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Raposo G, Stahl PD. Extracellular vesicles - on the cusp of a new language in the biological sciences. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucl Acids 2023; 4:240-254. [PMID: 38288044 PMCID: PMC10824536 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role both in physiological balance and homeostasis and in disease processes through their ability to participate in intercellular signaling and communication. An ever-expanding knowledge pool and a myriad of functional properties ascribed to EVs point to a new language of communication in biological systems that has opened a path for the discovery and implementation of novel diagnostic applications. EVs originate in the endosomal network and via non-random shedding from the plasma membrane by mechanisms that allow the packaging of functional cargoes, including proteins, lipids, and genetic materials. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms that govern packaging, secretion and targeted delivery of extracellular vesicle-borne cargo will be required to establish EVs as important signaling entities, especially when ascribing functional properties to a heterogeneous population of vesicles. Several molecular cascades operate within the endosomal network and at the plasma membrane that recognize and segregate cargos as a prelude to vesicle budding and release. EVs are transferred between cells and operate as vehicles in biological fluids within tissues and within the microenvironment where they are responsible for short- and long-range targeted information. In this review, we focus on the remarkable capacity of EVs to establish a dialogue between cells and within tissues, often operating in parallel to the endocrine system, we highlight selected examples of past and recent studies on the functions of EVs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graca Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris 75005, France
| | - Philip D. Stahl
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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2
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Aktary Z, Amblard F, Raposo G, Delevoye C, Coscoy S, Larue L. 516 Dynein is involved in the movement, distribution, acidity, and transfer of melanosomes. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.09.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Peterman E, Gibieža P, Schafer J, Skeberdis VA, Kaupinis A, Valius M, Heiligenstein X, Hurbain I, Raposo G, Prekeris R. The post-abscission midbody is an intracellular signaling organelle that regulates cell proliferation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3181. [PMID: 31320617 PMCID: PMC6639393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Once thought to be a remnant of cell division, the midbody (MB) has recently been shown to have roles beyond its primary function of orchestrating abscission. Despite the emerging roles of post-abscission MBs, how MBs accumulate in the cytoplasm and signal to regulate cellular functions remains unknown. Here, we show that extracellular post-abscission MBs can be internalized by interphase cells, where they reside in the cytoplasm as a membrane-bound signaling structure that we have named the MBsome. We demonstrate that MBsomes stimulate cell proliferation and that MBsome formation is a phagocytosis-like process that depends on a phosphatidylserine/integrin complex, driven by actin-rich membrane protrusions. Finally, we show that MBsomes rely on dynamic actin coats to slow lysosomal degradation and propagate their signaling function. In summary, MBsomes may sometimes serve as intracellular organelles that signal via integrin and EGFR-dependent pathways to promote cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Paulius Gibieža
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, 44307, Lithuania
| | - Johnathon Schafer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | | | - Algirdas Kaupinis
- Proteomics Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Valius
- Proteomics Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Xavier Heiligenstein
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, 75005, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, 75005, France
| | - Graca Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, 75005, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, 75005, France
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), cell-derived membrane structures, are secreted after fusion of endosomes with the plasma membrane (exosomes) or shed from the plasma membrane (microvesicles). EVs play a key role both in physiological balance and homeostasis and in disease processes by their ability to participate in intercellular signaling and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Stahl
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Graca Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris , France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC CNRS, Paris , France
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Nag S, Rani S, Mahanty S, Bissig C, Arora P, Azevedo C, Saiardi A, van der Sluijs P, Delevoye C, van Niel G, Raposo G, Setty SRG. Rab4A organizes endosomal domains for sorting cargo to lysosome-related organelles. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.216226. [PMID: 30154210 PMCID: PMC6151265 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting endosomes (SEs) are the regulatory hubs for sorting cargo to multiple organelles, including lysosome-related organelles, such as melanosomes in melanocytes. In parallel, melanosome biogenesis is initiated from SEs with the processing and sequential transport of melanocyte-specific proteins toward maturing melanosomes. However, the mechanism of cargo segregation on SEs is largely unknown. Here, RNAi screening in melanocytes revealed that knockdown of Rab4A results in defective melanosome maturation. Rab4A-depletion increases the number of vacuolar endosomes and disturbs the cargo sorting, which in turn lead to the mislocalization of melanosomal proteins to lysosomes, cell surface and exosomes. Rab4A localizes to the SEs and forms an endosomal complex with the adaptor AP-3, the effector rabenosyn-5 and the motor KIF3, which possibly coordinates cargo segregation on SEs. Consistent with this, inactivation of rabenosyn-5, KIF3A or KIF3B phenocopied the defects observed in Rab4A-knockdown melanocytes. Further, rabenosyn-5 was found to associate with rabaptin-5 or Rabip4/4' (isoforms encoded by Rufy1) and differentially regulate cargo sorting from SEs. Thus, Rab4A acts a key regulator of cargo segregation on SEs.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Nag
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560 012
| | - Shikha Rani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560 012
| | - Sarmistha Mahanty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560 012
| | - Christin Bissig
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Pooja Arora
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560 012
| | - Cristina Azevedo
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter van der Sluijs
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cedric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, F-75005, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume van Niel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, F-75005, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Graca Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, F-75005, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Subba Rao Gangi Setty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560 012
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Gudjohnsen SAH, Atacho DAM, Gesbert F, Raposo G, Hurbain I, Larue L, Steingrimsson E, Petersen PH. Meningeal Melanocytes in the Mouse: Distribution and Dependence on Mitf. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:149. [PMID: 26635543 PMCID: PMC4658736 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary: Melanocytes are pigment producing cells derived from the neural crest. They are primarily found in the skin and hair follicles, but can also be found in other tissues including the eye, ear and heart. Here, we describe the distribution of pigmented cells in C57BL/6J mouse meninges, the membranes that envelope the brain. These cells contain melanosomes of all four stages of development and they depend on Microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF), the master regulator of melanocyte development, suggesting that they are bona-fide melanocytes. The location of these pigmented cells is consistent with the location of meningeal melanomas in humans and animal models. Significance: Here, we document and define pigmented cells in the meninges of the mouse brain and confirm that they are melanocytes. This is important for understanding the role of this cell type and for understanding primary meningeal melanoma, a rare disease that likely arises from normal meningeal melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefán A H Gudjohnsen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland Reykjavik, Iceland ; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Diahann A M Atacho
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland Reykjavik, Iceland ; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Franck Gesbert
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes Orsay, France ; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347 Orsay, France ; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer Orsay, France
| | - Graca Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University Paris, France ; CNRS UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA) Paris, France
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University Paris, France ; CNRS UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA) Paris, France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes Orsay, France ; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347 Orsay, France ; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer Orsay, France
| | - Eirikur Steingrimsson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Petur Henry Petersen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland Reykjavik, Iceland
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Gambarte Tudela J, Capmany A, Romao M, Quintero C, Miserey-Lenkei S, Raposo G, Goud B, Damiani MT. The late endocytic Rab39a GTPase regulates the interaction between multivesicular bodies and chlamydial inclusions. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3068-81. [PMID: 26163492 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Given their obligate intracellular lifestyle, Chlamydia trachomatis ensure that they have access to multiple host sources of essential lipids by interfering with vesicular transport. These bacteria hijack Rab6-, Rab11- and Rab14-controlled trafficking pathways to acquire sphingomyelin from the Golgi complex. Another important source of sphingolipids, phospholipids and cholesterol are multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Despite their participation in chlamydial inclusion development and bacterial replication, the molecular mechanisms mediating the interaction between MVBs and chlamydial inclusions remain unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that Rab39a labels a subset of late endocytic vesicles - mainly MVBs - that move along microtubules. Moreover, Rab39a is actively recruited to chlamydial inclusions throughout the pathogen life cycle by a bacterial-driven process that depends on the Rab39a GTP- or GDP-binding state. Interestingly, Rab39a participates in the delivery of MVBs and host sphingolipids to maturing chlamydial inclusions, thereby promoting inclusion growth and bacterial development. Taken together, our findings indicate that Rab39a favours chlamydial replication and infectivity. This is the first report showing that a late endocytic Rab GTPase is involved in chlamydial infection development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gambarte Tudela
