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Pavlicek A, Neubauer S, Zafiu C, Huber-Humer M, Ehmoser EK, Part F. The use and detection of quantum dots as nanotracers in environmental fate studies of engineered nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120461. [PMID: 36272608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of the behavior and effects of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) on human health and the environment need detailed knowledge of their fate and transport in environmental compartments. Such studies are highly challenging due to low environmental concentrations, varying size distribution of the particles and the interference with the natural background. A strategy to overcome these limits is to use mimics of ENPs with unique detectable properties that match the properties of the ENPs as nanotracers. A special class of ENPs that can be tracked are quantum dots (QDs). QDs are composed of different metals, metalloids, or more recently also carbon (e.g., graphene), that result in unique optical properties. This allows the tracking of such particles by fluorescence microscopic and photometric techniques. Many types of QDs consist of heavy elements, allowing to track and visualize these particles also by electron microscopy and to quantitate the particles indirectly based on these elements. QDs can also be surface modified in various ways which enable them to be used as a label or as traceable mimics for ENPs. This review reflects a broad range of methods to synthesize and modify QDs based on metals, metalloids, and graphene for studying the environmental fate of nanoparticles and discusses and compares analytical methods that can be used for tracking and quantifying QDs. In addition, we review applications of QDs as ENP mimics in environmental studies of surface waters, soils, microorganisms, and plants with respect to the applied analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pavlicek
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11/II, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Neubauer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Waste Management and Circularity, Muthgasse 107, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Zafiu
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Waste Management and Circularity, Muthgasse 107, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marion Huber-Humer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Waste Management and Circularity, Muthgasse 107, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Kathrin Ehmoser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11/II, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Part
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, Institute of Waste Management and Circularity, Muthgasse 107, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Fermie J, de Jager L, Foster HE, Veenendaal T, de Heus C, van Dijk S, ten Brink C, Oorschot V, Yang L, Li W, Müller WH, Howes S, Carter AP, Förster F, Posthuma G, Gerritsen HC, Klumperman J, Liv N. Bimodal endocytic probe for three-dimensional correlative light and electron microscopy. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100220. [PMID: 35637912 PMCID: PMC9142762 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We present a bimodal endocytic tracer, fluorescent BSA-gold (fBSA-Au), as a fiducial marker for 2D and 3D correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) applications. fBSA-Au consists of colloidal gold (Au) particles stabilized with fluorescent BSA. The conjugate is efficiently endocytosed and distributed throughout the 3D endolysosomal network of cells and has an excellent visibility in both fluorescence microscopy (FM) and electron microscopy (EM). We demonstrate that fBSA-Au facilitates rapid registration in several 2D and 3D CLEM applications using Tokuyasu cryosections, resin-embedded material, and cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM). Endocytosed fBSA-Au benefits from a homogeneous 3D distribution throughout the endosomal system within the cell, does not obscure any cellular ultrastructure, and enables accurate (50-150 nm) correlation of fluorescence to EM data. The broad applicability and visibility in both modalities makes fBSA-Au an excellent endocytic fiducial marker for 2D and 3D (cryo)CLEM applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Fermie
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Leanne de Jager
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Helen E. Foster
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Structural Studies, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tineke Veenendaal
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cecilia de Heus
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Dijk
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Corlinda ten Brink
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Viola Oorschot
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lin Yang
- Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wally H. Müller
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart Howes
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew P. Carter
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Structural Studies, Cambridge, UK
| | - Friedrich Förster
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Posthuma
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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3
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DE JONGE N. Membrane protein stoichiometry studied in intact mammalian cells using liquid-phase electron microscopy. J Microsc 2017; 269:134-142. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. DE JONGE
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials; Saarbrücken Germany
- Department of Physics; University of Saarland; Saarbrücken Germany
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Besztejan S, Keskin S, Manz S, Kassier G, Bücker R, Venegas-Rojas D, Trieu HK, Rentmeister A, Miller RJD. Visualization of Cellular Components in a Mammalian Cell with Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:46-55. [PMID: 28137345 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616012708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (liquid-cell TEM) imaging of fixed and non-fixed prostate cancer cells (PC3 and LNCaP) with high resolution in a custom developed silicon nitride liquid cell. Fixed PC3 cells were imaged for 90-120 min without any discernable damage. High contrast on the cellular structures was obtained even at low electron doses (~2.5 e-/nm2 per image). The images show distinct structures of cell compartments (nuclei and nucleoli) and cell boundaries without any further sample embedding, dehydration, or staining. Furthermore, we observed dynamics of vesicles trafficking from the cell membrane in consecutive still frames in a non-fixed cell. Our findings show that liquid-cell TEM, operated at low electron dose, is an excellent tool to investigate dynamic events in non-fixed cells with enough spatial resolution (few nm) and natural amplitude contrast to follow key intracellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Besztejan
