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Mäntylä E, Verkade P. Some Guiding Principles for a "Simple" Correlative Light Electron Microscopy Experiment. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2800:89-102. [PMID: 38709480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3834-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, Correlative Multimodal Imaging (CMI) has become an "en vogue" technique and a bit of a buzzword. It entails combining information from different imaging modalities to extract more information from a sample that would otherwise not be possible from each individual technique. The best established CMI technology is correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), which applies light and electron microscopy on the exact same sample/structure. In general, it entails the detection of fluorescently tagged proteins or structures by light microscopy and subsequently their relative intracellular localization is determined with nanometer resolution using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Here, we describe the different steps involved in a "simple" CLEM approach. We describe the overall workflow, instrumentation, and basic principles of sample preparation for a CLEM experiment exploiting stable expression of fluorescent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Mäntylä
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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2
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Shrivastava A, Du Y, Adepu HK, Li R, Madhvacharyula AS, Swett AA, Choi JH. Motility of Synthetic Cells from Engineered Lipids. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2789-2801. [PMID: 37729546 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cells are artificial systems that resemble natural cells. Significant efforts have been made over the years to construct synthetic protocells that can mimic biological mechanisms and perform various complex processes. These include compartmentalization, metabolism, energy supply, communication, and gene reproduction. Cell motility is also of great importance, as nature uses elegant mechanisms for intracellular trafficking, immune response, and embryogenesis. In this review, we discuss the motility of synthetic cells made from lipid vesicles and relevant molecular mechanisms. Synthetic cell motion may be classified into surface-based or solution-based depending on whether it involves interactions with surfaces or movement in fluids. Collective migration behaviors have also been demonstrated. The swarm motion requires additional mechanisms for intercellular signaling and directional motility that enable communication and coordination among the synthetic vesicles. In addition, intracellular trafficking for molecular transport has been reconstituted in minimal cells with the help of DNA nanotechnology. These efforts demonstrate synthetic cells that can move, detect, respond, and interact. We envision that new developments in protocell motility will enhance our understanding of biological processes and be instrumental in bioengineering and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwary Shrivastava
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yancheng Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Harshith K Adepu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ruixin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anirudh S Madhvacharyula
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander A Swett
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, 701 W. Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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The mechanisms of chromogranin B-regulated Cl- homeostasis. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1659-1672. [PMID: 36511243 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chloride is the most abundant inorganic anions in almost all cells and in human circulation systems. Its homeostasis is therefore important for systems physiology and normal cellular activities. This topic has been extensively studied with chloride loaders and extruders expressed in both cell surfaces and intracellular membranes. With the newly discovered, large-conductance, highly selective Cl- channel formed by membrane-bound chromogranin B (CHGB), which differs from all other known anion channels of conventional transmembrane topology, and is distributed in plasma membranes, endomembrane systems, endosomal, and endolysosomal compartments in cells expressing it, we will discuss the potential physiological importance of the CHGB channels to Cl- homeostasis, cellular excitability and volume control, and cation uptake or release at the cellular and subcellular levels. These considerations and CHGB's association with human diseases make the CHGB channel a possible druggable target for future molecular therapeutics.
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Lu CL, Kim J. Craniofacial Diseases Caused by Defects in Intracellular Trafficking. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:726. [PMID: 34068038 PMCID: PMC8152478 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells use membrane-bound carriers to transport cargo molecules like membrane proteins and soluble proteins, to their destinations. Many signaling receptors and ligands are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and are transported to their destinations through intracellular trafficking pathways. Some of the signaling molecules play a critical role in craniofacial morphogenesis. Not surprisingly, variants in the genes encoding intracellular trafficking machinery can cause craniofacial diseases. Despite the fundamental importance of the trafficking pathways in craniofacial morphogenesis, relatively less emphasis is placed on this topic, thus far. Here, we describe craniofacial diseases caused by lesions in the intracellular trafficking machinery and possible treatment strategies for such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinoh Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
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5
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Tanner H, Hodgson L, Mantell J, Verkade P. Fluorescent platinum nanoclusters as correlative light electron microscopy probes. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 162:39-68. [PMID: 33707021 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Correlative Imaging (CI) visualizes a single sample/region of interest with two or more imaging modalities. The technique seeks to elucidate information that may not be discernible by using either of the constituent techniques in isolation. Correlative Light Electron Microscopy (CLEM) can be employed to streamline workflows, i.e., using fluorescent signals in the light microscope (LM) to inform the user of regions which should be imaged with electron microscopy (EM). The efficacy of correlative techniques requires high spatial resolution of signals from both imaging modalities. Ideally, a single point should originate from both the fluorescence and electron density. However, many of the ubiquitously used probes have a significant distance between their fluorescence and electron dense portions. Furthermore, electron dense metal nanoparticles used for EM visualization readily quench any proximal adjacent fluorophores. Therefore, accurate registration of both signals becomes difficult. Here we describe fluorescent nanoclusters in the context of a CLEM probe as they are composed of several atoms of a noble metal, in this case platinum, providing electron density. In addition, their structure confers them with fluorescence via a mechanism analogous to quantum dots. The electron dense core gives rise to the fluorescence which enables highly accurate signal registration between epifluorescence and electron imaging modalities. We provide a protocol for the synthesis of the nanoclusters with some additional techniques for their characterization and finally show how they can be used in a CLEM set up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Tanner
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Hodgson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Mantell
