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Deng K, Huang Z, Jing B, Zhu L, Feng Y, Jiang Q, Xu Z, Wan H, Zhao X. Mucoadhesive chitosan-catechol as an efficient vaccine delivery system for intranasal immunization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133008. [PMID: 38852736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The mucosal barrier and scavenging effect of the mucosal layer are two main obstacles in inducing mucosal immunization. To overcome these obstacles, we synthesized a bio-inspired mucoadhesive material, chitosan-catechol (ChiC), for surface modification of inactive porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Studies have revealed that PEDV particles can be facilely and mildly modified by Chi-C forming Chi-C-PEDV nanoparticles (Chic-Ps) through the covalent and electrostatic bond, which effectively prolongs the retention time of PEDV in the nasal mucosa. The cell co-culture model demonstrated that Chic-Ps exhibit enhanced recruitment of dendritic cells via the secretion of stimulating chemokine CCL20 and improving antigen permeability by disruption the distribution of ZO-1 protein in epithelial cells. Additionally, the flow cytometry (FCM) analysis revealed that Chic-Ps facilitate trafficking to lymph nodes and induce stronger cellular and humoral immune responses compared to unmodified PEDV. Notably, Chic-Ps induced a higher level of PEDV neutralizing antibody was induced by Chic-Ps in the nasal washes, as confirmed by a plaque reduction neutralization test. These results demonstrate that Chi-C is a promising nasal delivery system for vaccines. Proof of principle was obtained for inactivated PEDV, but similar delivery mechanisms could be applied in other vaccines when intranasal administration is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Deng
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Center for Sustainable Antimicrobials, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengqun Huang
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Center for Sustainable Antimicrobials, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongping Wan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Center for Sustainable Antimicrobials, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Center for Sustainable Antimicrobials, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Zheng Y, Li Y, Li M, Wang R, Jiang Y, Zhao M, Lu J, Li R, Li X, Shi S. COVID-19 cooling: Nanostrategies targeting cytokine storm for controlling severe and critical symptoms. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:738-811. [PMID: 37990647 DOI: 10.1002/med.21997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants continue to wreak havoc worldwide, the "Cytokine Storm" (CS, also known as the inflammatory storm) or Cytokine Release Syndrome has reemerged in the public consciousness. CS is a significant contributor to the deterioration of infected individuals. Therefore, CS control is of great significance for the treatment of critically ill patients and the reduction of mortality rates. With the occurrence of variants, concerns regarding the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs with a broad spectrum have grown. We should make an effort to modernize treatment strategies to address the challenges posed by mutations. Thus, in addition to the requirement for additional clinical data to monitor the long-term effects of vaccines and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, we can use CS as an entry point and therapeutic target to alleviate the severity of the disease in patients. To effectively combat the mutation, new technologies for neutralizing or controlling CS must be developed. In recent years, nanotechnology has been widely applied in the biomedical field, opening up a plethora of opportunities for CS. Here, we put forward the view of cytokine storm as a therapeutic target can be used to treat critically ill patients by expounding the relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and CS and the mechanisms associated with CS. We pay special attention to the representative strategies of nanomaterials in current neutral and CS research, as well as their potential chemical design and principles. We hope that the nanostrategies described in this review provide attractive treatment options for severe and critical COVID-19 caused by CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao Li
- Health Management Centre, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Gholap AD, Gupta J, Kamandar P, Bhowmik DD, Rojekar S, Faiyazuddin M, Hatvate NT, Mohanto S, Ahmed MG, Subramaniyan V, Kumarasamy V. Harnessing Nanovaccines for Effective Immunization─A Special Concern on COVID-19: Facts, Fidelity, and Future Prospective. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:271-297. [PMID: 38096426 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative pathway in vaccine research and delivery. Nanovaccines, encompassing lipid and nonlipid formulations, exhibit considerable advantages over traditional vaccine techniques, including enhanced antigen stability, heightened immunogenicity, targeted distribution, and the potential for codelivery with adjuvants or immune modulators. