes with human disease annotation and enrichment at the animal pole. Mutations in the human ortholog of the most animally enriched novel gene, Slc35d1, are causative for Schneckenbecken dysplasia, and we show that a similar phenotype is produced by depletion of the orthologous protein in Xenopus embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Domenico
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Nick D L Owens
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Ian M Grant
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Rosa Gomes-Faria
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Michael J Gilchrist
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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Claußen M, Lingner T, Pommerenke C, Opitz L, Salinas G, Pieler T. Global analysis of asymmetric RNA enrichment in oocytes reveals low conservation between closely related Xenopus species. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3777-87. [PMID: 26337391 PMCID: PMC4626063 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular localization of mRNAs contributes to the generation of cellular asymmetries and cell fate determination. A comparative global analysis is given of animally and vegetally enriched RNAs in oocytes from two closely related Xenopus species. RNAs that localize to the vegetal cortex during Xenopus laevis oogenesis have been reported to function in germ layer patterning, axis determination, and development of the primordial germ cells. Here we report on the genome-wide, comparative analysis of differentially localizing RNAs in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis oocytes, revealing a surprisingly weak degree of conservation in respect to the identity of animally as well as vegetally enriched transcripts in these closely related species. Heterologous RNA injections and protein binding studies indicate that the different RNA localization patterns in these two species are due to gain/loss of cis-acting localization signals rather than to differences in the RNA-localizing machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Claußen
- Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Pommerenke
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lennart Opitz
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tomas Pieler
- Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Li-Villarreal N, Forbes MM, Loza AJ, Chen J, Ma T, Helde K, Moens CB, Shin J, Sawada A, Hindes AE, Dubrulle J, Schier AF, Longmore GD, Marlow FL, Solnica-Krezel L. Dachsous1b cadherin regulates actin and microtubule cytoskeleton during early zebrafish embryogenesis. Development 2015; 142:2704-18. [PMID: 26160902 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dachsous (Dchs), an atypical cadherin, is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of planar cell polarity, tissue size and cell adhesion. In humans, DCHS1 mutations cause pleiotropic Van Maldergem syndrome. Here, we report that mutations in zebrafish dchs1b and dchs2 disrupt several aspects of embryogenesis, including gastrulation. Unexpectedly, maternal zygotic (MZ) dchs1b mutants show defects in the earliest developmental stage, egg activation, including abnormal cortical granule exocytosis (CGE), cytoplasmic segregation, cleavages and maternal mRNA translocation, in transcriptionally quiescent embryos. Later, MZdchs1b mutants exhibit altered dorsal organizer and mesendodermal gene expression, due to impaired dorsal determinant transport and Nodal signaling. Mechanistically, MZdchs1b phenotypes can be explained in part by defective actin or microtubule networks, which appear bundled in mutants. Accordingly, disruption of actin cytoskeleton in wild-type embryos phenocopied MZdchs1b mutant defects in cytoplasmic segregation and CGE, whereas interfering with microtubules in wild-type embryos impaired dorsal organizer and mesodermal gene expression without perceptible earlier phenotypes. Moreover, the bundled microtubule phenotype was partially rescued by expressing either full-length Dchs1b or its intracellular domain, suggesting that Dchs1b affects microtubules and some developmental processes independent of its known ligand Fat. Our results indicate novel roles for vertebrate Dchs in actin and microtubule cytoskeleton regulation in the unanticipated context of the single-celled embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanbing Li-Villarreal
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Meredyth M Forbes
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrew J Loza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jiakun Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Taylur Ma
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kathryn Helde
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jimann Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Atsushi Sawada
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anna E Hindes
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julien Dubrulle
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gregory D Longmore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Florence L Marlow
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Intracellular microRNA profiles form in the Xenopus laevis oocyte that may contribute to asymmetric cell division. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11157. [PMID: 26059897 PMCID: PMC4461913 DOI: 10.1038/srep11157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric distribution of fate determinants within cells is an essential biological strategy to prepare them for asymmetric division. In this work we measure the intracellular distribution of 12 maternal microRNAs (miRNA) along the animal-vegetal axis of the Xenopus laevis oocyte using qPCR tomography. We find the miRNAs have distinct intracellular profiles that resemble two out of the three profiles we previously observed for mRNAs. Our results suggest that miRNAs in addition to proteins and mRNAs may have asymmetric distribution within the oocyte and may contribute to asymmetric cell division as cell fate determinants.