- Laboratory of Phagocytosis and Intracellular Transport, School of Medicine, University of Cuyo, IHEM-CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Anahi Capmany
- Laboratory of Phagocytosis and Intracellular Transport, School of Medicine, University of Cuyo, IHEM-CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Maryse Romao
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, CNRS UMR144, Curie Institute, Paris 75248, France
| | - Cristian Quintero
- Laboratory of Phagocytosis and Intracellular Transport, School of Medicine, University of Cuyo, IHEM-CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | | | - Graca Raposo
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, CNRS UMR144, Curie Institute, Paris 75248, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, CNRS UMR144, Curie Institute, Paris, France
| | - Maria Teresa Damiani
- Laboratory of Phagocytosis and Intracellular Transport, School of Medicine, University of Cuyo, IHEM-CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
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8
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Heiligenstein X, Hurbain I, Delevoye C, Salamero J, Antony C, Raposo G. Step by step manipulation of the CryoCapsule with HPM high pressure freezers. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 124:259-74. [PMID: 25287845 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801075-4.00012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The CryoCapsule is a tool dedicated to correlative light to electron microscopy experiments. Focused on simplifying the specimen manipulation throughout the entire workflow from live-cell imaging to freeze substitution following cryofixation by high pressure freezing, we introduce here a step by step procedure to use the CryoCapsule either with the high pressure freezing machines: HPM010 or the HPM100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Heiligenstein
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Structure and Membrane Compartments, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Structure and Membrane Compartments, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Structure and Membrane Compartments, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Jean Salamero
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Spatio-Temporal Modeling Imaging and Cellular Dynamics, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Claude Antony
- Department of Structural Biology and Genomics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U964, CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France
| | - Graca Raposo
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Structure and Membrane Compartments, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France; Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
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9
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Clancy JW, Sedgwick A, Rosse C, Muralidharan-Chari V, Raposo G, Method M, Chavrier P, D'Souza-Schorey C. Regulated delivery of molecular cargo to invasive tumour-derived microvesicles. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6919. [PMID: 25897521 PMCID: PMC4497525 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells release multiple, distinct forms of extracellular vesicles including structures known as microvesicles, which are known to alter the extracellular environment. Despite growing understanding of microvesicle biogenesis, function and contents, mechanisms regulating cargo delivery and enrichment remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that in amoeboid-like invasive tumour cell lines, the v-SNARE, VAMP3, regulates delivery of microvesicle cargo such as the membrane-type 1 matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP) to shedding microvesicles. MT1-MMP delivery to nascent microvesicles depends on the association of VAMP3 with the tetraspanin CD9 and facilitates the maintenance of amoeboid cell invasion. VAMP3-shRNA expression depletes shed vesicles of MT1-MMP and decreases cell invasiveness when embedded in cross-linked collagen matrices. Finally, we describe functionally similar microvesicles isolated from bodily fluids of ovarian cancer patients. Together these studies demonstrate the importance of microvesicle cargo sorting in matrix degradation and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Clancy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Alanna Sedgwick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Carine Rosse
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris F-75248, France
| | | | - Graca Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Michael Method
- Northern Indiana Cancer Consortium, Michiana Hematology Oncology, Mishawaka, Indiana 46545, USA
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Vyas N, Walvekar A, Tate D, Lakshmanan V, Bansal D, Lo Cicero A, Raposo G, Palakodeti D, Dhawan J. Vertebrate Hedgehog is secreted on two types of extracellular vesicles with different signaling properties. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7357. [PMID: 25483805 PMCID: PMC4258658 DOI: 10.1038/srep07357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) is a secreted morphogen that elicits differentiation and patterning in developing tissues. Multiple proposed mechanisms to regulate Hh dispersion includes lipoprotein particles and exosomes. Here we report that vertebrate Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is secreted on two types of extracellular-vesicles/exosomes, from human cell lines and primary chick notochord cells. Although largely overlapping in size as estimated from electron micrographs, the two exosomal fractions exhibited distinct protein and RNA composition. We have probed the functional properties of these vesicles using cell-based assays of Hh-elicited gene expression. Our results suggest that while both Shh-containing exo-vesicular fractions can activate an ectopic Gli-luciferase construct, only exosomes co-expressing Integrins can activate endogenous Shh target genes HNF3β and Olig2 during the differentiation of mouse ES cells to ventral neuronal progenitors. Taken together, our results demonstrate that primary vertebrate cells secrete Shh in distinct vesicular forms, and support a model where packaging of Shh along with other signaling proteins such as Integrins on exosomes modulates target gene activation. The existence of distinct classes of Shh-containing exosomes also suggests a previously unappreciated complexity for fine-tuning of Shh-mediated gradients and pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Vyas
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Ankita Walvekar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Dhananjay Tate
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Dhiru Bansal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Alessandra Lo Cicero
- 1] Institut Curie, UMR 144, CNRS, F-75248 Paris, France [2] Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France [3] Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Infrastructures en Biologie Sante et Agronomie (IBiSA), Paris F-75248, France
| | - Graca Raposo
- 1] Institut Curie, UMR 144, CNRS, F-75248 Paris, France [2] Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France [3] Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Infrastructures en Biologie Sante et Agronomie (IBiSA), Paris F-75248, France
| | | | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- 1] Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India [2] CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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Heiligenstein X, Heiligenstein J, Delevoye C, Hurbain I, Bardin S, Paul-Gilloteaux P, Sengmanivong L, Régnier G, Salamero J, Antony C, Raposo G. The CryoCapsule: simplifying correlative light to electron microscopy. Traffic 2014; 15:700-16. [PMID: 24533564 PMCID: PMC4064126 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Correlating complementary multiple scale images of the same object is a straightforward means to decipher biological processes. Light microscopy and electron microscopy are the most commonly used imaging techniques, yet despite their complementarity, the experimental procedures available to correlate them are technically complex. We designed and manufactured a new device adapted to many biological specimens, the CryoCapsule, that simplifies the multiple sample preparation steps, which at present separate live cell fluorescence imaging from contextual high-resolution electron microscopy, thus opening new strategies for full correlative light to electron microscopy. We tested the biological application of this highly optimized tool on three different specimens: the in vitro Xenopus laevis mitotic spindle, melanoma cells over-expressing YFP-langerin sequestered in organized membranous subcellular organelles and a pigmented melanocytic cell in which the endosomal system was labeled with internalized fluorescent transferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Heiligenstein
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Jérôme Heiligenstein
- Processes and Engineering in Mechanics and Materials, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8006, CER de Paris, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France
- CryoCapCell, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Sabine Bardin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Molecular Mechanisms of Intracellular Transport, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Perrine Paul-Gilloteaux
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Spatio-temporal modeling Imaging and cellular dynamics, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Lucie Sengmanivong
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Spatio-temporal modeling Imaging and cellular dynamics, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Gilles Régnier
- Processes and Engineering in Mechanics and Materials, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8006, CER de Paris, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Jean Salamero
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Spatio-temporal modeling Imaging and cellular dynamics, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
| | - Claude Antony
- Department of Structural Biology and Genomics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U964, CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch BP10142, France
