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Acharya A, Kumar N, Singh K, Byrareddy SN. "Mpox in MSM: Tackling Stigma, Minimizing Risk Factors, Exploring Pathogenesis, and Treatment Approaches". Biomed J 2024:100746. [PMID: 38734408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPV), primarily found in Central and West African countries. The typical presentation of the disease before the 2022 mpox outbreak includes a febrile prodrome 5-13 days post-exposure, accompanied by lymphadenopathy, malaise, headache, and muscle aches. Unexpectedly, during the 2022 outbreak, several cases of atypical presentations of the disease were reported, such as the absence of prodromal symptoms and the presence of genital skin lesions suggestive of sexual transmission. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), as of March 20, 2024, 94,707 cases of mpox were reported worldwide, resulting in 181 deaths (22 in African endemic regions and 159 in non-endemic countries). The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports a total of 32,063 cases (33.85% of total cases globally), with 58 deaths (32.04% of global deaths) due to mpox. Person-to-person transmission of mpox can occur through respiratory droplets and sustained close contact. However, during the 2022 outbreak of mpox, a high incidence of anal and perianal lesions among MSMs indicated sexual transmission of MPV as a major route of transmission. Since MSMs are disproportionately at risk for HIV transmission, this review discusses the risk factors, transmission patterns, pathogenesis, vaccine, and treatment options for mpox among MSM and people living with HIV (PLWH). Furthermore, we provide a brief perspective on the evolution of the MPV in immunocompromised people like PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kamal Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Svingen T, Andersson AM, Angelova J, Axelstad M, Bakker J, Baumann L, Beronius A, Bouftas N, Chalmel F, Christiansen S, Cornil C, Damdimopoulou P, Deepika D, Dollé MET, Draskau MK, Fischer MB, Hagen CP, Hessel E, Holmer ML, Hughes S, Jensen G, Johansson HKL, Juul A, Kumar V, Kumar S, Lardenois A, Main KM, Mazaud-Guittot S, Moe SJ, Mola G, Parent AS, Pineda R, Rolland A, Rosenmai AK, Song Y, Suglia A, Tena-Sempere M, Wehrli L, Zilliacus J, van Duursen M. Enhanced identification of endocrine disruptors through integration of science-based regulatory practices and innovative methodologies: The MERLON Project. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2024; 4:68. [PMID: 38883262 PMCID: PMC11179054 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.17319.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of hormone-related health issues caused by exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is a significant, and increasing, societal challenge. Declining fertility rates together with rising incidence rates of reproductive disorders and other endocrine-related diseases underscores the urgency in taking more action. Addressing the growing threat of EDCs in our environment demands robust and reliable test methods to assess a broad variety of endpoints relevant for endocrine disruption. EDCs also require effective regulatory frameworks, especially as the current move towards greater reliance on non-animal methods in chemical testing puts to test the current paradigm for EDC identification, which requires that an adverse effect is observed in an intact organism. Although great advances have been made in the field of predictive toxicology, disruption to the endocrine system and subsequent adverse health effects may prove particularly difficult to predict without traditional animal models. The MERLON project seeks to expedite progress by integrating multispecies molecular research, new approach methodologies (NAMs), human clinical epidemiology, and systems biology to furnish mechanistic insights and explore ways forward for NAM-based identification of EDCs. The focus is on sexual development and function, from foetal sex differentiation of the reproductive system through mini-puberty and puberty to sexual maturity. The project aims are geared towards closing existing knowledge gaps in understanding the effects of EDCs on human health to ultimately support effective regulation of EDCs in the European Union and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Svingen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Region Hovedstaden, 2800, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marta Axelstad
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Region Hovedstaden, 2800, Denmark
| | - Julie Bakker
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Lisa Baumann
- Environmental Health and Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, North Holland, 2800, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Beronius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Nora Bouftas
- Environmental Health and Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, North Holland, 2800, The Netherlands
| | - Frederic Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Rennes, F-25000, France
| | - Sofie Christiansen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Region Hovedstaden, 2800, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Cornil
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pauliina Damdimopoulou
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14186, Sweden
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14186, Sweden
| | - Deepika Deepika
- IISPV, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, 43007, Spain
| | - Martijn E T Dollé
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Kam Draskau
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Region Hovedstaden, 2800, Denmark
| | - Margit Bistrup Fischer
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Casper P Hagen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Hessel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Louise Holmer
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Region Hovedstaden, 2800, Denmark
| | - Samantha Hughes
- Environmental Health and Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, North Holland, 2800, The Netherlands