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Spike CA, Coetzee D, Nishi Y, Guven-Ozkan T, Oldenbroek M, Yamamoto I, Lin R, Greenstein D. Translational control of the oogenic program by components of OMA ribonucleoprotein particles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2014; 198:1513-33. [PMID: 25261697 PMCID: PMC4256769 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.168823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The oocytes of most sexually reproducing animals arrest in meiotic prophase I. Oocyte growth, which occurs during this period of arrest, enables oocytes to acquire the cytoplasmic components needed to produce healthy progeny and to gain competence to complete meiosis. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the major sperm protein hormone promotes meiotic resumption (also called meiotic maturation) and the cytoplasmic flows that drive oocyte growth. Prior work established that two related TIS11 zinc-finger RNA-binding proteins, OMA-1 and OMA-2, are redundantly required for normal oocyte growth and meiotic maturation. We affinity purified OMA-1 and identified associated mRNAs and proteins using genome-wide expression data and mass spectrometry, respectively. As a class, mRNAs enriched in OMA-1 ribonucleoprotein particles (OMA RNPs) have reproductive functions. Several of these mRNAs were tested and found to be targets of OMA-1/2-mediated translational repression, dependent on sequences in their 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs). Consistent with a major role for OMA-1 and OMA-2 in regulating translation, OMA-1-associated proteins include translational repressors and activators, and some of these proteins bind directly to OMA-1 in yeast two-hybrid assays, including OMA-2. We show that the highly conserved TRIM-NHL protein LIN-41 is an OMA-1-associated protein, which also represses the translation of several OMA-1/2 target mRNAs. In the accompanying article in this issue, we show that LIN-41 prevents meiotic maturation and promotes oocyte growth in opposition to OMA-1/2. Taken together, these data support a model in which the conserved regulators of mRNA translation LIN-41 and OMA-1/2 coordinately control oocyte growth and the proper spatial and temporal execution of the meiotic maturation decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Spike
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Donna Coetzee
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Yuichi Nishi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Tugba Guven-Ozkan
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Marieke Oldenbroek
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Ikuko Yamamoto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Rueyling Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - David Greenstein
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Dosch R. Next generation mothers: Maternal control of germline development in zebrafish. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 50:54-68. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.985816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Maternal syntabulin is required for dorsal axis formation and is a germ plasm component in Xenopus. Differentiation 2014; 88:17-26. [PMID: 24798204 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In amphibians and teleosts, early embryonic axial development is driven by maternally deposited mRNAs and proteins, called dorsal determinants, which migrate to the presumptive dorsal side of the embryo in a microtubule-dependent manner after fertilization. Syntabulin is an adapter protein that binds to kinesin KIF5B and to the transmembrane protein Syntaxin1. In zebrafish, a mutation in Syntabulin causes complete embryo ventralization. It is unknown whether Syntabulin plays an analogous role during early development of other species, a question addressed here in Xenopus laevis. in situ hybridization of syntabulin mRNA was carried out at different stages of Xenopus development. In oocytes, syntabulin transcripts were localized to the vegetal cortex of large oocytes and the mitochondrial cloud of very young oocytes. We extended the zebrafish data by finding that during cleavage Xenopus syntabulin mRNA localized to the germ plasm and was later expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs). This new finding suggested a role for Syntabulin during germ cell differentiation. The functional role of maternal syntabulin mRNA was investigated by knock-down with phosphorothioate DNA antisense oligos followed by oocyte transfer. The results showed that syntabulin mRNA depletion caused the complete loss of dorso-anterior axis formation in frog embryos. Consistent with the ventralized phenotype, syntabulin-depleted embryos displayed severe reduction of dorsal markers and ubiquitous transcription of the ventral marker sizzled. Syntabulin was required for the maternal Wnt/β-Catenin signal, since ventralization could be completely rescued by injection of β-catenin (or syntabulin) mRNA. The data suggest an evolutionarily conserved role for Syntabulin, a protein that bridges microtubule motors and membrane vesicles, during dorso-ventral axis formation in the vertebrates.
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