| | - Graca Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75248, France
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), CNRS UMR144, Paris 75248, France
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Raposo G, Delevoye C, van Niel G, Hurbain I, Bergam P, Patwardhan A, Cicero AL. Les mélanosomes, des vésicules intracellulaires majeures de la peau. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2013.09.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Miller IV, Raposo G, Welsch U, Prazeres da Costa O, Thiel U, Lebar M, Maurer M, Bender HU, von Luettichau I, Richter GHS, Burdach S, Grunewald TGP. First identification of Ewing's sarcoma-derived extracellular vesicles and exploration of their biological and potential diagnostic implications. Biol Cell 2013; 105:289-303. [PMID: 23521563 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Exosomes are small RNA- and protein-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are thought to mediate hetero- and homotypic intercellular communication between normal and malignant cells.Tumour-derived exosomes are believed to promote re-programming of the tumour-associated stroma to favour tumour growth and metastasis. Currently, exosomes have been intensively studied in carcinomas. However, little is known about their existence and possible role in sarcomas. RESULTS Here, we report on the identification of vesicles with exosomal features derived from Ewing's sarcoma(ES), the second most common soft-tissue or bone cancer in children and adolescents. ES cell line-derived EV shave been isolated by ultracentrifugation and analysed by flow-cytometric assessment of the exosome-associated proteins CD63 and CD81 as well as by electron microscopy. They proved to contain ES-specific transcripts including EWS-FLI1, which were suitable for the sensitive detection of ES cell line-derived exosomes by qRT-PCRin a pre-clinical model for patient plasma. Microarray analysis of ES cell line-derived exosomes revealed that they share a common transcriptional signature potentially involved in G-protein-coupled signalling, neurotransmitter signalling and stemness. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results imply that ES-derived exosomes could eventually serve as biomarkers for minimal residual disease diagnostics in peripheral blood and prompt further investigation of their potential biological role in modification of the ES-associated microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella V Miller
- Children's Cancer Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
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14
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Kalra H, Simpson RJ, Ji H, Aikawa E, Altevogt P, Askenase P, Bond VC, Borràs FE, Breakefield X, Budnik V, Buzas E, Camussi G, Clayton A, Cocucci E, Falcon-Perez JM, Gabrielsson S, Gho YS, Gupta D, Harsha HC, Hendrix A, Hill AF, Inal JM, Jenster G, Krämer-Albers EM, Lim SK, Llorente A, Lötvall J, Marcilla A, Mincheva-Nilsson L, Nazarenko I, Nieuwland R, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Pandey A, Patel T, Piper MG, Pluchino S, Prasad TSK, Rajendran L, Raposo G, Record M, Reid GE, Sánchez-Madrid F, Schiffelers RM, Siljander P, Stensballe A, Stoorvogel W, Taylor D, Thery C, Valadi H, van Balkom BWM, Vázquez J, Vidal M, Wauben MHM, Yáñez-Mó M, Zoeller M, Mathivanan S. Vesiclepedia: a compendium for extracellular vesicles with continuous community annotation. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001450. [PMID: 23271954 PMCID: PMC3525526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 921] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membraneous vesicles released by a variety of cells into their microenvironment. Recent studies have elucidated the role of EVs in intercellular communication, pathogenesis, drug, vaccine and gene-vector delivery, and as possible reservoirs of biomarkers. These findings have generated immense interest, along with an exponential increase in molecular data pertaining to EVs. Here, we describe Vesiclepedia, a manually curated compendium of molecular data (lipid, RNA, and protein) identified in different classes of EVs from more than 300 independent studies published over the past several years. Even though databases are indispensable resources for the scientific community, recent studies have shown that more than 50% of the databases are not regularly updated. In addition, more than 20% of the database links are inactive. To prevent such database and link decay, we have initiated a continuous community annotation project with the active involvement of EV researchers. The EV research community can set a gold standard in data sharing with Vesiclepedia, which could evolve as a primary resource for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Kalra
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Altevogt
- Tumor Immunology Programme, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philip Askenase
- Department of Medicine, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vincent C. Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francesc E. Borràs
- IVECAT, LIRAD-BST, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Dept de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Xandra Breakefield
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vivian Budnik
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edit Buzas
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Molecular Biotechnology and Centre for Research in Experimental Medicine, Torino, Italy
| | - Aled Clayton
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuele Cocucci
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Falcon-Perez
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dwijendra Gupta
- Center of Bioinformatics, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | | | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jameel M. Inal
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sai Kiang Lim
- A*STAR Institute of Medical Biology and Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antonio Marcilla
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | | | - Irina Nazarenko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther N. M. Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tushar Patel
- Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Melissa G. Piper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Center for Brain Repair and Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Gavin E. Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Raymond M. Schiffelers
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pia Siljander
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Willem Stoorvogel
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Clotilde Thery
- Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Hadi Valadi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bas W. M. van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michel Vidal
- UMR 5235 CNRS-University Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Marca H. M. Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Life Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margot Zoeller
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Beckett K, Monier S, Palmer L, Alexandre C, Green H, Bonneil E, Raposo G, Thibault P, Le Borgne R, Vincent JP. Drosophila S2 cells secrete wingless on exosome-like vesicles but the wingless gradient forms independently of exosomes. Traffic 2012; 14:82-96. [PMID: 23035643 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wingless acts as a morphogen in Drosophila wing discs, where it specifies cell fates and controls growth several cell diameters away from its site of expression. Thus, despite being acylated and membrane associated, Wingless spreads in the extracellular space. Recent studies have focussed on identifying the route that Wingless follows in the secretory pathway and determining how it is packaged for release. We have found that, in medium conditioned by Wingless-expressing Drosophila S2 cells, Wingless is present on exosome-like vesicles and that this fraction activates signal transduction. Proteomic analysis shows that Wingless-containing exosome-like structures contain many Drosophila proteins that are homologous to mammalian exosome proteins. In addition, Evi, a multipass transmembrane protein, is also present on exosome-like vesicles. Using these exosome markers and a cell-based RNAi assay, we found that the small GTPase Rab11 contributes significantly to exosome production. This finding allows us to conclude from in vivo Rab11 knockdown experiments, that exosomes are unlikely to contribute to Wingless secretion and gradient formation in wing discs. Consistent with this conclusion, extracellularly tagged Evi expressed from a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome is not released from imaginal disc Wingless-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Beckett
- Division of Developmental Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK.
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16
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Lötvall J, Rajendran L, Gho YS, Thery C, Wauben M, Raposo G, Sjöstrand M, Taylor D, Telemo E, Breakefield XO. The launch of Journal of Extracellular Vesicles (JEV), the official journal of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles - about microvesicles, exosomes, ectosomes and other extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2012; 1:18514. [PMID: 24009885 PMCID: PMC3760649 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v1i0.18514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
This study investigated the role of Sas-4 in basal body duplication in Paramecium and found that Sas-4 proteins are required to assemble and stabilize the germinative disk and cartwheel, which suggests that Sas-4 plays an essential role in basal body duplication. Centrioles and basal bodies are structurally related organelles composed of nine microtubule (MT) triplets. Studies performed in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos have shown that centriole duplication takes place in sequential way, in which different proteins are recruited in a specific order to assemble a procentriole. ZYG-1 initiates centriole duplication by triggering the recruitment of a complex of SAS-5 and SAS-6, which then recruits the final player, SAS-4, to allow the incorporation of MT singlets. It is thought that a similar mechanism (that also involves additional proteins) is present in other animal cells, but it remains to be investigated whether the same players and their ascribed functions are conserved during basal body duplication in cells that exclusively contain basal bodies. To investigate this question, we have used the multiciliated protist Paramecium tetraurelia. Here we show that in the absence of PtSas4, two types of defects in basal body duplication can be identified. In the majority of cases, the germinative disk and cartwheel, the first structures assembled during duplication, are not detected. In addition, if daughter basal bodies were formed, they invariably had defects in MT recruitment. Our results suggest that PtSas4 has a broader function than its animal orthologues.