- 1Chemistry Department,Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Hamburg,Martin-Luther-King Platz 6,20146 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Sercan Keskin
- 3Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,Luruper Chaussee 149,Geb. 99 (CFEL),22761 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Stephanie Manz
- 3Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,Luruper Chaussee 149,Geb. 99 (CFEL),22761 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Günther Kassier
- 3Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,Luruper Chaussee 149,Geb. 99 (CFEL),22761 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Robert Bücker
- 3Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,Luruper Chaussee 149,Geb. 99 (CFEL),22761 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Deybith Venegas-Rojas
- 4Institute of Microsystems Technology,Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH),Eißendorfer Straße 42,21073 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Hoc K Trieu
- 4Institute of Microsystems Technology,Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH),Eißendorfer Straße 42,21073 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- 5Institute of Biochemistry,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster,Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 2,48149 Muenster,Germany
| | - R J Dwayne Miller
- 2The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging,University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149,22761 Hamburg,Germany
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Hermannsdörfer J, Tinnemann V, Peckys DB, de Jonge N. The Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation in Environmental Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy of Whole Cells in Liquid. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:656-665. [PMID: 27137077 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Whole cells can be studied in their native liquid environment using electron microscopy, and unique information about the locations and stoichiometry of individual membrane proteins can be obtained from many cells thus taking cell heterogeneity into account. Of key importance for the further development of this microscopy technology is knowledge about the effect of electron beam radiation on the samples under investigation. We used environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) detection to examine the effect of radiation for whole fixed COS7 fibroblasts in liquid. The main observation was the localization of nanoparticle labels attached to epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). It was found that the relative distances between the labels remained mostly unchanged (<1.5%) for electron doses ranging from the undamaged native state at 10 e-/Å2 toward 103 e-/Å2. This dose range was sufficient to determine the EGFR locations with nanometer resolution and to distinguish between monomers and dimers. Various different forms of radiation damage became visible at higher doses, including severe dislocation, and the dissolution of labels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verena Tinnemann
- 1INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials,66123 Saarbrücken,Germany
| | - Diana B Peckys
- 2Department of Biophysics,Saarland University,66421 Homburg/Saar,Germany
| | - Niels de Jonge
- 1INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials,66123 Saarbrücken,Germany
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Trampert P, Bogachev S, Marniok N, Dahmen T, Slusallek P. Marker Detection in Electron Tomography: A Comparative Study. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:1591-1601. [PMID: 26601573 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615015433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a comparative study of three widely used algorithms for the detection of fiducial markers in electron microscopy images. The algorithms were applied to four datasets from different sources. For the purpose of obtaining comparable results, we introduced figures of merit and implemented all three algorithms in a unified code base to exclude software-specific differences. The application of the algorithms revealed that none of the three algorithms is superior to the others in all cases. This leads to the conclusion that the choice of a marker detection algorithm highly depends on the properties of the dataset to be analyzed, even within the narrowed domain of electron tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Trampert
- 1German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH (DFKI),66123 Saarbrücken,Germany
| | | | - Nico Marniok
- 1German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH (DFKI),66123 Saarbrücken,Germany
| | - Tim Dahmen
- 1German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH (DFKI),66123 Saarbrücken,Germany
| | - Philipp Slusallek
- 1German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH (DFKI),66123 Saarbrücken,Germany
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Peckys DB, de Jonge N. Studying the Stoichiometry of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Intact Cells using Correlative Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26383083 PMCID: PMC4692600 DOI: 10.3791/53186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes the labeling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on COS7 fibroblast cells, and subsequent correlative fluorescence microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) of whole cells in hydrated state. Fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) were coupled to EGFR via a two-step labeling protocol, providing an efficient and specific protein labeling, while avoiding label-induced clustering of the receptor. Fluorescence microscopy provided overview images of the cellular locations of the EGFR. The scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) detector was used to detect the QD labels with nanoscale resolution. The resulting correlative images provide data of the cellular EGFR distribution, and the stoichiometry at the single molecular level in the natural context of the hydrated intact cell. ESEM-STEM images revealed the receptor to be present as monomer, as homodimer, and in small clusters. Labeling with two different QDs, i.e., one emitting at 655 nm and at 800 revealed similar characteristic results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels de Jonge
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials; Department of Physics, University of Saarland;
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de Jonge N, Pfaff M, Peckys DB. Practical Aspects of Transmission Electron Microscopy in Liquid. ADVANCES IN IMAGING AND ELECTRON PHYSICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800264-3.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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