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements and applications of lipid and non-lipid-based nanovaccines in current vaccination strategies for immunization. The review commences by outlining the fundamental concepts underlying lipid and nonlipid nanovaccine design before delving into the diverse components and production processes employed in their development. Subsequently, a comparative analysis of various nanocarriers is presented, elucidating their distinct physicochemical characteristics and impact on the immune response, along with preclinical and clinical studies. The discussion also highlights how nanotechnology enables the possibility of personalized and combined vaccination techniques, facilitating the creation of tailored nanovaccines to meet the individual patient needs. The ethical aspects concerning the use of nanovaccines, as well as potential safety concerns and public perception, are also addressed. The study underscores the gaps and challenges that must be overcome before adopting nanovaccines in clinical practice. This comprehensive analysis offers vital new insights into lipid and nonlipid nanovaccine status. It emphasizes the significance of continuous research, collaboration among interdisciplinary experts, and regulatory measures to fully unlock the potential of nanotechnology in enhancing immunization and ensuring a healthier, more resilient society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Juhi Gupta
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pallavi Kamandar
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deblina D Bhowmik
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish Rojekar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Md Faiyazuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Al-Karim University, Katihar 854106, Bihar, India
| | - Navnath T Hatvate
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Pharmacology Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinoth Kumarasamy
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Gupta D, Mohan S. Influenza vaccine: a review on current scenario and future prospects. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:154. [PMID: 38030859 PMCID: PMC10686931 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a crucial tool in preventing influenza, but it requires annual updates in vaccine composition due to the ever-changing nature of the flu virus. While healthcare and economic burdens have reduced, the virus remains a challenge. Research conducted over the past decade has revealed pathways for improvement through both basic and clinical studies. Viral surveillance plays a vital role in the better selection of candidate viruses for vaccines and the early detection of drug-resistant strains.This page offers a description of future vaccine developments and an overview of current vaccine options. In the coming years, we anticipate significant changes in vaccine production, moving away from traditional egg-based methods towards innovative technologies such as DNA and RNA vaccines. These newer approaches offer significant advantages over traditional egg-based and cell culture-based influenza vaccine manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanshi Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Sumedha Mohan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India.
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Priyanka, Abusalah MAH, Chopra H, Sharma A, Mustafa SA, Choudhary OP, Sharma M, Dhawan M, Khosla R, Loshali A, Sundriyal A, Saini J. Nanovaccines: A game changing approach in the fight against infectious diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115597. [PMID: 37783148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven to be a valuable pawn in this novel technology. Nanovaccines are made up of nanoparticles that are associated with or prepared with components that can stimulate the host's immune system. In addition to their delivery capabilities, the nanocarriers have been demonstrated to possess intrinsic adjuvant properties, working as immune cell stimulators. Thus, nanovaccines have the potential to promote rapid as well as long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity. The nanovaccines have several possible benefits, including site-specific antigen delivery, increased antigen bioavailability, and a diminished adverse effect profile. To avail these benefits, several nanoparticle-based vaccines are being developed, including virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels, lipid nanoparticles, emulsion vaccines, exomes, and inorganic nanoparticles. Inspired by their distinctive properties, researchers are working on the development of nanovaccines for a variety of applications, such as cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases. Although a few challenges still need to be overcome, such as modulation of the nanoparticle pharmacokinetics to avoid rapid elimination from the bloodstream by the reticuloendothelial system, The future prospects of this technology are also assuring, with multiple options such as personalised vaccines, needle-free formulations, and combination nanovaccines with several promising candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda 151103, Punjab, India
| | - Mai Abdel Haleem Abusalah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Al-Zarqa 13132, Jordan
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhilasha Sharma
- Department of Life Science, Gujarat University, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Suhad Asad Mustafa
- Scientific Research Center/ Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda 151103, Punjab, India.
| | - Manish Sharma
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India; Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK.
