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Alatawi FS, Faridi U. Anticancer and anti-metastasis activity of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferols and genistein in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21975. [PMID: 38034665 PMCID: PMC10682641 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A powerful steroid hormone precursor, 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferols (1,25(OH)2D3), and dietary phytoestrogen (genistein) are essential compounds that act by binding to nuclear receptors and altering gene expression. They have many biological benefits, some of which have anticancer properties. We studied the impact of 1,25(OH)2D3 and genistein on the proliferation, progression, and metastasis of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells when they were used alone or in combination and investigated whether there was a synergistic effect between genistein and 1,25(OH)2D3. To achieve these goals, a variety of assays, including flow cytometry, cell invasion assays, cell adhesion assays, Western blotting, and RT‒PCR, were used. Our findings showed that genistein, 1,25(OH)2D3, and the two combined all effectively declined the growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by arresting the cells in the G0/G1 phase and inducing an apoptotic pathway. Stimulation of apoptosis was achieved by upregulating the expression of BAX and CASP3 genes and downregulating the expression levels of BCL-2 gene. Furthermore, both compounds suppress metastasis by reducing cell adhesion and cell migration/invasion by elevating the expression level of E-cadherin and reducing the expression level of P-cadherin and N-cadherin. Additionally, both genistein and 1,25(OH)2D3 increased the expression level of ERK1 and reduced the expression levels of JNK, p38, Ras, and MEK proteins, which reduced metastasis, enhanced the response to cancer treatment, and improved overall survival. Thus, genistein and 1,25(OH)2D3 can both be considered key candidates in the search for new breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Suliman Alatawi
- Faculty of Sciences, Biochemistry Department, Science College, University of Tabuk, Tabuk Saudi Arabia
| | - Uzma Faridi
- Faculty of Sciences, Biochemistry Department, Science College, University of Tabuk, Tabuk Saudi Arabia
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Clusan L, Ferrière F, Flouriot G, Pakdel F. A Basic Review on Estrogen Receptor Signaling Pathways in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076834. [PMID: 37047814 PMCID: PMC10095386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the deadliest among women worldwide. Estrogen signaling is closely associated with hormone-dependent breast cancer (estrogen and progesterone receptor positive), which accounts for two-thirds of tumors. Hormone therapy using antiestrogens is the gold standard, but resistance to these treatments invariably occurs through various biological mechanisms, such as changes in estrogen receptor activity, mutations in the ESR1 gene, aberrant activation of the PI3K pathway or cell cycle dysregulations. All these factors have led to the development of new therapies, such as selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs), or combination therapies with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 or PI3K inhibitors. Therefore, understanding the estrogen pathway is essential for the treatment and new drug development of hormone-dependent cancers. This mini-review summarizes current literature on the signalization, mechanisms of action and clinical implications of estrogen receptors in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Clusan
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - François Ferrière
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Gilles Flouriot
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Université de Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Ceccarelli I, Bioletti L, Peparini S, Solomita E, Ricci C, Casini I, Miceli E, Aloisi AM. Estrogens and phytoestrogens in body functions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:648-663. [PMID: 34890602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens are the hormones of reproduction in women as well as of many other important functions in the male and female body. They undergo significant changes in the different phases of life, e.g. during puberty, pregnancy or at menopause/andropause. Phytoestrogens are natural non-steroidal phenolic plant compounds that can mimic the activity of estrogens and their beneficial effects in women and in men. This narrative review summarizes the literature on the physiological role of estrogens and the several potential health benefits of phytoestrogens, with particular attention given to the possible role of phytoestrogens in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ceccarelli
- Department Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Bioletti
- Department Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sofia Peparini
- Department Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Erminia Solomita
- Department Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Comasia Ricci
- Department Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilenia Casini
- Department Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisangela Miceli
- Department Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Clusan L, Le Goff P, Flouriot G, Pakdel F. A Closer Look at Estrogen Receptor Mutations in Breast Cancer and Their Implications for Estrogen and Antiestrogen Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020756. [PMID: 33451133 PMCID: PMC7828590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. More than 70% of BC cases express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), a central transcription factor that stimulates the proliferation of breast cancer cells, usually in the presence of estrogen. While most cases of ER-positive BC initially respond to antiestrogen therapies, a high percentage of cases develop resistance to treatment over time. The recent discovery of mutated forms of ERα that result in constitutively active forms of the receptor in the metastatic-resistance stage of BC has provided a strong rationale for the development of new antiestrogens. These molecules targeting clinically relevant ERα mutants and a combination with other pharmacological inhibitors of specific pathways may constitute alternative treatments to improve clinical practice in the fight against metastatic-resistant ER-positive BC. In this review, we summarize the latest advances regarding the particular involvement of point mutations of ERα in endocrine resistance. We also discuss the involvement of synonymous ERα mutations with respect to co-translational folding of the receptor and ribosome biogenesis in breast carcinogenesis.