| | - Genon Jensen
- Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vikas Kumar
- IISPV, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, 43007, Spain
| | - Saurav Kumar
- IISPV, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, 43007, Spain
| | - Aurélie Lardenois
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Rennes, F-25000, France
| | - Katharina M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Severine Mazaud-Guittot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Rennes, F-25000, France
| | - S Jannicke Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, 0579, Norway
| | - Gylli Mola
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Center for Research and Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Simone Parent
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Rafael Pineda
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology / IMIBIC., University of Cordoba, Cordoba, 14012, Spain
| | - Antoine Rolland
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Anna Kjerstine Rosenmai
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Region Hovedstaden, 2800, Denmark
| | - You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, 0579, Norway
| | - Antonio Suglia
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), Rennes, F-25000, France
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology / IMIBIC., University of Cordoba, Cordoba, 14012, Spain
| | - Lydia Wehrli
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14186, Sweden
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14186, Sweden
| | - Johanna Zilliacus
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Majorie van Duursen
- Environmental Health and Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, North Holland, 2800, The Netherlands
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Luckhoff HK, Smit R, Phahladira L, du Plessis, Emsley R, Asmal L. Sex versus gender associations with brain structure. J Clin Neurosci 2024; 122:103-109. [PMID: 38493700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to sex (a biological distinction), little is known about the associations between gender (a societal construct) and brain structure in the general population. In response to this knowledge gap, we examined the associations of sex vs. gender with FreeSurfer-generated cortical thickness and proportion-adjusted subcortical brain volume regions-of-interest (ROIs) in healthy adults (n = 88) screened for general medical conditions, mental illness, substance abuse, and intracranial pathologies. Gender role endorsement was assessed using the well-established and validated Bem Sex Role Inventory. For our main objectives, we calculated a continuum score as a composite measure of gender. For our secondary objectives, we examined sex-specific associations of the masculine vs. feminine gender role endorsement domains with brain structural outcomes. We found that female sex, independent of continuum scores, was associated with larger proportion-adjusted volumes for the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and ventral diencephalon. Higher continuum scores, independent of sex, were associated with thicker cortical thickness for the left and right superior frontal cortex, caudal and rostral middle frontal cortex, and right pars orbitalis. Female sex and higher continuum scores were independently associated with larger corpus callosum volumes. Post-hoc testing showed sex-specific associations between higher femininity scores and thicker prefrontal cortical thickness for the ROIs in females, but not in males. In conclusion, sex and gender showed semi-independent associations with brain structure in a general population sample. Our research supports the disaggregation of sex and gender to provide a more nuanced perspective on brain structural differences between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Luckhoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - R Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - L Phahladira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - L Asmal
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Arraiza Zabalegui M. After the trans brain: a critique of the neurobiological accounts of embodied trans* identities. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 46:10. [PMID: 38305812 PMCID: PMC10837215 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
This paper critically analyses three main neurobiological hypotheses on trans* identities: the neurobiological theory about the origin of gender dysphoria, the neurodevelopmental cortical hypothesis, and the alternative hypothesis of self-referential thinking and body perception. In this study I focus then the attention on three elements: the issue of (de)pathologisation, the idea of the trans brain, and the aetiology of trans* identities. While the neurobiological theory about the origin of gender dysphoria and the neurodevelopmental cortical hypothesis claim the existence of the trans brain, each offering its own neurobiological depiction, the hypothesis of self-referential thinking and body perception doesn't postulate a distinctive neurobiological trait for all trans* people. I problematize both portrayals of the trans brain departing from the findings and conceptualizations of the paradigm shifting brain mosaicism. Unlike the hypothesis of self-referential thinking and body perception that keeps the question of causation open, both the neurobiological theory about the origin of gender dysphoria and the neurodevelopmental cortical hypothesis situate the origin of trans* identities in the neurobiological domain. I challenge the biological deterministic framework in which this aetiology is inscribed from a dynamic processual entanglement perspective. Finally, concerning the issue of (de)pathologisation of trans* identities, an evolution can be seen in each of the hypothesis and among them, from the least to the most depathologising. However, I question their complete departure from a pathologising framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Arraiza Zabalegui
- Department of Philosophy, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain.