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18
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Gangi Setty SR, Tenza D, Sviderskaya EV, Bennett DC, Raposo G, Marks MS. Cell‐specific ATP7A transport sustains copper‐dependent tyrosinase activity in melanosomes. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.866.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subba Rao Gangi Setty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Daniele Tenza
- Institute CurieCentre de Recherche and Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueParisFrance
| | - Elena V. Sviderskaya
- Centre for Molecular and Metabolic SignallingSt. George's University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Dorothy C. Bennett
- Centre for Molecular and Metabolic SignallingSt. George's University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Graca Raposo
- Institute CurieCentre de Recherche and Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueParisFrance
| | - Michael S. Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
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19
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Dimitrov A, Paupe V, Gueudry C, Sibarita JB, Raposo G, Vielemeyer O, Gilbert T, Csaba Z, Attie-Bitach T, Cormier-Daire V, Gressens P, Rustin P, Perez F, El Ghouzzi V. The gene responsible for Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome encodes a novel peripheral membrane protein dynamically associated with the Golgi apparatus. Hum Mol Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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van Niel G, Wubbolts R, Ten Broeke T, Buschow SI, Ossendorp FA, Melief CJ, Raposo G, van Balkom BW, Stoorvogel W. Dendritic cells regulate exposure of MHC class II at their plasma membrane by oligoubiquitination. Immunity 2007; 25:885-94. [PMID: 17174123 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate adaptive immune responses by activating T cells via cognate interactions between MHC-peptide complexes and T cell receptors. In immature DCs, MHC class II is predominantly stored in late endocytic compartments, where it has a short half-life because of degradation. In contrast, mature DCs recruit MHC class II to the plasma membrane. We here demonstrate that in immature DCs, the beta-chain of MHC class II was oligoubiquitinated after proteolytic processing of the associated invariant chain in endosomes and that this modification was required for efficient endocytosis and sorting into luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies. Ubiquitination of MHC class II was suppressed in lipopolysaccharide-activated DCs. Mutated MHC class II lacking its ubiquitination site was expressed at the plasma membrane, irrespective of DC maturation. Together, these data provide a molecular basis for the regulation of MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume van Niel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Scheuber A, Rudge R, Danglot L, Raposo G, Binz T, Poncer JC, Galli T. Loss of AP-3 function affects spontaneous and evoked release at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16562-7. [PMID: 17056716 PMCID: PMC1637621 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603511103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis mediating neurotransmitter release occurs spontaneously at low intraterminal calcium concentrations and is stimulated by a rise in intracellular calcium. Exocytosis is compensated for by the reformation of vesicles at plasma membrane and endosomes. Although the adaptor complex AP-3 was proposed to be involved in the formation of SVs from endosomes, whether its function has an indirect effect on exocytosis remains unknown. Using mocha mice, which are deficient in functional AP-3, we identify an AP-3-dependent tetanus neurotoxin-resistant asynchronous release that can be evoked at hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) synapses. Presynaptic targeting of the tetanus neurotoxin-resistant vesicle soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) tetanus neurotoxin-insensitive vesicle-associated membrane protein (TI-VAMP) is lost in mocha hippocampal MF terminals, whereas the localization of synaptobrevin 2 is unaffected. In addition, quantal release in mocha cultures is more frequent and more sensitive to sucrose. We conclude that lack of AP-3 results in more constitutive secretion and loss of an asynchronous evoked release component, suggesting an important function of AP-3 in regulating SV exocytosis at MF terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Scheuber
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche 739, Cortex and Epilepsy, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Rudge
- Membrane Traffic in Neuronal and Epithelial Morphogenesis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Avenir Team, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7592, Université Paris 6, Université Paris 7, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Lydia Danglot
- Membrane Traffic in Neuronal and Epithelial Morphogenesis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Avenir Team, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7592, Université Paris 6, Université Paris 7, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Graca Raposo
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Institut Curie, F-75005 Paris, France; and
| | - Thomas Binz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Poncer
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche 739, Cortex and Epilepsy, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Galli
- Membrane Traffic in Neuronal and Epithelial Morphogenesis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Avenir Team, F-75005 Paris, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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22
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Fauré J, Lachenal G, Court M, Hirrlinger J, Chatellard-Causse C, Blot B, Grange J, Schoehn G, Goldberg Y, Boyer V, Kirchhoff F, Raposo G, Garin J, Sadoul R. Exosomes are released by cultured cortical neurones. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 31:642-8. [PMID: 16446100 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that several cell types have the capacity to secrete membrane proteins by incorporating them into exosomes, which are small lipid vesicles derived from the intralumenal membranes of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) of the endocytic pathway. Exosomes are expelled in the extracellular space upon fusion of the MVB with the plasma membrane. Exosomal release is a way of secreting membrane proteins meant to be discarded, or to be passed on to other cells. Here, we demonstrate, using primary cortical cultures, that neurones and astrocytes can secrete exosomes. We find that exosomes released by cortical neurones contain the L1 cell adhesion molecule, the GPI-anchored prion protein, and the GluR2/3 but not the NR1 subunits of glutamate receptors. We also show that exosomal release is regulated by depolarisation. Our observation suggests that exosomes may have a regulatory function at synapses and could also allow intercellular exchange of membrane proteins within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fauré
- Laboratoire Neurodégénérescence et Plasticité, INSERM-Université Joseph Fourier, Pavillon de Neurologie, Hopital A. Michallon, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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23
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Abouzahr S, Bismuth G, Gaudin C, Caroll O, Van Endert P, Jalil A, Dausset J, Vergnon I, Richon C, Kauffmann A, Galon J, Raposo G, Mami-Chouaib F, Chouaib S. Identification of target actin content and polymerization status as a mechanism of tumor resistance after cytolytic T lymphocyte pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:1428-33. [PMID: 16432193 PMCID: PMC1360579 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510454103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate tumor resistance to T cell lysis, a resistant variant was selected after specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) selection pressure. Although the resistant variant triggered perforin and granzyme B transcription in specific CTLs, as well as their degranulation, it exhibited a dramatic resistance to cytotoxic T cell killing. It also displayed strong morphological changes with alterations of the actin cytoskeleton. Electron microscopy analysis revealed a loosen interaction between CTLs and the resistant variant despite the formation of apparently normal conjugates. Transcriptional profiling identified a gene expression signature that distinguished sensitive from resistant tumor targets. More notably, we found that actin-related genes ephrin-A1 and scinderin were overexpressed in resistant target. Silencing of these genes using RNA interference resulted in a restoration of normal cell morphology and a significant attenuation of variant resistance to CTL killing. Our present study shows that a shift in cytoskeletal organization can be used, by tumor cells, as a strategy to promote their resistance after CTL selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Abouzahr