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Protons Show Greater Relative Biological Effectiveness for Mammary Tumorigenesis with Higher ERα- and HER2-Positive Tumors Relative to γ-rays in APC Min/+ Mice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 107:202-211. [PMID: 32036005 PMCID: PMC9835149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to ionizing radiation increases risk of breast cancer. Although proton radiation is encountered in outer space and in medicine, we do not fully understand breast cancer risks from protons owing to limited in vivo data. The purpose of this study was to comparatively assess the effects of γ-rays and protons on mammary tumorigenesis in APCMin/+ mice. METHODS AND MATERIALS Female APCMin/+ mice were exposed to 1 GeV protons (1.88 or 4.71 Gy) and 137Cs γ-rays (2 or 5 Gy). Mice were euthanized 100 to 110 days after irradiation, at which point mammary tumors were scored, tumor grades were assessed, and relative biological effectiveness was calculated. Molecular phenotypes were determined by assessing estrogen receptor α (ERα) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. ERα downstream signaling was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Exposure to proton radiation led to increased mammary tumor frequency at both proton radiation doses compared with γ-rays. The calculated relative biological effectiveness for proton radiation-induced mammary tumorigenesis was 3.11 for all tumors and >5 for malignant tumors relative to γ-rays. Tumor frequency per unit of radiation was higher at the lower dose, suggesting a saturation effect at the higher dose. Protons induced more adenocarcinomas relative to γ-rays, and proton-induced tumors show greater ERα and HER2 positivity and higher activation of the ERα downstream PI3K/Akt and cyclin D1 pathways relative to γ-rays. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that protons pose a higher risk of mammary tumorigenesis relative to γ-rays. We also show that proton radiation-induced tumors in APCMin/+ mice are ERα- and HER2-positive, which is consistent with our previous data on radiation-induced estrogenic response in wild-type mice. Although this study establishes APCMin/+ as a model with adequate signal-to-noise ratio for space radiation-induced mammary tumorigenesis, further studies will be required to address the uncertainties in space radiation-induced breast cancer risk estimation.
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Guivarc'h E, Favre J, Guihot AL, Vessières E, Grimaud L, Proux C, Rivron J, Barbelivien A, Fassot C, Briet M, Lenfant F, Fontaine C, Loufrani L, Arnal JF, Henrion D. Nuclear Activation Function 2 Estrogen Receptor α Attenuates Arterial and Renal Alterations Due to Aging and Hypertension in Female Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e013895. [PMID: 32102616 PMCID: PMC7335584 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The cardiovascular protective effects of estrogens in premenopausal women depend mainly on estrogen receptor α (ERα). ERα activates nuclear gene transcription regulation and membrane‐initiated signaling. The latter plays a key role in estrogen‐dependent activation of endothelial NO synthase. The goal of the present work was to determine the respective roles of the 2 ERα activities in endothelial function and cardiac and kidney damage in young and old female mice with hypertension, which is a major risk factor in postmenopausal women. Methods and Results Five‐ and 18‐month‐old female mice lacking either ERα (ERα−/−), the nuclear activating function AF2 of ERα (AF2°), or membrane‐located ERα (C451A) were treated with angiotensin II (0.5 mg/kg per day) for 1 month. Systolic blood pressure, left ventricle weight, vascular reactivity, and kidney function were then assessed. Angiotensin II increased systolic blood pressure, ventricle weight, and vascular contractility in ERα−/− and AF2° mice more than in wild‐type and C451A mice, independent of age. In both the aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries, angiotensin II and aging reduced endothelium‐dependent relaxation in all groups, but this effect was more pronounced in ERα−/− and AF2° than in the wild‐type and C451A mice. Kidney inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as blood urea and creatinine levels, were also more pronounced in old hypertensive ERα−/− and AF2° than in old hypertensive wild‐type and C451A mice. Conclusions The nuclear ERα‐AF2 dependent function attenuates angiotensin II–dependent hypertension and protects target organs in aging mice, whereas membrane ERα signaling does not seem to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Guivarc'h
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Julie Favre
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Emilie Vessières
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Linda Grimaud
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Coralyne Proux
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Jordan Rivron
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Agnès Barbelivien
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Céline Fassot
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Marie Briet
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France.,University Hospital of Angers Angers France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires Université de Toulouse 3 UMR INSERM 1048 Toulouse France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires Université de Toulouse 3 UMR INSERM 1048 Toulouse France