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Shewring JR, Hodgson L, Bryant HL, Bullough PA, Weinstein JA, Verkade P. Refining a correlative light electron microscopy workflow using luminescent metal complexes. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 162:69-87. [PMID: 33707023 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential for increasing the application of Correlative Light Electron Microscopy (CLEM) technologies in life science research is hindered by the lack of suitable molecular probes that are emissive, photostable, and scatter electrons well. Most brightly fluorescent organic molecules are intrinsically poor electron-scatterers, while multi-metallic compounds scatter electrons well but are usually non-luminescent. Thus, the goal of CLEM to image the same object of interest on the continuous scale from hundreds of microns to nanometers remains a major challenge partially due to requirements for a single probe to be suitable for light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). Some of the main CLEM probes, based on gold nanoparticles appended with fluorophores and quantum dots (QD) have presented significant drawbacks. Here we present an Iridium-based luminescent metal complex (Ir complex 1) as a probe and describe how we have developed a CLEM workflow based on such metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorna Hodgson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L Bryant
- Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Per A Bullough
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Oorschot V, Lindsey BW, Kaslin J, Ramm G. TEM, SEM, and STEM-based immuno-CLEM workflows offer complementary advantages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:899. [PMID: 33441723 PMCID: PMC7806999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying endogenous tissue stem cells remains a key challenge in developmental and regenerative biology. To distinguish and molecularly characterise stem cell populations in large heterogeneous tissues, the combination of cytochemical cell markers with ultrastructural morphology is highly beneficial. Here, we realise this through workflows of multi-resolution immuno-correlative light and electron microscopy (iCLEM) methodologies. Taking advantage of the antigenicity preservation of the Tokuyasu technique, we have established robust protocols and workflows and provide a side-by-side comparison of iCLEM used in combination with scanning EM (SEM), scanning TEM (STEM), or transmission EM (TEM). Evaluation of the applications and advantages of each method highlights their practicality for the identification, quantification, and characterization of heterogeneous cell populations in small organisms, organs, or tissues in healthy and diseased states. The iCLEM techniques are broadly applicable and can use either genetically encoded or cytochemical markers on plant, animal and human tissues. We demonstrate how these protocols are particularly suited for investigating neural stem and progenitor cell populations of the vertebrate nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Oorschot
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo EM, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin W Lindsey
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Georg Ramm
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo EM, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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9
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Visualization of adherent cell monolayers by cryo-electron microscopy: A snapshot of endothelial adherens junctions. J Struct Biol 2015; 192:470-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Delevoye C, Goud B. Rab GTPases and kinesin motors in endosomal trafficking. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 130:235-46. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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11
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Heiligenstein X, Heiligenstein J, Delevoye C, Hurbain I, Bardin S, Paul-Gilloteaux P, Sengmanivong L, Régnier G, Salamero J, Antony C, Raposo G. The CryoCapsule: simplifying correlative light to electron microscopy. Traffic 2014; 15:700-16. [PMID: 24533564 PMCID: PMC4064126 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Correlating complementary multiple scale images of the same object is a straightforward means to decipher biological processes. Light microscopy and electron microscopy are the most commonly used imaging techniques, yet despite their complementarity, the experimental procedures available to correlate them are technically complex. We designed and manufactured a new device adapted to many biological specimens, the CryoCapsule, that simplifies the multiple sample preparation steps, which at present separate live cell fluorescence imaging from contextual high-resolution electron microscopy, thus opening new strategies for full correlative light to electron microscopy. We tested the biological application of this highly optimized tool on three different specimens: the in vitro Xenopus laevis mitotic spindle, melanoma cells over-expressing YFP-langerin sequestered in organized membranous subcellular organelles and a pigmented melanocytic cell in which the endosomal system was labeled with internalized fluorescent transferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Heiligenstein
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Jérôme Heiligenstein
- Processes and Engineering in Mechanics and Materials, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8006, CER de Paris, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France
- CryoCapCell, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Sabine Bardin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Perrine Paul-Gilloteaux
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Spatio-temporal modeling Imaging and cellular dynamics, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Lucie Sengmanivong
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Spatio-temporal modeling Imaging and cellular dynamics, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Gilles Régnier
- Processes and Engineering in Mechanics and Materials, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8006, CER de Paris, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Jean Salamero
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Spatio-temporal modeling Imaging and cellular dynamics, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Claude Antony
- Department of Structural Biology and Genomics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U964, CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch BP10142, France
| | - Graca Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
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Correlative light and electron microscopy: from live cell dynamic to 3D ultrastructure. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1117:485-501. [PMID: 24357376 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-776-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) aims at combining data acquired from the same sample through both imaging modalities. Many combinations can be found in the literature where almost any kind of light microscopy (LM) has been associated to different processing in electron microscopy (EM) and applied to a wide variety of specimen, from cultured cells to multicellular organisms. In this chapter, we focus on a technique that intends to combine LM acquisition on living cells with transmission EM (TEM) analysis. A specific attention is given to the description of a method to bring precise coordinates to the object of interest, to allow a straightforward correlation between LM and EM. Moreover, we describe how, by using high-pressure freezing as a fixation technique, dynamic events observed at the LM are captured and studied at the ultrastructural level.
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14
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Abstract
Technical improvements in electron microscopy, both instrumental and preparative, permit increasingly accurate analyses. Digital images for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be processed by software programs that automate tasks and create custom tools that allow for image enhancement for brightness, contrast and coloration; for creation of rectangular, ellipsoidal or irregular area selections; and for measurement of mean area and standard deviation. Sample preparation remains a source of error since organelles and spatial arrangements of macromolecules rapidly change after anoxia. Guidelines for maintaining consistency in preparation, examination and interpretation are presented for different electron microscopy (EM) modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. F. Cheville
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J. Stasko
- Microscopy Services, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
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