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U487, 94805 Villejuif, France
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24
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Girardot N, Langui D, Raposo G, Buée L, Duyckaerts C. O1-1 Implication du ganglioside GM1 dans l’externalisation du peptide Aß au cours de la maladie d’Alzheimer et dans ses modèles transgéniques. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(05)85289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Potolicchio I, Chitta S, Xu X, Fonseca D, Crisi G, Horejsi V, Strominger JL, Stern LJ, Raposo G, Santambrogio L. Conformational Variation of Surface Class II MHC Proteins during Myeloid Dendritic Cell Differentiation Accompanies Structural Changes in Lysosomal MIIC. J Immunol 2005; 175:4935-47. [PMID: 16210595 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC), uniquely among APC, express an open/empty conformation of MHC class II (MHC-II) proteins (correctly folded molecules lacking bound peptides). Generation and trafficking of empty HLA-DR during DC differentiation are investigated here. HLA-DR did not fold as an empty molecule in the endoplasmic reticulum/trans-Golgi network, did not derived from MHC/Ii complexes trafficking to the cell surface, but was generated after invariant chain degradation within lysosomal-like MHC-II rich compartments (MIIC). In pre-DC, generated from monocytes cultured in the presence of GM-CSF, Lamp-1(+)MHC-II(+) compartments are predominantly electron dense and, in these cells, empty MHC-II molecules accounts for as much as 20% of total surface HLA-DR. In immature DC, generated in presence of GM-CSF and IL-4, empty HLA-DR reside in multilamellar MIIC, but are scarcely observed at the cell surface. Thus, the morphology/composition of lysosomal MIIC at different DC maturational stages appear important for surface egression or intracellular retention of empty HLA-DR. Ag loading can be achieved for the fraction of empty HLA-DR present in the "peptide-receptive" form. Finally, in vivo, APC-expressing surface empty HLA-DR were found in T cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Potolicchio
- Department of Pathology Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
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26
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Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by cells upon fusion of multivesicular endosomes with the cell surface. The mechanisms underlying the specific sorting of proteins in exosomal membranes are far from being unraveled. We demonstrate here, using different cells, that some molecules are released in the extracellular medium via their association with lipid raft domains of the exosomal membrane. Various typical raft-associated molecules could be detected by immunoblot in exosomes and Triton X-100-insoluble fractions isolated from exosomes of different origins. Partial localization of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules with detergent-resistant fractions isolated from Daudi-secreted exosomes was demonstrated by immunoblot and confirmed by electron microscopy colocalization of MHC class II molecules and ganglioside GM1. Moreover, we found that exosome-associated Lyn (1) had a lower molecular weight compared with Lyn detected in cell-isolated detergent-resistant domains, (2) was absent from the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction isolated from exosomes, and (3) had lost its partitioning capacity in Triton X-114. Exosomal Lyn is probably cleaved by a caspase-3-like activity contained in secreted vesicles. All together, the data highlight the presence of lipid microdomains in exosomal membranes and suggest their participation in vesicle formation and structure, as well as the direct implication of exosomes in regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude de Gassart
- UMR 5539, Univ Montpellier II-cc107, Montpellier 34095, France
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27
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Niedergang F, Colucci-Guyon E, Dubois T, Raposo G, Chavrier P. ADP ribosylation factor 6 is activated and controls membrane delivery during phagocytosis in macrophages. J Cell Biol 2003; 161:1143-50. [PMID: 12810696 PMCID: PMC2172982 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200210069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Engulfment of particles by phagocytes is induced by their interaction with specific receptors on the cell surface, which leads to actin polymerization and the extension of membrane protrusions to form a closed phagosome. Membrane delivery from internal pools is considered to play an important role in pseudopod extension during phagocytosis. Here, we report that endogenous ADP ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6), a small GTP-binding protein, undergoes a sharp and transient activation in macrophages when phagocytosis was initiated via receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulins (FcRs). A dominant-negative mutant of ARF6 (T27N mutation) dramatically affected FcR-mediated phagocytosis. Expression of ARF6-T27N lead to a reduction in the focal delivery of vesicle-associated membrane protein 3+ endosomal recycling membranes at phagocytosis sites, whereas actin polymerization was unimpaired. This resulted in an early blockade in pseudopod extension and accumulation of intracellular vesicles, as observed by electron microscopy. We conclude that ARF6 is a major regulator of membrane recycling during phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Niedergang
- Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics Laboratory, UMR144 CNRS, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248 Paris cedex 05, France.
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Benais-Pont G, Punn A, Flores-Maldonado C, Eckert J, Raposo G, Fleming TP, Cereijido M, Balda MS, Matter K. Identification of a tight junction-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates Rho and regulates paracellular permeability. J Cell Biol 2003; 160:729-40. [PMID: 12604587 PMCID: PMC2173357 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200211047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho family GTPases are important regulators of epithelial tight junctions (TJs); however, little is known about how the GTPases themselves are controlled during TJ assembly and function. We have identified and cloned a canine guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of the Dbl family of proto-oncogenes that activates Rho and associates with TJs. Based on sequence similarity searches and immunological and functional data, this protein is the canine homologue of human GEF-H1 and mouse Lfc, two previously identified Rho-specific exchange factors known to associate with microtubules in nonpolarized cells. In agreement with these observations, immunofluorescence of proliferating MDCK cells revealed that the endogenous canine GEF-H1/Lfc associates with mitotic spindles. Functional analysis based on overexpression and RNA interference in polarized MDCK cells revealed that this exchange factor for Rho regulates paracellular permeability of small hydrophilic tracers. Although overexpression resulted in increased size-selective paracellular permeability, such cell lines exhibited a normal overall morphology and formed fully assembled TJs as determined by measuring transepithelial resistance and by immunofluorescence and freeze-fracture analysis. These data indicate that GEF-H1/Lfc is a component of TJs and functions in the regulation of epithelial permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Benais-Pont
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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André F, Schartz NEC, Chaput N, Flament C, Raposo G, Amigorena S, Angevin E, Zitvogel L. Tumor-derived exosomes: a new source of tumor rejection antigens. Vaccine 2002; 20 Suppl 4:A28-31. [PMID: 12477425 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles released by a broad array of hematopoietic cells. Previous studies showed that exosomes released by antigen loaded dendritic cells induce immune-mediated anti-tumor response in mice. Here, we will describe the biochemical properties of tumor-derived exosomes and, their pre-clinical activity as cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- F André
- Unite d'immunologie, Immunology Unit, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille-Desmoulins, F-94805 Villejuif Cedex, France.