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires Université de Toulouse 3 UMR INSERM 1048 Toulouse France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Institute and CARFI Facility INSERM U1083 CNRS UMR 6015 Angers University Angers France.,University Hospital of Angers Angers France
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Tecalco-Cruz AC, Ramírez-Jarquín JO. Polyubiquitination inhibition of estrogen receptor alpha and its implications in breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2018; 9:60-70. [PMID: 30148069 PMCID: PMC6107474 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v9.i4.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is detected in more than 70% of the cases of breast cancer. Nuclear activity of ERα, a transcriptional regulator, is linked to the development of mammary tumors, whereas the extranuclear activity of ERα is related to endocrine therapy resistance. ERα polyubiquitination is induced by the estradiol hormone, and also by selective estrogen receptor degraders, resulting in ERα degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome system. Moreover, polyubiquitination is related to the ERα transcription cycle, and some E3-ubiquitin ligases also function as coactivators for ERα. Several studies have demonstrated that ERα polyubiquitination is inhibited by multiple mechanisms that include posttranslational modifications, interactions with coregulators, and formation of specific protein complexes with ERα. These events are responsible for an increase in ERα protein levels and deregulation of its signaling in breast cancers. Thus, ERα polyubiquitination inhibition may be a key factor in the progression of breast cancer and resistance to endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles C Tecalco-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama (PICM), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México 04510, México
| | - Josué O Ramírez-Jarquín
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México 04510, México
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Abstract
Resistance to steroid hormones presents a serious problem with respect to their mass use in therapy. It may be caused genetically by mutation of genes involved in hormonal signaling, not only steroid receptors, but also other players in the signaling cascade as co-regulators and other nuclear factors, mediating the hormone-born signal. Another possibility is acquired resistance which may develop under long-term steroid treatment, of which a particular case is down regulation of the receptors. In the review recent knowledge is summarized on the mechanism of main steroid hormone action, pointing to already proven or potential sites causing steroid resistance. We have attempted to address following questions: 1) What does stay behind differences among patients as to their response to the (anti)steroid treatment? 2) Why do various tissues/cells respond differently to the same steroid hormone though they contain the same receptors? 3) Are such differences genetically dependent? The main attention was devoted to glucocorticoids as the most frequently used steroid therapeutics. Further, androgen insensitivity is discussed with a particular attention to acquired resistance to androgen deprivation therapy of prostate cancer. Finally the potential causes are outlined of breast and related cancer(s) resistance to antiestrogen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hampl
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Emerging Estrogenic Pollutants in the Aquatic Environment and Breast Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8090229. [PMID: 28914763 PMCID: PMC5615362 DOI: 10.3390/genes8090229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number and amount of man-made chemicals present in the aquatic environment has increased considerably over the past 50 years. Among these contaminants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) represent a significant proportion. This family of compounds interferes with normal hormonal processes through multiple molecular pathways. They represent a potential risk for human and wildlife as they are suspected to be involved in the development of diseases including, but not limited to, reprotoxicity, metabolic disorders, and cancers. More precisely, several studies have suggested that the increase of breast cancers in industrialized countries is linked to exposure to EDCs, particularly estrogen-like compounds. Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) are the two main transducers of estrogen action and therefore important targets for these estrogen-like endocrine disrupters. More than 70% of human breast cancers are ERα-positive and estrogen-dependent, and their development and growth are not only influenced by endogenous estrogens but also likely by environmental estrogen-like endocrine disrupters. It is, therefore, of major importance to characterize the potential estrogenic activity from contaminated surface water and identify the molecules responsible for the hormonal effects. This information will help us understand how environmental contaminants can potentially impact the development of breast cancer and allow us to fix a maximal limit to the concentration of estrogen-like compounds that should be found in the environment. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of emerging estrogen-like compounds in the environment, sum up studies demonstrating their direct or indirect interactions with ERs, and link their presence to the development of breast cancer. Finally, we emphasize the use of in vitro and in vivo methods based on the zebrafish model to identify and characterize environmental estrogens.
