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Zhang C, Liu F, Zhang Y, Song C. Macrocycles and macrocyclization in anticancer drug discovery: Important pieces of the puzzle. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116234. [PMID: 38401189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Increasing disease-related proteins have been identified as novel therapeutic targets. Macrocycles are emerging as potential solutions, bridging the gap between conventional small molecules and biomacromolecules in drug discovery. Inspired by successful macrocyclic drugs of natural origins, macrocycles are attracting more attention for enhanced binding affinity and target selectivity. Due to the conformation constraint and structure preorganization, macrocycles can reach bioactive conformations more easily than parent acyclic compounds. Also, rational macrocyclization combined with sequent structural modification will help improve oral bioavailability and combat drug resistance. This review introduces various strategies to enhance membrane permeability in macrocyclization and subsequent modification, such as N-methylation, intramolecular hydrogen bonding modulation, isomerization, and reversible bicyclization. Several case studies highlight macrocyclic inhibitors targeting kinases, HDAC, and protein-protein interactions. Finally, some macrocyclic agents targeting tumor microenvironments are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Laboratory for Food and Medicine Homologous Natural Resources Development and Utilization, Belgorod College of Food Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Fenfen Liu
- Laboratory for Food and Medicine Homologous Natural Resources Development and Utilization, Belgorod College of Food Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Chun Song
- Laboratory for Food and Medicine Homologous Natural Resources Development and Utilization, Belgorod College of Food Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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2
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Xu J, Shen C, Xie Y, Qiu B, Ren X, Zhou Y, Li G, Zheng G, Huang N. Design, synthesis, and bioactivity evaluation of macrocyclic benzo[b]pyrido[4,3-e][1,4]oxazine derivatives as novel Pim-1 kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 72:128874. [PMID: 35779826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pim-1 kinase is a serine/threonine kinase which is vital in many tumors. The Pim-1 inhibitor 10-DEBC and its derivatives discovered in our previous work were modified through macrocyclization strategy. A series of benzo[b]pyridine[4,3-e][1,4]oxazine macrocyclic compounds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as novel Pim-1 kinase inhibitors. Among these compounds, compound H5 exhibited the highest activity with an IC50 value of 35 nM. In addition, the crystal complex structure of Pim-1 kinase bound with compound H3 was determined, and the structure-activity relationship of these macrocyclic compounds was analyzed, which provides the structural basis of further optimization of novel macrocyclic Pim-1 kinase inhibitors..
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Cheng Shen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuting Xie
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Boxiang Qiu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xintong Ren
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Gudong Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Guojun Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Niu Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China.
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3
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Liu M, Dai J, Wei M, Pan Q, Zhu W. An updated patent review of small-molecule ROS1 kinase inhibitors (2015-2021). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:713-729. [PMID: 35343863 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2058872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : C-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) is the sole member of the ROS1 receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1-RTK) family, which is involved in the formation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), gastric adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer and other malignant tumors. At present, only crizotinib was approved for the treatment of advanced ROS1-positive NSCLC, and there have been reports of ROS1 mutations resulting in drug resistance. Consequently, it is necessary to develop new generations of inhibitors to overcome the existing problems. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the inhibitors with ROS1 inhibitory activity which are undergoing clinical trials and recent advances in patented ROS1 small molecular inhibitors from 2015 to 2021. EXPERT OPINION ROS1 rearrangements have been found in approximately 1%-2% of patients with NSCLC. Since the approval of crizotinib as multi-targeted ALK/MET/ROS1 kinase inhibitor for ALK-mutated NSCLC therapy, the researchers are focusing on ROS1-mutated tumors, especially NSCLC. However, drug-resistant mutations have already been found in clinical application. Therefore, it is still urgent to develop new generation of ROS1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Jintian Dai
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Mudan Wei
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Qingshan Pan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Wufu Zhu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
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4
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Chirality-matched catalyst-controlled macrocyclization reactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2113122118. [PMID: 34599107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113122118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocycles, formally defined as compounds that contain a ring with 12 or more atoms, continue to attract great interest due to their important applications in physical, pharmacological, and environmental sciences. In syntheses of macrocyclic compounds, promoting intramolecular over intermolecular reactions in the ring-closing step is often a key challenge. Furthermore, syntheses of macrocycles with stereogenic elements confer an additional challenge, while access to such macrocycles are of great interest. Herein, we report the remarkable effect peptide-based catalysts can have in promoting efficient macrocyclization reactions. We show that the chirality of the catalyst is essential for promoting favorable, matched transition-state relationships that favor macrocyclization of substrates with preexisting stereogenic elements; curiously, the chirality of the catalyst is essential for successful reactions, even though no new static (i.e., not "dynamic") stereogenic elements are created. Control experiments involving either achiral variants of the catalyst or the enantiomeric form of the catalyst fail to deliver the macrocycles in significant quantity in head-to-head comparisons. The generality of the phenomenon, demonstrated here with a number of substrates, stimulates analogies to enzymatic catalysts that produce naturally occurring macrocycles, presumably through related, catalyst-defined peripheral interactions with their acyclic substrates.