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Andre F, Schartz NEC, Movassagh M, Flament C, Pautier P, Morice P, Pomel C, Lhomme C, Escudier B, Le Chevalier T, Tursz T, Amigorena S, Raposo G, Angevin E, Zitvogel L. Malignant effusions and immunogenic tumour-derived exosomes. Lancet 2002; 360:295-305. [PMID: 12147373 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes derived from tumours are small vesicles released in vitro by tumour cell lines in culture supernatants. To assess the role of these exosomes in vivo, we examined malignant effusions for their presence. We also investigated whether these exosomes could induce production of tumour-specific T cells when pulsed with dendritic cells. METHODS We isolated exosomes by ultracentrifugation on sucrose and D(2)O gradients of 11 malignant effusions. We characterised exosomes with Western blot analyses, immunoelectron microscopy, and in-vitro stimulations of autologous T lymphocytes. FINDINGS Malignant effusions accumulate high numbers of membrane vesicles that have a mean diameter of 80 nm (SD 30). These vesicles have antigen-presenting molecules (MHC class-I heat-shock proteins), tetraspanins (CD81), and tumour antigens (Her2/Neu, Mart1, TRP, gp100). These criteria, including their morphological characteristics, indicate the similarities between these vesicles and exosomes. Exosomes from patients with melanoma deliver Mart1 tumour antigens to dendritic cells derived from monocytes (MD-DCs) for cross presentation to clones of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific to Mart1. In seven of nine patients with cancer, lymphocytes specific to the tumour could be efficiently expanded from peripheral blood cells by pulsing autologous MD-DCs with autologous ascitis exosomes. In one patient tested, we successfully expanded a restricted T-cell repertoire, which could not be recovered carcinomatosis nodules. INTERPRETATION Exosomes derived from tumours accumulate in ascites from patients with cancer. Ascitis exosomes are a natural and new source of tumour-rejection antigens, opening up new avenues for immunisation against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Andre
- Departments of Clinical Biology, Immunology Unit, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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32
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Andre F, Andersen M, Wolfers J, Lozier A, Raposo G, Serra V, Ruegg C, Flament C, Angevin E, Amigorena S, Zitvogel L. Exosomes in cancer immunotherapy: preclinical data. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 495:349-54. [PMID: 11774591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0685-0_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Andre
- Immunology Unit, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Abstract
Melanosomes are tissue-specific organelles within which melanin is synthesized and stored. The melanocyte-specific glycoprotein Pmel17 is enriched in the lumen of premelanosomes, where it associates with characteristic striations of unknown composition upon which melanin is deposited. However, Pmel17 is synthesized as an integral membrane protein. To clarify its physical linkage to premelanosomes, we analyzed the posttranslational processing of human Pmel17 in pigmented and transfected nonpigmented cells. We show that Pmel17 is cleaved in a post-Golgi compartment into two disulfide-linked subunits: a large lumenal subunit, M alpha, and an integral membrane subunit, M beta. The two subunits remain associated intracellularly, indicating that detectable M alpha remains membrane bound. We have previously shown that Pmel17 accumulates on intralumenal membrane vesicles and striations of premelanosomes in pigmented cells. In transfected nonpigmented cells Pmel17 associates with the intralumenal membrane vesicles of multivesicular bodies; cells overexpressing Pmel17 also display structures resembling premelanosomal striations within these compartments. These results suggest that Pmel17 is sufficient to drive the formation of striations from within multivesicular bodies and is thus directly involved in the biogenesis of premelanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Berson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Abstract
Inositol lipids play key roles in many fundamental cellular processes that include growth, cell survival, motility, and membrane trafficking. Recent studies on the PTEN and Myotubularin proteins have underscored the importance of inositol lipid 3-phosphatases in cell function. Inactivating mutations in the genes encoding PTEN and Myotubularin are key steps in the progression of some cancers and in the onset of X-linked myotubular myopathy, respectively. Myotubularin-related protein 3 (MTMR3) shows extensive homology to Myotubularin, including the catalytic domain, but additionally possesses a C-terminal extension that includes a FYVE domain. We show that MTMR3 is an inositol lipid 3-phosphatase, with a so-far-unique substrate specificity. It is able to hydrolyze PtdIns3P and PtdIns3,5P2, both in vitro and when heterologously expressed in S. cerevisiae, and to thereby provide the first clearly defined route for the cellular production of PtdIns5P. Overexpression of a catalytically dead MTMR3 (C413S) in mammalian cells induces a striking formation of vacuolar compartments that enclose membranous structures that are highly concentrated in mutant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Walker
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 3BX, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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35
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Stumptner-Cuvelette P, Morchoisne S, Dugast M, Le Gall S, Raposo G, Schwartz O, Benaroch P. HIV-1 Nef impairs MHC class II antigen presentation and surface expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:12144-9. [PMID: 11593029 PMCID: PMC59782 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.221256498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected cells can avoid cytotoxic T lymphocyte killing by Nef-mediated down-regulation of surface MHC I. Here, we show that HIV-1 Nef inhibits MHC II restricted peptide presentation to specific T cells and thus may affect the induction of antiviral immune responses. Nef mediates this effect by reducing the surface level of mature (i.e., peptide-loaded) MHC II while increasing levels of immature MHC II, which are functionally incompetent because of their association with the invariant chain. Nef was the only HIV-1 gene product to possess this capacity, which was also observed in the context of the whole HIV-1 genome. Other proteins of the endocytic pathway were not affected by Nef expression, suggesting that Nef effects on MHC II did not result from a general alteration of the endocytic pathway. Response patterns to previously characterized mutations of Nef differed for Nef-induced modulation of mature and immature MHC II. Furthermore, the doses of Nef required to observe each of the two effects were clearly different, suggesting that Nef could affect MHC II peptide presentation through distinct mechanisms. Cooperation between those mechanisms may enable Nef to efficiently inhibit MHC II function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stumptner-Cuvelette
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U520 and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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36
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Given the observations that intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) can present antigens to CD4(+) T lymphocytes and that professional antigen-presenting cells secrete exosomes (antigen-presenting vesicles), we hypothesized that IECs may secrete exosomes carrying molecules implicated in antigen presentation, which may be able to cross the basement membrane and convey immune information to noncontiguous immune cells. METHODS Human IEC lines HT29-19A and T84-DRB1*0401/CIITA were grown on microporous filters. Release of exosomes under basal or inflammatory conditions was evaluated in conditioned apical and basolateral media after differential ultracentrifugations. Morphologic and biochemical characterization of exosomes was performed using immunoelectron microscopy, Western blotting, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS The intestinal cell lines released 30-90-nm-diameter vesicles from the apical and basolateral sides, and this release was significantly increased in the presence of interferon gamma. MHC class I, MHC class II, CD63, CD26/dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, and A33 antigen were present in epithelial-derived exosomes. CONCLUSIONS; Human IEC lines secrete exosomes bearing accessory molecules that may be involved in antigen presentation. These data are consistent with a model in which IECs may influence antigen presentation in the mucosal or systemic immune system independent of direct cellular contact with effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G van Niel