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Zhou S, Li J, Xu H, Zhang S, Chen X, Chen W, Yang S, Zhong S, Zhao J, Tang J. Liposomal curcumin alters chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to Adriamycin via regulating microRNA expression. Gene 2017; 622:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Lecomte S, Chalmel F, Ferriere F, Percevault F, Plu N, Saligaut C, Surel C, Lelong M, Efstathiou T, Pakdel F. Glyceollins trigger anti-proliferative effects through estradiol-dependent and independent pathways in breast cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:26. [PMID: 28666461 PMCID: PMC5493871 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptors (ER) α and β are found in both women and men in many tissues, where they have different functions, including having roles in cell proliferation and differentiation of the reproductive tract. In addition to estradiol (E2), a natural hormone, numerous compounds are able to bind ERs and modulate their activities. Among these compounds, phytoestrogens such as isoflavones, which are found in plants, are promising therapeutics for several pathologies. Glyceollins are second metabolites of isoflavones that are mainly produced in soybean in response to an elicitor. They have potentially therapeutic actions in breast cancer by reducing the proliferation of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms driving these effects remain elusive. Methods First, to determine the proliferative or anti-proliferative effects of glyceollins, in vivo and in vitro approaches were used. The length of epithelial duct in mammary gland as well as uterotrophy after treatment by E2 and glyceollins and their effect on proliferation of different breast cell line were assessed. Secondly, the ability of glyceollin to activate ER was assessed by luciferase assay. Finally, to unravel molecular mechanisms involved by glyceollins, transcriptomic analysis was performed on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results In this study, we show that synthetic versions of glyceollin I and II exert anti-proliferative effects in vivo in mouse mammary glands and in vitro in different ER-positive and ER-negative breast cell lines. Using transcriptomic analysis, we produce for the first time an integrated view of gene regulation in response to glyceollins and reveal that these phytochemicals act through at least two major pathways. One pathway involving FOXM1 and ERα is directly linked to proliferation. The other involves the HIF family and reveals that stress is a potential factor in the anti-proliferative effects of glyceollins due to its role in increasing the expression of REDD1, an mTORC1 inhibitor. Conclusion Overall, our study clearly shows that glyceollins exert anti-proliferative effects by reducing the expression of genes encoding cell cycle and mitosis-associated factors and biomarkers overexpressed in cancers and by increasing the expression of growth arrest-related genes. These results reinforce the therapeutic potential of glyceollins for breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-017-0182-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lecomte
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Inserm U1085, Team Transcription, Environment and Cancer, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Chalmel
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Inserm U1085, Team Viral and Chemical Environment & Reproduction, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - François Ferriere
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Inserm U1085, Team Transcription, Environment and Cancer, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Percevault
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Inserm U1085, Team Transcription, Environment and Cancer, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Plu
- Laboratoire Nutrinov, Technopole Atalante Champeaux, 8 rue Jules Maillard de la Gournerie, 35012, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Christian Saligaut
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Inserm U1085, Team Transcription, Environment and Cancer, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Surel
- Laboratoire Nutrinov, Technopole Atalante Champeaux, 8 rue Jules Maillard de la Gournerie, 35012, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Marie Lelong
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Inserm U1085, Team Transcription, Environment and Cancer, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Theo Efstathiou
- Laboratoire Nutrinov, Technopole Atalante Champeaux, 8 rue Jules Maillard de la Gournerie, 35012, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), University of Rennes 1, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France. .,Inserm U1085, Team Transcription, Environment and Cancer, 9 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.
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Phytochemicals Targeting Estrogen Receptors: Beneficial Rather Than Adverse Effects? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071381. [PMID: 28657580 PMCID: PMC5535874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the effects of estrogen are mainly mediated by two different estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. These proteins are members of the nuclear receptor family, characterized by distinct structural and functional domains, and participate in the regulation of different biological processes, including cell growth, survival and differentiation. The two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes are generated from two distinct genes and have partially distinct expression patterns. Their activities are modulated differently by a range of natural and synthetic ligands. Some of these ligands show agonistic or antagonistic effects depending on ER subtype and are described as selective ER modulators (SERMs). Accordingly, a few phytochemicals, called phytoestrogens, which are synthesized from plants and vegetables, show low estrogenic activity or anti-estrogenic activity with potentially anti-proliferative effects that offer nutraceutical or pharmacological advantages. These compounds may be used as hormonal substitutes or as complements in breast cancer treatments. In this review, we discuss and summarize the in vitro and in vivo effects of certain phytoestrogens and their potential roles in the interaction with estrogen receptors.