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5
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Sindhikara D, Borrelli K. High throughput evaluation of macrocyclization strategies for conformer stabilization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6585. [PMID: 29700331 PMCID: PMC5920116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While macrocyclization of a linear compound to stabilize a known bioactive conformation can be a useful strategy to increase binding potency, the difficulty of macrocycle synthesis can limit the throughput of such strategies. Thus computational techniques may offer the higher throughput required to screen large numbers of compounds. Here we introduce a method for evaluating the propensity of a macrocyclic compound to adopt a conformation similar that of a known active linear compound in the binding site. This method can be used as a fast screening tool for prioritizing macrocycles by leveraging the assumption that the propensity for the known bioactive substructural conformation relates to the affinity. While this method cannot to identify new interactions not present in the known linear compound, it could quickly differentiate compounds where the three dimensional geometries imposed by the macrocyclization prevent adoption of conformations with the same contacts as the linear compound in their conserved region. Here we report the implementation of this method using an RMSD-based structural descriptor and a Boltzmann-weighted propensity calculation and apply it retrospectively to three macrocycle linker optimization design projects. We found the method performs well in terms of prioritizing more potent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sindhikara
- Schrodinger, Inc. Department of Life Sciences, New York, NY, 10036, USA.
| | - Ken Borrelli
- Schrodinger, Inc. Department of Life Sciences, New York, NY, 10036, USA
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6
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Wagner V, Jantz L, Briem H, Sommer K, Rarey M, Christ CD. Computational Macrocyclization: From de novo Macrocycle Generation to Binding Affinity Estimation. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1866-1872. [PMID: 28977738 PMCID: PMC5725703 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrocycles play an increasing role in drug discovery, but their synthesis is often demanding. Computational tools that suggest macrocyclization based on a known binding mode and that estimate the binding affinity of these macrocycles could have a substantial impact on the medicinal chemistry design process. For both tasks, we established a workflow with high practical value. For five diverse pharmaceutical targets we show that the effect of macrocyclization on binding can be calculated robustly and accurately. Applying this method to macrocycles designed by LigMac, a search tool for de novo macrocyclization, our results suggest that we have a robust protocol in hand to design macrocycles and prioritize them prior to synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wagner
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry13353BerlinGermany
| | - Linda Jantz
- Universität HamburgZBH-Center for Bioinformatics20146HamburgGermany
| | - Hans Briem
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry13353BerlinGermany
| | - Kai Sommer
- Universität HamburgZBH-Center for Bioinformatics20146HamburgGermany
| | - Matthias Rarey
- Universität HamburgZBH-Center for Bioinformatics20146HamburgGermany
| | - Clara D. Christ
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry13353BerlinGermany
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7
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First macrocyclic 3 rd -generation ALK inhibitor for treatment of ALK/ROS1 cancer: Clinical and designing strategy update of lorlatinib. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 134:348-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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9
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Cee VJ, Chavez F, Herberich B, Lanman BA, Pettus LH, Reed AB, Wu B, Wurz RP, Andrews KL, Chen J, Hickman D, Laszlo J, Lee MR, Guerrero N, Mattson BK, Nguyen Y, Mohr C, Rex K, Sastri CE, Wang P, Wu Q, Wu T, Xu Y, Zhou Y, Winston JT, Lipford JR, Tasker AS, Wang HL. Discovery and Optimization of Macrocyclic Quinoxaline-pyrrolo-dihydropiperidinones as Potent Pim-1/2 Kinase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:408-12. [PMID: 27096050 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of Pim-1/2 kinase overexpression in B-cell malignancies suggests that Pim kinase inhibitors will have utility in the treatment of lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. Starting from a moderately potent quinoxaline-dihydropyrrolopiperidinone lead, we recognized the potential for macrocyclization and developed a series of 13-membered macrocycles. The structure-activity relationships of the macrocyclic linker were systematically explored, leading to the identification of 9c as a potent, subnanomolar inhibitor of Pim-1 and -2. This molecule also potently inhibited Pim kinase activity in KMS-12-BM, a multiple myeloma cell line with relatively high endogenous levels of Pim-1/2, both in vitro (pBAD IC50 = 25 nM) and in vivo (pBAD EC50 = 30 nM, unbound), and a 100 mg/kg daily dose was found to completely arrest the growth of KMS-12-BM xenografts in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. Cee
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Frank Chavez
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Bradley Herberich
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Brian A. Lanman
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Liping H. Pettus
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Anthony B. Reed
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Bin Wu
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Ryan P. Wurz
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Kristin L. Andrews
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Dean Hickman
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Jimmy Laszlo
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Matthew R. Lee
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Nadia Guerrero
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Bethany K. Mattson
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Yen Nguyen