- INSERM E9925, Faculté Necker-Enfants Malades, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Théry C, Boussac M, Véron P, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Raposo G, Garin J, Amigorena S. Proteomic analysis of dendritic cell-derived exosomes: a secreted subcellular compartment distinct from apoptotic vesicles. J Immunol 2001; 166:7309-18. [PMID: 11390481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1170] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells constitutively secrete a population of small (50-90 nm diameter) Ag-presenting vesicles called exosomes. When sensitized with tumor antigenic peptides, dendritic cells produce exosomes, which stimulate anti-tumor immune responses and the rejection of established tumors in mice. Using a systematic proteomic approach, we establish the first extensive protein map of a particular exosome population; 21 new exosomal proteins were thus identified. Most proteins present in exosomes are related to endocytic compartments. New exosomal residents include cytosolic proteins most likely involved in exosome biogenesis and function, mainly cytoskeleton-related (cofilin, profilin I, and elongation factor 1alpha) and intracellular membrane transport and signaling factors (such as several annexins, rab 7 and 11, rap1B, and syntenin). Importantly, we also identified a novel category of exosomal proteins related to apoptosis: thioredoxin peroxidase II, Alix, 14-3-3, and galectin-3. These findings led us to analyze possible structural relationships between exosomes and microvesicles released by apoptotic cells. We show that although they both represent secreted populations of membrane vesicles relevant to immune responses, exosomes and apoptotic vesicles are biochemically and morphologically distinct. Therefore, in addition to cytokines, dendritic cells produce a specific population of membrane vesicles, exosomes, with unique molecular composition and strong immunostimulating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Théry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Unité 520, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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Wolfers J, Lozier A, Raposo G, Regnault A, Théry C, Masurier C, Flament C, Pouzieux S, Faure F, Tursz T, Angevin E, Amigorena S, Zitvogel L. Tumor-derived exosomes are a source of shared tumor rejection antigens for CTL cross-priming. Nat Med 2001; 7:297-303. [PMID: 11231627 DOI: 10.1038/85438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1176] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of T-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses requires the uptake and processing of tumor antigens by dendritic cells and their presentation on MHC-I molecules. Here we show in a human in vitro model system that exosomes, a population of small membrane vesicles secreted by living tumor cells, contain and transfer tumor antigens to dendritic cells. After mouse tumor exosome uptake, dendritic cells induce potent CD8+ T-cell-dependent antitumor effects on syngeneic and allogeneic established mouse tumors. Therefore, exosomes represent a novel source of tumor-rejection antigens for T-cell cross priming, relevant for immunointerventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolfers
- Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical Biology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Baron C, Raposo G, Scholl SM, Bausinger H, Tenza D, Bohbot A, Pouillart P, Goud B, Hanau D, Salamero J. Modulation of MHC class II transport and lysosome distribution by macrophage-colony stimulating factor in human dendritic cells derived from monocytes. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:999-1010. [PMID: 11181182 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.5.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) has been already shown to affect the function of dendritic cells (DC). Therefore, the differentiation of dendritic cells into macrophages (M(PHI)) might represent a pathway which could inhibit the immune response initiated by DC. Because Major Histocompatibility Complex class II molecules (MHC-II) are crucial for DC function, we asked whether M-CSF may influence the intracellular transport of MHC-II in monocyte derived DC. We found that, at early stages, M-CSF induced first a rapid redistribution of MHC-II from the MHC-II containing compartments (MIIC) to the plasma membrane and second an increase in MHC-II synthesis as observed with LPS or TNF-(alpha). These processes were associated with the sorting of MHC-II from lysosomal membranes which underwent a drastic structural reorganization. However, in contrast to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-(alpha) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), M-CSF neither potentiated the allostimulatory function of DC nor allowed the stabilization of MHC-II at the cell surface, but rather increased MHC-II turnover. We conclude that the rapid modulation of MHC-II transport and distribution may participate in the inhibitory effect of M-CSF on DC function and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baron
- UMR 144 CNRS-Institut Curie, Laboratoire des Mécanismes Moléculaires du Transport Intracellulaire, rue d'Ulm, Paris, France
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Vincent-Schneider H, Théry C, Mazzeo D, Tenza D, Raposo G, Bonnerot C. Secretory granules of mast cells accumulate mature and immature MHC class II molecules. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:323-34. [PMID: 11148134 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.2.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mast cells as well as dendritic cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. In mast cells, the majority of MHC class II molecules reside in intracellular cell type-specific compartments, secretory granules. To understand the molecular basis for the localisation of MHC class II molecules in secretory granules, MHC class II molecules were expressed, together with the invariant chain, in the mast cell line, RBL-2H3. Using electron and confocal microscopy, we observed that in RBL-2H3 cells, mature and immature class II molecules accumulate in secretory granules. Two particular features of class II transport accounted for this intracellular localization: first, a large fraction of newly synthesized MHC class II molecules remained associated with invariant chain fragments. This defect, resulting in a slower rate of MHC class II maturation, was ascribed to a low cathepsin S activity. Second, although a small fraction of class II dimers matured (i.e. became free of invariant chain), allowing their association with antigenic peptides, they were retained in secretory granules. As a consequence of this intracellular localization, cell surface expression of class II molecules was strongly increased by cell activation stimuli which induced the release of the contents of secretory granules. Our results suggest that antigen presentation, and thereby antigen specific T cell stimulation, are regulated in mast cells by stimuli which induce mast cell activation.
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Erdtmann L, Janvier K, Raposo G, Craig HM, Benaroch P, Berlioz-Torrent C, Guatelli JC, Benarous R, Benichou S. Two independent regions of HIV-1 Nef are required for connection with the endocytic pathway through binding to the mu 1 chain of AP1 complex. Traffic 2000; 1:871-83. [PMID: 11208076 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2000.011106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Nef protein from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces down-regulation of the CD4 and major histocompatibility complex class I molecules from the cell surface by interfering with the endocytic machinery. This work focuses on the interaction of HIV-1 Nef with the mu 1 chain of adaptor protein type 1 (AP1) complex and its contribution to the Nef-induced alterations of membrane trafficking. Two independent regions surrounding a disordered loop located in the C-terminal part of Nef are involved in mu 1 binding. Each region can separately interact with mu 1, and simultaneous point mutations within both regions are needed to abolish binding. We used CD8 chimeras in which the cytoplasmic tail was replaced by Nef mutants to show that these mu 1-binding sites contain determinants required to induce CD4 down-regulation and to target the chimera to the endocytic pathway by promoting AP1 complex recruitment. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the CD8-Nef chimera provokes morphological alterations of the endosomal compartments and co-localizes with AP1 complexes. These data indicate that the recruitment by Nef of AP1 via binding to mu 1 participates in the connection of Nef with the endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Erdtmann
- INSERM U529, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris V, 24 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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42
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Abstract
We investigate, in this study, the potential involvement of an acto-myosin-driven mechanism in endocytosis of polarized cells. We observed that depolymerization of actin filaments using latrunculin A decreases the rate of transferrin recycling to the basolateral plasma membrane of Caco-2 cells, and increases its delivery to the apical plasma membrane. To analyze whether a myosin was involved in endocytosis, we produced, in this polarized cell line, truncated, non-functional, brush border, myosin I proteins (BBMI) that we have previously demonstrated to have a dominant negative effect on endocytosis of unpolarized cells. These non-functional proteins affect the rate of transferrin recycling and the rate of transepithelial transport of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV from the basolateral plasma membrane to the apical plasma membrane. They modify the distribution of internalized endocytic tracers in apical multivesicular endosomes that are accessible to fluid phase tracers internalized from apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains. Altogether, these observations suggest that an acto-myosin-driven mechanism is involved in the trafficking of basolaterally internalized molecules to the apical plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Durrbach
- CNRS-ERS 1984, 19 rue Guy Moquet 94801 Villejuif, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The kinetics of protein-protein interactions can be monitored with optical biosensors based on the principles of either surface plasmon resonance or mirror resonance. These methods are straightforward for soluble proteins, but not for proteins inserted in the plasma membrane. METHODS We monitored with an IASys biosensor system, based on a resonant mirror: (1) the binding of cells to an immobilized ligand, (2) the binding of a soluble ligand to immobilized cells, and (3) the binding of a soluble ligand to immobilized plasma membrane vesicles. For comparison, the kinetics of fluorescent antibody binding to intact cells were measured by dynamic flow cytometry. RESULTS With an optical biosensor, the useful configuration is the one based on immobilized plasma membrane vesicles. However, signals can be detected only for very abundant binding sites (>10(6) per cell). Dynamic flow cytometry allows the accurate determination of the k(on) and k(off) of antibody binding. The sensitivity of the method is two orders of magnitude better than with an optical biosensor. CONCLUSIONS Although biosensors constitute a method of choice for measuring the interactions between soluble proteins, they are not well suited for measuring the interaction between soluble proteins and membrane-embedded proteins. On the contrary, flow cytometry is well suited for such an application, when it is used in a dynamic mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Boulla