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Nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2017; 34:121-132. [PMID: 28341599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70% cases of breast cancers exhibit high expression and activity levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), a transcription regulator that induces the expression of genes associated with cellular proliferation and survival. These nuclear functions of the receptor are associated with the development of breast cancer. However, ERα localization is not static, but rather, dynamic with continuous shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Interestingly, both the nuclear import and export of ERα are modulated by several stimuli that include estradiol, antiestrogens, and growth factors. As ERα nuclear accumulation is critical to the regulation of gene expression, nuclear export of this receptor modulates the intensity and duration of its transcriptional activity. Thus, the subcellular spatial distribution of ERα ensures tight modulation of its concentration in cellular compartments, as well as of its nuclear and extranuclear functions. In this review, we will discuss current findings regarding the biological importance of molecular mechanisms of, and proteins responsible for, the nuclear import and export of ERα in breast cancer cells.
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Tecalco-Cruz AC, Ramírez-Jarquín JO. Mechanisms that Increase Stability of Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2016; 17:1-10. [PMID: 27561704 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ER) is a transcriptional regulator that controls the expression of genes related to cellular proliferation and differentiation in normal mammary tissue. However, the expression, abundance, and activity of this receptor are increased in 70% of breast cancers. The ER upregulation is facilitated by several molecular mechanisms, including protein stability, which represents an important strategy to maintain an active and functional repertoire of ER. Several proteins interact and protect ER from degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Through diverse mechanisms, these proteins prevent polyubiquitination and degradation of ER, leading to an increase in ER protein levels; consequently, estrogen signaling and its physiologic effects are enhanced in breast cancer cells. Thus, increased protein stability seems to be one of the main reasons that ER is upregulated in breast cancer. Here, we highlight findings on the proteins and mechanisms that participate directly or indirectly in ER stability and their relevance to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles C Tecalco-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Josué O Ramírez-Jarquín
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
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15
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Zhou W, Feng X, Han Han, Guo S, Wang G. Synergistic effects of combined treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and TRAIL on human breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28004. [PMID: 27292433 PMCID: PMC4904277 DOI: 10.1038/srep28004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that either histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can induce apoptosis in tumor cells including breast cancer. However, the underling mechanisms of combining HDAC inhibitors with TRAIL in the treatment of breast cancer are poorly understood. In this study, we determined the ability of SAHA and TRAIL as single agents or in combination to inhibit the growth and survival of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Our results demonstrate that the distinct effects of SAHA or TRAIL individually and in combination on the proliferation, cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, and morphological changes of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. We further determined the different effects of SAHA or TRAIL alone and combining SAHA with TRAIL on the expression of a number of apoptosis-related molecules, cell cycle, growth factors and their receptors in cancer cells. Our results demonstrated that the combinatorial treatment of SAHA and TRAIL may target multiple pathways and serve as an effective therapeutic strategy against breast cancer. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms may facilitate either SAHA or TRAIL targeted use and the selection of suitable combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu Dis, Shenyang City, Liaoning Pro 110034, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu Dis, Shenyang City, Liaoning Pro 110034, P. R. China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, No. 20 North 9th St, Heping Dis, Shenyang City, Liaoning Pro 110002, P. R. China
| | - Han Han
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu Dis, Shenyang City, Liaoning Pro 110034, P. R. China
| | - Shanchun Guo
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
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16
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Moley KH, Colditz GA. Effects of obesity on hormonally driven cancer in women. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:323ps3. [PMID: 26819193 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad8842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of numerous poor health outcomes, including cancer. Obesity is especially problematic in women because both they and their offspring may be at increased risk of cancer. Studying transmission of obesity-induced cancer risk is challenging in humans, but animal studies are beginning to reveal the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelle H Moley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Graham A Colditz
- Department of Surgery and Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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17
