1
|
Tiwari P, Ali SA, Puri B, Kumar A, Datusalia AK. Tinospora cordifolia Miers enhances the immune response in mice immunized with JEV-vaccine: A network pharmacology and experimental approach. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 119:154976. [PMID: 37573808 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinospora cordifolia Miers. (TC) (Giloya/Guduchi) is a native Indian herb, reported for its wide array of medicinal activities including immunomodulatory activity. However, the exact pharmacological mechanism of TC as an immunomodulatory agent remains unclear. Central to this, to the best of our knowledge, no study has explored the immunoadjuvant potential of TC in response to the Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines. PURPOSE The study aims to explore the immunoadjuvant potential of TC ethanolic extract in response to the JE vaccine and illustrates its potential mechanism of immunomodulation using an integrated approach of network pharmacology and in-vivo experimental study. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Initially, the extract was prepared and the components of TC were identified through high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HR-LC/MS). The compounds were then screened for network pharmacology analysis. Next, the drug and disease targets were identified and the network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.2 to obtain different signalling pathways of TC in JEV. We then evaluated the immunoadjuvant potential of TC ethanolic extract in mice immunized with inactivated JE vaccine (SA-14-14-2 strain). BALB/c mice were supplemented with TC extract (30 and 100 mg/kg, i.g.), daily for 56 days, marked with immunization on 28th day of the study, by JE vaccine. Blood was collected for flow cytometry and haematological analysis (total and differential cell counts). The surface expression of immune-cell markers (CD3+, CD4+, CD19+, CD11c+, CD40+) were evaluated on day 0 (pre-immunization), day 14 and 28 post-immunization. Additionally, inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ+/IL-17A+) were evaluated post-14 and 28 days of immunization. RESULTS The HR-LC/MS analysis identified the presence of glycosides, terpenoids, steroids and alkaloids in the TC extract. Through network analysis, 09 components and 166 targets were obtained, including pathways that involve toll-like receptor signalling, pattern-recognition receptor signalling, cytokine receptor and cytokine mediated signalling, etc. The in-vivo results showed that preconditioning with TC ethanolic extract significantly elevated the haematological variables (leucocyte count) as well as the surface expression of CD markers (B and T cell subsets) on day 0 (pre-immunization), day 14 and 28 post-immunization. Furthermore, preconditioning of TC demonstrated a dose-dependant augmentation of immune cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD19+, CD11c+) and inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ+/IL-17A+) on day 14 and 28 post-immunization when compared to vaccine alone group. CONCLUSION Results showed that preconditioning with TC extract before immunization might play a potential role in enhancing the cell-mediated as well as humoral immunity. Altogether, the combinatorial approach of network pharmacology and in-vivo animal experimentation demonstrated the immunoadjuvant potential of TC in response to JEV vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-(NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Syed Afroz Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-(NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Bhupendra Puri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-(NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-(NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India; Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-(NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ho TL, Lee J, Ahn SY, Lee D, Song W, Kang I, Ko E. Immunostimulatory effects of marine algae extracts on in vitro antigen-presenting cell activation and in vivo immune cell recruitment. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6560-6570. [PMID: 37823147 PMCID: PMC10563723 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that are widely used as sources of food, cosmetics, and drugs. However, their biological and immunological effects on immune cells have not been fully elucidated. To unravel their immunological activity and broaden their application, we generated antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, from mouse bone marrow cells and treated them with six different marine algae extracts (MAEs). We evaluated cell viability, activation marker expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by APCs after 2 days of MAE treatment. All six MAEs significantly induced cytokine production of APCs, among which Pyropia yezoensis (PY), Peyssonnelia caulifera (PC), and Meristotheca papulosa (MP) extracts exhibited the strongest effect. Cladophora wrightiana var. minor (CW) extract moderately upregulated cytokine levels but increased the expression of activation markers on DCs. Moreover, PY, PC, MP, Sargassum pectinifera (SP), and Caulerpa okamurae (CO) pre-treated APCs effectively stimulated T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Furthermore, the mice injected with MAEs exhibited higher cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) production as well as enhanced innate immune cell recruitment capacities (DCs, monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells) in the peritoneal cavity of the mice compared to those of the non-treated mice. Therefore, all MAEs exhibited immunostimulatory potential, with PY, PC, CW, and MP extracts being the most effective in stimulating immune responses and cell activation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the immunomodulatory activities of six MAEs both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Len Ho
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & ScienceJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jueun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Ha Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Woo‐Jin Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Inhae Kang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & ScienceJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and NutritionJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Ju Ko