| | - Rajiv Khosla
- Department of Biotechnology, Doaba College, Jalandhar 144004, Punjab, India
| | - Aanchal Loshali
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ankush Sundriyal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun 248001, India
| | - Jyoti Saini
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda 151103, Punjab, India
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Jain A, Bhattacharya S. Recent advances in nanomedicine preparative methods and their therapeutic potential for colorectal cancer: a critical review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1211603. [PMID: 37427139 PMCID: PMC10325729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1211603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy that affects a large percentage of the global population. The conventional treatments for CRC have a number of limitations. Nanoparticles have emerged as a promising cancer treatment method due to their ability to directly target cancer cells and regulate drug release, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing side effects. This compilation examines the use of nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for CRC treatment. Different nanomaterials can be used to administer anticancer drugs, including polymeric nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, liposomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles. In addition, we discuss recent developments in nanoparticle preparation techniques, such as solvent evaporation, salting-out, ion gelation, and nanoprecipitation. These methods have demonstrated high efficacy in penetrating epithelial cells, a prerequisite for effective drug delivery. This article focuses on the various targeting mechanisms utilized by CRC-targeted nanoparticles and their recent advancements in this field. In addition, the review offers descriptive information regarding numerous nano-preparative procedures for colorectal cancer treatments. We also discuss the outlook for innovative therapeutic techniques in the management of CRC, including the potential application of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. The review concludes with a discussion of current nanotechnology patents and clinical studies used to target and diagnose CRC. The results of this investigation suggest that nanoparticles have great potential as a method of drug delivery for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Roy M, Roy A, Rustagi S, Pandey N. An Overview of Nanomaterial Applications in Pharmacology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:4838043. [PMID: 37388336 PMCID: PMC10307208 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4838043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become one of the most extensive fields of research. Nanoparticles (NPs) form the base for nanotechnology. Recently, nanomaterials (NMs) are widely used due to flexible chemical, biological, and physical characteristics with improved efficacy in comparison to bulk counterparts. The significance of each class of NMs is enhanced by identifying their properties. Day by day, there is an emergence of various applications of NMs, but the toxic effects associated with them cannot be avoided. NMs demonstrate therapeutic abilities by enhancing the drug delivery system, diagnosis, and therapeutic effects of numerous agents, but determining the benefits of NMs over other clinical applications (disease-specific) or substances is an ongoing investigation. This review is aimed at defining NMs and NPs and their types, synthesis, and pharmaceutical, biomedical, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Roy
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, India
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- School of Applied and Life sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to Be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Current progress in the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 66:679-710. [PMID: 36469218 PMCID: PMC9734355 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2230-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are essential public health tools and play an important role in reducing the burden of infectious diseases in the population. Emerging infectious diseases and outbreaks pose new challenges for vaccine development, requiring the rapid design and production of safe and effective vaccines against diseases with limited resources. Here, we focus on the development of vaccines in broad fields ranging from conventional prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases to therapeutic vaccines against chronic diseases and cancer providing a comprehensive overview of recent advances in eight different vaccine forms (live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, polysaccharide and polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines, virus-like particle and nanoparticle vaccines, polypeptide vaccines, DNA vaccines, and mRNA vaccines) and the therapeutic vaccines against five solid tumors (lung cancer breast cancer colorectal cancer liver cancer and gastric cancer), three infectious diseases (human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus-induced diseases) and three common chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia). We aim to provide new insights into vaccine technologies, platforms, applications and understanding of potential next-generation preventive and therapeutic vaccine technologies paving the way for the vaccines design in the future.
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Huda MN, Nurunnabi M. Potential Application of Exosomes in Vaccine Development and Delivery. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2635-2671. [PMID: 35028802 PMCID: PMC8757927 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived components composed of proteins, lipid, genetic information, cytokines, and growth factors. They play a vital role in immune modulation, cell-cell communication, and response to inflammation. Immune modulation has downstream effects on the regeneration of damaged tissue, promoting survival and repair of damaged resident cells, and promoting the tumor microenvironment via growth factors, antigens, and signaling molecules. On top of carrying biological messengers like mRNAs, miRNAs, fragmented DNA, disease antigens, and proteins, exosomes modulate internal cell environments that promote downstream cell signaling pathways to facilitate different disease progression and induce anti-tumoral effects. In this review, we have summarized how vaccines modulate our immune response in the context of cancer and infectious diseases and the potential of exosomes as vaccine delivery vehicles. Both pre-clinical and clinical studies show that exosomes play a decisive role in processes like angiogenesis, prognosis, tumor growth metastasis, stromal cell activation, intercellular communication, maintaining cellular and systematic homeostasis, and antigen-specific T- and B cell responses. This critical review summarizes the advancement of exosome based vaccine development and delivery, and this comprehensive review can be used as a valuable reference for the broader delivery science community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Huda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso School of Pharmacy, 1101 N. Campbell St, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
- Enviromental Science and Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso School of Pharmacy, 1101 N. Campbell St, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA.