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Bao YI, Wang A, Mo J. S100A8/A9 is associated with estrogen receptor loss in breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1936-1942. [PMID: 26998104 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are calcium-binding proteins that are secreted primarily by granulocytes and monocytes, and are upregulated during the inflammatory response. S100A8 and S100A9 have been identified to be expressed by epithelial cells involved in malignancy. In the present study, the transcriptional levels of S100A8 and S100A9 were investigated in various subtypes of breast cancer (BC), and the correlation with estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) gene expression was evaluated using microarray datasets. The expression of S100A8 and S100A9 in BC cells was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The regulation of ESR1 and GATA3 by administration of recombinant S100A8/A9 was examined in the BC MCF-7 cell line using quantitative (q)PCR. The association between S100A8 and S100A9 and overall survival (OS) was investigated in GeneChip® data of BC. The expression levels of S100A8 and S100A9 were higher in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2)-amplified and basal-like BC. The messenger (m)RNA levels of S100A8 and S100A9 were inversely correlated with ESR1 and GATA3 expression. S100A8/A9 induced a 10-fold decrease in the mRNA levels of ESR1 in MCF-7 cells. Poor OS was associated with high expression levels of S100A9, but not with high expression levels of S100A8 in BC. In conclusion, strong expression and secretion of S100A8/A9 may be associated with the loss of estrogen receptor in BC, and may be involved in the poor prognosis of Her2+/basal-like subtypes of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y I Bao
- Basic and Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Antao Wang
- Basic and Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Juanfen Mo
- Basic and Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
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18
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Niu XL, Wang Y, Yao Z, Duan H, Li Z, Liu W, Zhang H, Deng WM. Autocrine interferon-γ may affect malignant behavior and sensitivity to tamoxifen of MCF-7 via estrogen receptor β subtype. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:3120-30. [PMID: 26397740 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogenic actions of estrogens are mediated by two distinct estrogen receptors (ERs), which are critical in the progression and therapeutic response of breast cancer. ER expression is a dynamic phenomenon that is regulated by numerous factors, including cytokines, in the tumor microenvironment. Recently, studies have shown that autocrine production of IL-4 promotes cancer cell growth and there is negative correlation between tumor IL-4 and hormone receptor levels, suggesting that there is crosstalk between cytokine receptors and ER. Thus, we evaluated for interaction between the two ERs and the cytokines IL-4 and IFN-γ, and if this interaction modulates malignant behavior. We identified that ERβ exerts protective activity in the progression of breast cancer cell line MCF-7, which co-expresses ERα and ERβ. IFN-γ and IL-4 have the opposite effects on malignant biological behavior. Furthermore, we found positive correlation between IFN-γ and ERβ expression in MCF-7. We also determined that autocrine IFN-γ in MCF-7 increases mRNA expression of ERβ resulting in enhanced sensitivity to tamoxifen (TAM). These results indicate that ERβ and autocrine IFN-γ represent two putative targets for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Long Niu
- Department of Immunology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Heping, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Immunology, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Heping, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Heping, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hongjie Duan
- Department of Immunology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Heping, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of Immunology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Heping, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wenxing Liu
- Department of Immunology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Heping, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Department of Immunology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Heping, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wei Min Deng
- Department of Immunology of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Diseases and Microenvironment of Ministry of Education of China, Heping, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Keil KP, Vezina CM. DNA methylation as a dynamic regulator of development and disease processes: spotlight on the prostate. Epigenomics 2015; 7:413-25. [PMID: 26077429 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate development, benign hyperplasia and cancer involve androgen and growth factor signaling as well as stromal-epithelial interactions. We review how DNA methylation influences these and related processes in other organ systems such as how proliferation is restricted to specific cell populations during defined temporal windows, how androgens elicit their actions and how cells establish, maintain and remodel DNA methylation in a time and cell specific fashion. We also discuss mechanisms by which hormones and endocrine disrupting chemicals reprogram DNA methylation in the prostate and elsewhere and examine evidence for a reawakening of developmental epigenetic pathways as drivers of prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P Keil
- Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53705, USA
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20