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & ScienceJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineJeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National UniversityJejuRepublic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nazeam JA, Singab ANB. Immunostimulant plant proteins: Potential candidates as vaccine adjuvants. Phytother Res 2022; 36:4345-4360. [PMID: 36128599 PMCID: PMC9538006 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is shaking up global scientific structures toward addressing antibiotic resistance threats and indicates an urgent need to develop more cost-effective vaccines. Vaccine adjuvants play a crucial role in boosting immunogenicity and improving vaccine efficacy. The toxicity and adversity of most adjuvant formulations are the major human immunization problems, especially in routine pediatric and immunocompromised patients. The present review focused on preclinical studies of immunoadjuvant plant proteins in use with antiparasitic, antifungal, and antiviral vaccines. Moreover, this report outlines the current perspective of immunostimulant plant protein candidates that can be used by researchers in developing new generations of vaccine-adjuvants. Future clinical studies are required to substantiate the plant proteins' safety and applicability as a vaccine adjuvant in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jilan A. Nazeam
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of PharmacyOctober 6 UniversityGizaEgypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar A, Sharma A, Tirpude NV, Padwad Y, Hallan V, Kumar S. Plant-derived immuno-adjuvants in vaccines formulation: a promising avenue for improving vaccines efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 virus. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:1238-1254. [PMID: 36125739 PMCID: PMC9487851 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has posed a plethora of problems for the global healthcare system and socioeconomic burden. Despite valiant efforts to contain the COVID-19 outbreak, the situation has deteriorated to the point that there are no viable preventive therapies to treat this disease. The case count has skyrocketed globally due to the newly evolved variants. Despite vaccination drives, the re-occurrence of recent pandemic waves has reinforced the importance of innovation/utilization of immune-booster to achieve appropriate long-term vaccine protection. Plant-derived immuno-adjuvants, which have multifaceted functions, can impede infections by boosting the immune system. Many previous studies have shown that formulation of vaccines using plant-derived adjuvant results in long-lasting immunity may overcome the natural tendency of coronavirus immunity to wane quickly. Plant polysaccharides, glycosides, and glycoprotein extracts have reportedly been utilized as enticing adjuvants in experimental vaccines, such as Advax, Matrix-M, and Mistletoe lectin, which have been shown to be highly immunogenic and safe. When employed in vaccine formulation, Advax and Matrix-M generate long-lasting antibodies, a balanced robust Th1/Th2 cytokine profile, and the stimulation of cytotoxic T cells. Thus, the use of adjuvants derived from plants may increase the effectiveness of vaccines, resulting in the proper immunological response required to combat COVID-19. A few have been widely used in epidemic outbreaks, including SARS and H1N1 influenza, and their use could also improve the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. In this review, the immunological adjuvant properties of plant compounds as well as their potential application in anti-COVID-19 therapy are thoroughly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arbind Kumar
- grid.417640.00000 0004 0500 553XCOVID-19 Testing facility, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, India
| | - Aashish Sharma
- grid.417640.00000 0004 0500 553XCOVID-19 Testing facility, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, India
| | - Narendra Vijay Tirpude
- grid.417640.00000 0004 0500 553XDietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, India
| | - Yogendra Padwad
- grid.417640.00000 0004 0500 553XDietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, India
| | - Vipin Hallan
- grid.417640.00000 0004 0500 553XBiotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- grid.417640.00000 0004 0500 553XCSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Citiulo F, Crosatti C, Cattivelli L, Biselli C. Frontiers in the Standardization of the Plant Platform for High Scale Production of Vaccines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1828. [PMID: 34579360 PMCID: PMC8467261 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the value of technologies that allow a fast setup and production of biopharmaceuticals in emergency situations. The plant factory system can provide a fast response to epidemics/pandemics. Thanks to their scalability and genome plasticity, plants represent advantageous platforms to produce vaccines. Plant systems imply less complicated production processes and quality controls with respect to mammalian and bacterial cells. The expression of vaccines in plants is based on transient or stable transformation systems and the recent progresses in genome editing techniques, based on the CRISPR/Cas method, allow the manipulation of DNA in an efficient, fast, and easy way by introducing specific modifications in specific sites of a genome. Nonetheless, CRISPR/Cas is far away from being fully exploited for vaccine expression in plants. In this review, an overview of the potential conjugation of the renewed vaccine technologies (i.e., virus-like particles-VLPs, and industrialization of the production process) with genome editing to produce vaccines in plants is reported, illustrating the potential advantages in the standardization of the plant platforms, with the overtaking of constancy of large-scale production challenges, facilitating regulatory requirements and expediting the release and commercialization of the vaccine products of genome edited plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Citiulo
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Cristina Crosatti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy; (C.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Italy; (C.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Chiara Biselli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Viale Santa Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Q, Wei M, Zhang J, Yue Y, Wu N, Geng L, Sun C, Zhang Q, Wang J. Structural characteristics and immune-enhancing activity of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by marine Halomonas sp. 2E1. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1660-1668. [PMID: 34048832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial polysaccharides from extreme environments, such as cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, usually exhibit novel structural features and diverse biological activities. In this study, an exopolysaccharide (EPS2E1) was isolated from cold-seep bacterium Halomonas sp. 2E1 and its immune-enhancing activity was evaluated. The total sugar content and protein content were determined as 83.1% and 7.9%, respectively. EPS2E1 contained mannose and glucose with the molar ratio of 3.76: 1. The molecular weight was determined to be 47.0 kDa. Structural analysis indicated that EPS2E1 was highly branched, the backbone mainly consisted of →2)-Man-(α-1→ and →2, 6)-Man-(α-1→ with the ratio of 2.45: 1.00. The chain also contained →4)-Glc-(α-1→, →6)-Man-(α-1→ and →3)-Glc-(β-1→. EPS2E1 could significantly increase the production of NO, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 by activating the MAPK and NF-κB pathways on RAW264.7 macrophages. EPS2E1 exhibits the potential to be an immunopotentiator in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- QingChi Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Maosheng Wei