- Enviromental Science and Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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Rauf A, Abu-Izneid T, Khalil AA, Hafeez N, Olatunde A, Rahman M, Semwal P, Al-Awthan YS, Bahattab OS, Khan IN, Khan MA, Sharma R. Nanoparticles in clinical trials of COVID-19: An update. Int J Surg 2022; 104:106818. [PMID: 35953020 PMCID: PMC9359769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Once the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Infectious Disease-19) outbreak to be pandemic, massive efforts have been launched by researchers around the globe to combat this emerging infectious disease. Strategies that must be investigated such as expanding testing capabilities, developing effective medicines, as well as developing safe and effective vaccines for COVID-19 disease that produce long-lasting immunity to human system. Now-a-days, bio-sensing, medication delivery, imaging, and antimicrobial treatment are just a few of the medical applications for nanoparticles (NPs). Since the early 1990s, nanoparticle drug delivery methods have been employed in clinical trials. Since then, the discipline of nanomedicine has evolved in tandem with expanding technological demands to better medicinal delivery. Newer generations of NPs have emerged in recent decades that are capable of performing additional delivery tasks, allowing for therapy via novel therapeutic modalities. Many of these next generation NPs and associated products have entered clinical trials and have been approved for diverse indications in the present clinical environment. For systemic applications, NPs or nanomedicine-based drug delivery systems have substantial benefits over their non-formulated and free drug counterparts. Nanoparticle systems, for example, are capable of delivering medicines and treating parts of the body that are inaccessible to existing delivery systems. As a result, NPs medication delivery is one of the most studied preclinical and clinical systems. NPs-based vaccines delivering SARS-CoV-2 antigens will play an increasingly important role in prolonging or improving COVID-19 vaccination outcomes. This review provides insights about employing NPs-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of COVID-19 to increase the bioavailability of current drugs, reducing their toxicity, and to increase their efficiency. This article also exhibits their capability and efficacy, and highlighting the future aspects and challenges on nanoparticle products in clinical trials of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan.
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University for Science and Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nabia Hafeez
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar-KPK, 25120, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Olatunde
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, 740272, Nigeria
| | - Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Omar Salem Bahattab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishaq N Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra &Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Think like a Virus: Toward Improving Nanovaccine Development against SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071553. [PMID: 35891532 PMCID: PMC9318803 DOI: 10.3390/v14071553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no doubt that infectious diseases present global impact on the economy, society, health, mental state, and even political aspects, causing a long-lasting dent, and the situation will surely worsen if and when the viral spread becomes out of control, as seen during the still ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite the considerable achievements made in viral prevention and treatment, there are still significant challenges that can be overcome through careful understanding of the viral mechanism of action to establish common ground for innovating new preventative and treatment strategies. Viruses can be regarded as devil nanomachines, and one innovative approach to face and stop the spread of viral infections is the development of nanoparticles that can act similar to them as drug/vaccine carriers. Moreover, we can use the properties that different viruses have in designing nanoparticles that reassemble the virus conformational structures but that do not present the detrimental threats to human health that native viruses possess. This review discusses the current preventative strategies (i.e., vaccination) used in facing viral infections and the associated limitations, highlighting the importance of innovating new approaches to face viral infectious diseases and discussing the current nanoapplications in vaccine development and the challenges that still face the nanovaccine field.
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Tariq H, Batool S, Asif S, Ali M, Abbasi BH. Virus-Like Particles: Revolutionary Platforms for Developing Vaccines Against Emerging Infectious Diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:790121. [PMID: 35046918 PMCID: PMC8761975 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.790121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanostructures that possess diverse applications in therapeutics, immunization, and diagnostics. With the recent advancements in biomedical engineering technologies, commercially available VLP-based vaccines are being extensively used to combat infectious diseases, whereas many more are in different stages of development in clinical studies. Because of their desired characteristics in terms of efficacy, safety, and diversity, VLP-based approaches might become more recurrent in the years to come. However, some production and fabrication challenges must be addressed before VLP-based approaches can be widely used in therapeutics. This review offers insight into the recent VLP-based vaccines development, with an emphasis on their characteristics, expression systems, and potential applicability as ideal candidates to combat emerging virulent pathogens. Finally, the potential of VLP-based vaccine as viable and efficient immunizing agents to induce immunity against virulent infectious agents, including, SARS-CoV-2 and protein nanoparticle-based vaccines has been elaborated. Thus, VLP vaccines may serve as an effective alternative to conventional vaccine strategies in combating emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnat Tariq
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sannia Batool
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saaim Asif
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
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Current view on novel vaccine technologies to combat human infectious diseases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:25-56. [PMID: 34889981 PMCID: PMC8661323 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11713-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inactivated and live attenuated vaccines have improved human life and significantly reduced morbidity and mortality of several human infectious diseases. However, these vaccines have faults, such as reactivity or suboptimal efficacy and expensive and time-consuming development and production. Additionally, despite the enormous efforts to develop vaccines against some infectious diseases, the traditional technologies have not been successful in achieving this. At the same time, the concerns about emerging and re-emerging diseases urge the need to develop technologies that can be rapidly applied to combat the new challenges. Within the last two decades, the research of vaccine technologies has taken several directions to achieve safe, efficient, and economic platforms or technologies for novel vaccines. This review will give a brief overview of the current state of the novel vaccine technologies, new vaccine candidates in clinical trial phases 1-3 (listed by European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)), and vaccines based on the novel technologies which have already been commercially available (approved by EMA and FDA) with the special reference to pandemic COVID-19 vaccines. KEY POINTS: • Vaccines of the new generation follow the minimalist strategy. • Some infectious diseases remain a challenge for the vaccine development. • The number of new vaccine candidates in the late phase clinical trials remains low.