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Principi M, Scavo MP, Piscitelli D, Villanacci V, Lovero R, Losurdo G, Girardi B, Ierardi E, Di Leo A. The sharp decline of beta estrogen receptors expression in long-lasting ulcerative-associated carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:1002-10. [PMID: 25862314 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.978817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal carcinoma is an important cause of death in inflammatory bowel diseases, thus requiring surveillance for dysplasia in long-standing ulcerative colitis (UC). Females show a lower incidence probably related to hormonal factors; therefore, a role of estrogen receptors (ERs) has been supposed in carcinoma-associated colitis (CAC) development. Our aim was to identify ER beta/alpha expression in long-lasting pancolitis through each grade of dysplasia to carcinoma and, furthermore, to investigate the simultaneous epithelial apoptosis/proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight patients affected by long-lasting pancolitis were retrospectively investigated. Samples were divided into four groups: UC, low-grade dysplasia/high-grade dysplasia (UC-HGD), and CAC. Normal colon samples were used as controls. ER-beta, ER-alpha, Ki-67, and TUNEL expression (labeling/H index) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ER-beta expression revealed an impressive reduction in CAC (10.4 ± 5.1; p < 0.001) compared to controls and UC (34.3 ± 3.1 and 26.8 ± 7.8, respectively), meanwhile ER-beta level in LGD (29.4 ± 3.7) was comparable to UC. As far ER-beta/ER-alpha mean value ratio revealed a progressive reduction. Ki67 demonstrated a progressive significant increase from UC until CAC (37.9 ± 6.4 < 45.7 ± 6.2 < 60.6 ± 5.2 < 71.1 ± 5.1; p < 0.001). Apoptotic index (TUNEL) revealed a strong fall in UC-HGD and CAC. CONCLUSIONS ER-beta fall could be considered as a biomarker of UC-dysplasia progression. It occurs in HGD and overt neoplasia, while in LGD shows a normal expression. At the moment, we are unable to use this tool in the clinical practice to predict tumor progression, but it would be appropriate to encourage ER expression investigations in large samples for the interesting perspectives of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariabeatrice Principi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Gastroenterology Section, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
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Arthur LM, Turnbull AK, Renshaw L, Keys J, Thomas JS, Wilson TR, Lackner MR, Sims AH, Dixon JM. Changes in PIK3CA mutation status are not associated with recurrence, metastatic disease or progression in endocrine-treated breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 147:211-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Boudot A, Kerdivel G, Lecomte S, Flouriot G, Desille M, Godey F, Leveque J, Tas P, Le Dréan Y, Pakdel F. COUP-TFI modifies CXCL12 and CXCR4 expression by activating EGF signaling and stimulates breast cancer cell migration. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:407. [PMID: 24906407 PMCID: PMC4063227 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The orphan receptors COUP-TF (chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor) I and II are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that play distinct and critical roles in vertebrate organogenesis. The involvement of COUP-TFs in cancer development has recently been suggested by several studies but remains poorly understood. Methods MCF-7 breast cancer cells overexpressing COUP-TFI and human breast tumors were used to investigate the role of COUP-TFI in the regulation of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis in relation to cell growth and migration. We used Immunofluorescence, western-blot, RT-PCR, Formaldehyde-assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements (FAIRE) assays, as well as cell proliferation and migration assays. Results Previously, we showed that COUP-TFI expression is enhanced in breast cancer compared to normal tissue. Here, we report that the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway, a crucial pathway in cell growth and migration, is an endogenous target of COUP-TFI in breast cancer cells. The overexpression of COUP-TFI in MCF-7 cells inhibits the expression of the chemokine CXCL12 and markedly enhances the expression of its receptor, CXCR4. Our results demonstrate that the modification of CXCL12/CXCR4 expression by COUP-TFI is mediated by the activation of epithelial growth factor (EGF) and the EGF receptor. Furthermore, we provide evidence that these effects of COUP-TFI increase the growth and motility of MCF-7 cells in response to CXCL12. Cell migration toward a CXCL12 gradient was inhibited by AMD3100, a specific antagonist of CXCR4, or in the presence of excess CXCL12 in the cell culture medium. The expression profiles of CXCR4, CXCR7, CXCL12, and COUP-TFI mRNA in 82 breast tumors and control non-tumor samples were measured using real-time PCR. CXCR4 expression was found to be significantly increased in the tumors and correlated with the tumor grade, whereas the expression of CXCL12 was significantly decreased in the tumors compared with the healthy samples. Significantly higher COUP-TFI mRNA expression was also detected in grade 1 tumors. Conclusions Together, our mechanistic in vitro assays and in vivo results suggest that a reduction in chemokine CXCL12 expression, with an enhancement of CXCR4 expression, provoked by COUP-TFI, could be associated with an increase in the invasive potential of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Farzad Pakdel
- Institut de Recherche en Santé-Environnement-Travail (IRSET), INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Equipe TREC, Biosit, Rennes, France.
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