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Department, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yang Yue
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Wu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihua Geng
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaomin Sun
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Y, Tenchov R, Smoot J, Liu C, Watkins S, Zhou Q. A Comprehensive Review of the Global Efforts on COVID-19 Vaccine Development. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:512-533. [PMID: 34056083 PMCID: PMC8029445 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This report examines various vaccine platforms including inactivated vaccines, protein-based vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and nucleic acid (DNA or mRNA) vaccines, and their ways of producing immunogens in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey Smoot
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Cynthia Liu
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Steven Watkins
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-3012, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Haktanir I, Masoura M, Mantzouridou FT, Gkatzionis K. Mechanism of antimicrobial activity of honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom on Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. AMB Express 2021; 11:54. [PMID: 33835274 PMCID: PMC8035396 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybee venom (Apitoxin, BV), a secretion substance expelled from the venom gland of bees, has being reported as antimicrobial against various bacterial species; however, the mechanism of action remains uncharacterized. In this study, the antibacterial activity of BV was investigated on hygiene indicator Escherichia coli and the environmental pathogen and spoilage bacterial species, Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens. An array of methods was combined to elucidate the mode of action of BV. Viability by culture on media was combined with assessing cell injury with flow cytometry analysis. ATP depletion was monitored as an indicator to metabolic activity of cells, by varying BV concentration (75, 225and 500 µg/mL), temperature (25 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$^\circ \complement $$\end{document}∘∁ and 37 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$^\circ \complement $$\end{document}∘∁), and time of exposure (0 to 24 h). Venom presented moderate inhibitory effect on E. coli by viability assay, caused high membrane permeability and significant ATP loss where the effect was increased by increased concentration. The viability of P. putida was reduced to a greater extent than other tested bacteria at comparable venom concentrations and was dictated by exposure time. On the contrary, P. fluorescens appeared less affected by venom based on viability; however, flow cytometry and ATP analysis highlighted concentration- and time-dependent effect of venom. According to Transmission Electron Microscopy results, the deformation of the cell wall was evident for all species. This implies a common mechanism of action of the BV which is as follows: the cell wall destruction, change of membrane permeability, leakage of cell contents, inactivation of metabolic activity and finally cell death.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hardy K. Paleomedicine and the use of plant secondary compounds in the Paleolithic and Early Neolithic. Evol Anthropol 2019; 28:60-71. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hardy
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Catalonia Spain
- Departament de PrehistòriaFacultat de Filosofia i Lletres, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Biotechnology, In Vitro Production of Natural Bioactive Compounds, Herbal Preparation, and Disease Management (Treatment and Prevention). THERAPEUTIC USE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR EXTRACTS: VOLUME 2 2018; 74. [PMCID: PMC7123938 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-92387-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnology uses living systems to develop products and plant biotechnology generates useful products or services, e.g., different bioactive secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids and other phenolics, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, tannins, volatile oils, etc., from plant cells, tissues or organs culture independent of geographical and climatic factors under aseptic conditions. These bioactive compounds are economically important as drugs (pharmaceuticals), flavors, perfumes (fragrances), pigments (dyes), agrochemicals as well as cosmetics, food additives, etc. Different strategies, e.g., genetic transformation of plants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, hairy roots and others can be applied for the improvement of production of bioactive compounds of secondary metabolic origin. Recombinant DNA techniques can be used to manipulate metabolic pathways and produce protein pharmaceuticals such as antibodies, and protein hormones. Bioinformatics and genomics can find application in drug discovery from plant-based products and biotechnological procedures can enhance and advance the studies of medicinal plants. Molecular biotechnology uses laboratory techniques to study and modify nucleic acids and proteins for applications in areas such as human and animal health, agriculture, and the environment. Herbal extracts are now widely used in the management of chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc., as a part of CAM therapy. Plant-derived immune stimulators diverse small or large molecules (saponins, tomatine, inulin, polysaccharides), fungal β-glucans, complex molecules from marine sponge (α-galactosylceramide), shrimp chitin (chitosan), etc., have established adjuvant activity. Immunotherapy may be activation immunotherapy or suppression immunotherapy. Vaccines provide immune protection against diseases and plant-based edible vaccine production mainly involves the integration of transgene into the plant cells to produce the antigen protein for specific disease.
Collapse
|