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Christopher Mohr
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Karen Rex
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Christine E. Sastri
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Paul Wang
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Qiong Wu
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Tian Wu
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Yang Xu
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Yihong Zhou
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Winston
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - J. Russell Lipford
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Andrew S. Tasker
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Hui-Ling Wang
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
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10
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Elleraas J, Ewanicki J, Johnson TW, Sach NW, Collins MR, Richardson PF. Conformational Studies and Atropisomerism Kinetics of the ALK Clinical Candidate Lorlatinib (PF-06463922) and Desmethyl Congeners. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3590-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Elleraas
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer, La Jolla; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Jason Ewanicki
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer, La Jolla; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Ted W. Johnson
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer, La Jolla; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Neal W. Sach
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer, La Jolla; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Michael R. Collins
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer, La Jolla; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Paul F. Richardson
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer, La Jolla; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
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11
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Elleraas J, Ewanicki J, Johnson TW, Sach NW, Collins MR, Richardson PF. Conformational Studies and Atropisomerism Kinetics of the ALK Clinical Candidate Lorlatinib (PF-06463922) and Desmethyl Congeners. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Elleraas
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer, La Jolla; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Jason Ewanicki
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer, La Jolla; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Ted W. Johnson
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer, La Jolla; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Neal W. Sach
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer, La Jolla; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Michael R. Collins
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer, La Jolla; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
| | - Paul F. Richardson
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer, La Jolla; 10770 Science Center Drive San Diego CA 92121 USA
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12
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Loh J, Asad N, Samarakoon TB, Hanson PR. Modular, One-Pot, Sequential Aziridine Ring Opening-S(N)Ar Strategy to 7-, 10-, and 11-Membered Benzo-Fused Sultams. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9926-41. [PMID: 26446396 PMCID: PMC4943336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The generation of common and stereochemically rich medium-sized benzo-fused sultams via complementary pairing of heretofore-unknown (o-fluoroaryl)sulfonyl aziridine building blocks with an array of amino alcohols/amines in a modular one-pot, sequential protocol using an aziridine ring opening and intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution is reported. The strategy employs a variety of amino alcohols/amines and proceeds with 6 + 4/6 + 5 and 6 + 1 cycloetherification pathways in a highly chemo- and regioselective fashion to obtain skeletally and structurally diverse, polycyclic, 10- to 11- and 7-membered benzo-fused sultams for broad-scale screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna
K. Loh
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe
Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United
States
- Center
for Chemical Methodologies
and Library Development (KU-CMLD), Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology
Center, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Naeem Asad
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe
Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United
States
- Center
for Chemical Methodologies
and Library Development (KU-CMLD), Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology
Center, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Thiwanka B. Samarakoon
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe
Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United
States
- Center
for Chemical Methodologies
and Library Development (KU-CMLD), Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology
Center, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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13
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Priestley ES, Cheney DL, DeLucca I, Wei A, Luettgen JM, Rendina AR, Wong PC, Wexler RR. Structure-Based Design of Macrocyclic Coagulation Factor VIIa Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6225-36. [PMID: 26151189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of a crystal structure of a phenylpyrrolidine lead and subsequent molecular modeling results, we designed and synthesized a novel series of macrocyclic FVIIa inhibitors. The optimal 16-membered macrocycle was 60-fold more potent than an acyclic analog. Further potency optimization by incorporation of P1' alkyl sulfone and P2 methyl groups provided a macrocycle with TF/FVIIa Ki = 1.6 nM, excellent selectivity against a panel of seven serine proteases, and FVII-deficient prothrombin time EC2x = 1.2 μM. Discovery of this potent, selective macrocyclic scaffold opens new possibilities for the development of orally bioavailable FVIIa inhibitors.
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