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, Paris, France
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Oh J, Liu ZX, Feng GH, Raposo G, Spritz RA. The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) protein is part of a high molecular weight complex involved in biogenesis of early melanosomes. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:375-85. [PMID: 10655547 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.3.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding tendency and a ceroid-lipofuscin lysosomal storage disease result from defects of multiple cytoplasmic organelles: melanosomes, platelet dense granules and lysosomes. The HPS polypeptide, a 700 amino acid protein which is unrelated to any known proteins, is likely to be involved in the biogenesis of these different organelles. Here, we show that HPS is a non-glycosylated, non-membrane protein which is a component of two distinct high molecular weight complexes. In non-melanotic cells the HPS protein is contained almost entirely in an approximately 200 kDa complex that is widely distributed throughout the cytosol. In melanotic cells the HPS protein is partitioned between this cytosolic complex and a >500 kDa complex that appears to consist of the approximately 200 kDa complex in association with membranous components. Subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy studies indicate that the membrane-associated HPS complex of melanotic cells is associated with tubulovesicular structures, small non-coated vesicles, and nascent and early-stage melanosomes. These findings suggest that the HPS complex is involved in the biogenesis of early melanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oh
- Human Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, B-161, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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45
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Coco S, Raposo G, Martinez S, Fontaine JJ, Takamori S, Zahraoui A, Jahn R, Matteoli M, Louvard D, Galli T. Subcellular localization of tetanus neurotoxin-insensitive vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/VAMP7 in neuronal cells: evidence for a novel membrane compartment. J Neurosci 1999; 19:9803-12. [PMID: 10559389 PMCID: PMC6782963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The clostridial neurotoxin-insensitive soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) receptors, tetanus neurotoxin-insensitive (TI)-vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/VAMP7, SNAP23, and syntaxin 3 have recently been implicated in transport of exocytotic vesicles to the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells. This pathway had been shown previously to be insensitive to tetanus neurotoxin and botulinum neurotoxin F. TI-VAMP/VAMP7 is also a good candidate to be implicated in an exocytotic pathway involved in neurite outgrowth because tetanus neurotoxin does not inhibit this process in conditions in which it abolishes neurotransmitter release. We have now found that TI-VAMP/VAMP7 has a widespread distribution in the adult rat brain in which its localization strikingly differs from that of nerve terminal markers. TI-VAMP/VAMP7 does not enrich in synaptic vesicles nor in large dense-core granules but is associated with light membranes. In hippocampal neurons developing in vitro, TI-VAMP/VAMP7 localizes to vesicles in the axonal and dendritic outgrowths and concentrates into the leading edge of the growth cone, a region devoid of synaptobrevin 2, before synaptogenesis. After the onset of synaptogenesis, TI-VAMP/VAMP7 is found predominantly in the somatodendritic domain. In PC12 cells, TI-VAMP/VAMP7 does not colocalize with synaptobrevin 2, chromogranin B, or several markers of endocytic compartments. At the electron microscopic level, TI-VAMP/VAMP7 is mainly associated with tubules and vesicles. Altogether, these results suggest that TI-VAMP/VAMP7 defines a novel membrane compartment in neurite outgrowths and in the somatodendritic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Coco
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Center of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and B. Ceccarelli Center, 20129 Milano, Italy
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Zitvogel L, Lozier A, Wolfers J, Regnault A, Masurier C, Fernandez N, Raposo G, Amigorena S. Dendritic and tumour cell -derived exosomes as novel cancer vaccines. Eur J Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(99)80890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brachet V, Péhau-Arnaudet G, Desaymard C, Raposo G, Amigorena S. Early endosomes are required for major histocompatiblity complex class II transport to peptide-loading compartments. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:2891-904. [PMID: 10473634 PMCID: PMC25528 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.10.9.2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation to CD4(+) T lymphocytes requires transport of newly synthesized major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules to the endocytic pathway, where peptide loading occurs. This step is mediated by a signal located in the cytoplasmic tail of the MHC class II-associated Ii chain, which directs the MHC class II-Ii complexes from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to endosomes. The subcellular machinery responsible for the specific targeting of MHC class II molecules to the endocytic pathway, as well as the first compartments these molecules enter after exit from the TGN, remain unclear. We have designed an original experimental approach to selectively analyze this step of MHC class II transport. Newly synthesized MHC class II molecules were caused to accumulate in the Golgi apparatus and TGN by incubating the cells at 19 degrees C, and early endosomes were functionally inactivated by in vivo cross-linking of transferrin (Tf) receptor-containing endosomes using Tf-HRP complexes and the HRP-insoluble substrate diaminobenzidine. Inactivation of Tf-containing endosomes caused a marked delay in Ii chain degradation, peptide loading, and MHC class II transport to the cell surface. Thus, early endosomes appear to be required for delivery of MHC class II molecules to the endocytic pathway. Under cross-linking conditions, most alphabetaIi complexes accumulated in tubules and vesicles devoid of gamma-adaptin and/or mannose-6-phosphate receptor, suggesting an AP1-independent pathway for the delivery of newly synthesized MHC class II molecules from the TGN to endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brachet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U520, Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 75005 Paris, France
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Zitvogel L, Fernandez N, Lozier A, Wolfers J, Regnault A, Raposo G, Amigorena S. Dendritic cells or their exosomes are effective biotherapies of cancer. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35 Suppl 3:S36-8. [PMID: 10645221 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(99)00090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Zitvogel
- Département de Biologie Clinique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
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Raposo G, Cordonnier MN, Tenza D, Menichi B, Dürrbach A, Louvard D, Coudrier E. Association of myosin I alpha with endosomes and lysosomes in mammalian cells. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:1477-94. [PMID: 10233157 PMCID: PMC25307 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.10.5.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin Is, which constitute a ubiquitous monomeric subclass of myosins with actin-based motor properties, are associated with plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles. Myosin Is have been proposed as key players for membrane trafficking in endocytosis or exocytosis. In the present paper we provide biochemical and immunoelectron microscopic evidence indicating that a pool of myosin I alpha (MMIalpha) is associated with endosomes and lysosomes. We show that the overproduction of MMIalpha or the production of nonfunctional truncated MMIalpha affects the distribution of the endocytic compartments. We also show that truncated brush border myosin I proteins, myosin Is that share 78% homology with MMIalpha, promote the dissociation of MMIalpha from vesicular membranes derived from endocytic compartments. The analysis at the ultrastructural level of cells producing these brush border myosin I truncated proteins shows that the delivery of the fluid phase markers from endosomes to lysosomes is impaired. MMIalpha might therefore be involved in membrane trafficking occurring between endosomes and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Raposo
- Morphogenèse et Signalisation Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Morkowski S, Raposo G, Geuze HJ, Rudensky AY. Peptide loading in the endoplasmic reticulum accelerates trafficking of peptide:MHC class II complexes in B cells. J Biomed Sci 1999; 6:53-63. [PMID: 9933743 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In a combination of biochemical and immunoelectron-microscopical approaches we studied intracellular trafficking and localization of the endoplasmic-reticulum (ER)-formed complexes of murine MHC class II molecule I-Ab and an antigenic peptide Ealpha52-68 covalently linked to its beta-chain. The association with the peptide in the ER leads to sharp acceleration of the intracellular trafficking of the complexes to the plasma membrane. Within the cells, Ealpha52-68:I-Ab complexes accumulate in the multivesicular MHC class II compartment (MIIC), but not in denser multilaminar or intermediate type MIICs. The changes in the trafficking of ER-formed complexes result solely from the presence of the tethered peptide, since wild-type class II molecules traffic similarly in bare lymphocyte syndrome cells and in wild-type antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morkowski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash., USA
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