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Ftouh M, Kalboussi N, Abid N, Sfar S, Mignet N, Bahloul B. Contribution of Nanotechnologies to Vaccine Development and Drug Delivery against Respiratory Viruses. PPAR Res 2021; 2021:6741290. [PMID: 34721558 PMCID: PMC8550859 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6741290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the coronavirus disease 2019, a respiratory viral illness linked to significant morbidity, mortality, production loss, and severe economic depression, was the third-largest cause of death in 2020. Respiratory viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2, and adenovirus, are among the most common causes of respiratory illness in humans, spreading as pandemics or epidemics throughout all continents. Nanotechnologies are particles in the nanometer range made from various compositions. They can be lipid-based, polymer-based, protein-based, or inorganic in nature, but they are all bioinspired and virus-like. In this review, we aimed to present a short review of the different nanoparticles currently studied, in particular those which led to publications in the field of respiratory viruses. We evaluated those which could be beneficial for respiratory disease-based viruses; those which already have contributed, such as lipid nanoparticles in the context of COVID-19; and those which will contribute in the future either as vaccines or antiviral drug delivery systems. We present a short assessment based on a critical selection of evidence indicating nanotechnology's promise in the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ftouh
- Drug Development Laboratory LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nesrine Kalboussi
- Drug Development Laboratory LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
- Sahloul University Hospital, Pharmacy Department, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Abid
- Department of Biotechnology, High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, BP-66, 2020 Ariana, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Rue Ibn Sina, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Souad Sfar
- Drug Development Laboratory LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, UTCBS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Badr Bahloul
- Drug Development Laboratory LR12ES09, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
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Aida V, Pliasas VC, Neasham PJ, North JF, McWhorter KL, Glover SR, Kyriakis CS. Novel Vaccine Technologies in Veterinary Medicine: A Herald to Human Medicine Vaccines. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:654289. [PMID: 33937377 PMCID: PMC8083957 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.654289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines has enhanced livestock productivity, promoted food security, and attenuated the morbidity and mortality of several human, animal, and zoonotic diseases. However, these traditional vaccine technologies are not without fault. The efficacy of inactivated vaccines can be suboptimal with particular pathogens and safety concerns arise with live-attenuated vaccines. Additionally, the rate of emerging infectious diseases continues to increase and with that the need to quickly deploy new vaccines. Unfortunately, first generation vaccines are not conducive to such urgencies. Within the last three decades, veterinary medicine has spearheaded the advancement in novel vaccine development to circumvent several of the flaws associated with classical vaccines. These third generation vaccines, including DNA, RNA and recombinant viral-vector vaccines, induce both humoral and cellular immune response, are economically manufactured, safe to use, and can be utilized to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. The present article offers a review of commercially available novel vaccine technologies currently utilized in companion animal, food animal, and wildlife disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Aida
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Vasilis C. Pliasas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Peter J. Neasham
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - J. Fletcher North
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kirklin L. McWhorter
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sheniqua R. Glover
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Constantinos S. Kyriakis
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Auburn, AL, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Smith DM, Keller A. DNA Nanostructures in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021; 1:2000049. [PMID: 33615315 PMCID: PMC7883073 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, humanity has been threatened by countless epidemic and pandemic outbreaks of infectious diseases, from the Justinianic Plague to the Spanish flu to COVID-19. While numerous antimicrobial and antiviral drugs have been developed over the last 200 years to face these threats, the globalized and highly connected world of the 21st century demands for an ever-increasing efficiency in the detection and treatment of infectious diseases. Consequently, the rapidly evolving field of nanomedicine has taken up the challenge and developed a plethora of strategies to fight infectious diseases with the help of various nanomaterials such as noble metal nanoparticles, liposomes, nanogels, and virus capsids. DNA nanotechnology represents a comparatively recent addition to the nanomedicine arsenal, which, over the past decade, has made great progress in the area of cancer diagnostics and therapy. However, the past few years have seen also an increasing number of DNA nanotechnology-related studies that particularly focus on the detection and inhibition of microbial and viral pathogens. Herein, a brief overview of this rather young research field is provided, successful concepts as well as potential challenges are identified, and promising directions for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Smith
- DNA Nanodevices UnitDepartment DiagnosticsFraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI04103LeipzigGermany
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter PhysicsFaculty of Physics and Earth SciencesUniversity of Leipzig04103LeipzigGermany
- Institute of Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of Leipzig Medical School04103LeipzigGermany
- Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication TechnologyGandhinagar382 007India
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryPaderborn UniversityWarburger Str. 10033098PaderbornGermany
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Vahedifard F, Chakravarthy K. Nanomedicine for COVID-19: the role of nanotechnology in the treatment and diagnosis of COVID-19. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:75-99. [PMID: 33615140 PMCID: PMC7881345 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the recent outbreak of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Although nearly two decades have passed since the emergence of pandemics such as SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), no effective drug against the CoV family has yet been approved, so there is a need to find newer therapeutic targets. Currently, simultaneous research across the globe is being performed to discover efficient vaccines or drugs, including both conventional therapies used to treat previous similar diseases and emerging therapies like nanomedicine. Nanomedicine has already proven its value through its application drug delivery and nanosensors in other diseases. Nanomedicine and its components can play an important role in various stages of prevention, diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and research related to COVID-19. Nano-based antimicrobial technology can be integrated into personal equipment for the greater safety of healthcare workers and people. Various nanomaterials such as quantum dots can be used as biosensors to diagnose COVID-19. Nanotechnology offers benefits from the use of nanosystems, such as liposomes, polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and micelles, for drug encapsulation, and facilitates the improvement of pharmacological drug properties. Antiviral functions for nanoparticles can target the binding, entry, replication, and budding of COVID-19. The toxicity-related inorganic nanoparticles are one of the limiting factors of its use that should be further investigated and modified. In this review, we are going to discuss nanomedicine options for COVID-19 management, similar applications for related viral diseases, and their gap of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzan Vahedifard
- Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego Health Center, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Krishnan Chakravarthy
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego Health Center, 9400 Campus Point Dr, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
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Rai M, Bonde S, Yadav A, Plekhanova Y, Reshetilov A, Gupta I, Golińska P, Pandit R, Ingle AP. Nanotechnology-based promising strategies for the management of COVID-19: current development and constraints. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 20:1299-1308. [PMID: 33164589 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1836961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 pandemic has been declared as a global emergency by the World Health Organization which has mounted global pressure on the healthcare system. The design and development of rapid tests for the precise and early detection of infection are urgently needed to detect the disease and also for bulk screening of infected persons. The traditional drugs moderately control the symptoms, but so far, no specific drug has been discovered. The prime concern is to device novel tools for rapid and precise diagnosis, drug delivery, and effective therapies for coronavirus. In this context, nanotechnology offers novel ways to fight against COVID-19. AREA COVERED This review includes the use of nanomaterials for the control of COVID-19. The tools for diagnosis of coronavirus, nano-based vaccines, and nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for the treatment of virus infection have been discussed. The toxicity issues related to nanoparticles have also been addressed. EXPERT OPINION The research on nanotechnology-based diagnosis, drug delivery, and antiviral therapies is at a preliminary stage. The antiviral nanomedicine therapies are cost-effective and with high quality. Nanoparticles are a promising tool for prevention, diagnosis, antiviral drug delivery, and therapeutics, which may open up new avenues in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Rai
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MH, India.,Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Shital Bonde
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MH, India
| | - Alka Yadav
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MH, India
| | - Yulia Plekhanova
- Laboratory of Biosensors, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly Reshetilov
- Laboratory of Biosensors, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Indarchand Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Aurangabad, MH, India
| | - Patrycja Golińska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Raksha Pandit
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MH, India
| | - Avinash P Ingle
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
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