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Gaspari L, Soyer-Gobillard MO, Kerlin S, Paris F, Sultan C. Early Female Transgender Identity after Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Report from a French National Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Cohort. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:166-175. [PMID: 38249107 PMCID: PMC10801508 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic of transsexualism and gender incongruence are terms to describe individuals whose self-identity does not match their sex assignment at birth. A transgender woman is an individual assigned male at birth (AMAB) on the basis of the external or internal genitalia who identifies and lives as a woman. In recent decades, a significant increase in the number of transgender people has been reported. Although, its etiology is unknown, biological, anatomical, genetic, environmental and cultural factors have been suggested to contribute to gender variation. In XY animals, it has been shown that environmental endocrine disruptors, through their anti-androgenic activity, induce a female identity. In this work, we described four XY individuals who were exposed in utero to the xenoestrogen diethylstilbesterol (DES) and were part of the French HHORAGES cohort. They all reported a female transgender identity starting from childhood and adolescence. This high prevalence of male to female transgenderism (1.58%) in our cohort of 253 DES sons suggests that exposure to chemicals with xenoestrogen activity during fetal life may affect the male sex identity and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gaspari
- Unité d’Endocrinologie-Gynécologie Pédiatrique, CHU Montpellier, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.G.); (F.P.)
- INSERM 1203, Développement Embryonnaire Fertilité Environnement, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- CHU Montpellier, University Montpellier, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital, Constitutif Sud, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard
- Laboratoire Arago, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 75016 Paris, France;
- Association HHORAGES-France, 66100 Perpignan, France
| | - Scott Kerlin
- DES International Information and Research Network, Livermore, CA 94551, USA;
| | - Françoise Paris
- Unité d’Endocrinologie-Gynécologie Pédiatrique, CHU Montpellier, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.G.); (F.P.)
- INSERM 1203, Développement Embryonnaire Fertilité Environnement, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- CHU Montpellier, University Montpellier, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital, Constitutif Sud, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Sultan
- Unité d’Endocrinologie-Gynécologie Pédiatrique, CHU Montpellier, University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.G.); (F.P.)
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de Dios-Aguado M, Cunha-Oliveira A, Cotto-Andino M, Gama de Sousa Aperibense PG, de Almeida Peres MA, Gómez-Cantarino S. Gender diversity and syphilis: something's going on? FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2023; 8:1232609. [PMID: 37920672 PMCID: PMC10619971 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1232609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction This study aims to analyze the influence of syphilis among people with sexual and gender diversity, different from the binary dimension. Materials and methods A systematic review was conducted as a method to address the objective of the study, based on the Dialectical Structural Model of Care (DSM), to obtain the phenomenon from the perspective of cultural history. Results In this review the analysis of 129 documents, of which 22 texts were used. The construction of sex and gender in Western civilization is based on the Judeo-Christian tradition, which permitted many people throughout history to be persecuted and mistreated for living a lifestyle different from that dictated by religious and traditional canons. Therefore, throughout history, gender-diverse people, sexual minorities, and prostitutes have suffered segregation, mockery, aggression, and health problems, including syphilis. Conclusions Despite having a treatment and cure, syphilis has stood the test of time and has remained a secret pathology that is obscure and difficult to detect disease, which is still very much present in people of all social classes. It is necessary to review history to understand the reasons why syphilis is still prevalent in different societies today.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aliete Cunha-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E) and Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Coimbra, Portugal
- CEIS-20 da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maylene Cotto-Andino
- Department of Modern Languages, Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | | | - Sagrario Gómez-Cantarino
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E) and Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Toledo Campus, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Zelco A, Wapeesittipan P, Joshi A. Insights into Sex and Gender Differences in Brain and Psychopathologies Using Big Data. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1676. [PMID: 37629533 PMCID: PMC10455614 DOI: 10.3390/life13081676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The societal implication of sex and gender (SG) differences in brain are profound, as they influence brain development, behavior, and importantly, the presentation, prevalence, and therapeutic response to diseases. Technological advances have enabled speed up identification and characterization of SG differences during development and in psychopathologies. The main aim of this review is to elaborate on new technological advancements, such as genomics, imaging, and emerging biobanks, coupled with bioinformatics analyses of data generated from these technologies have facilitated the identification and characterization of SG differences in the human brain through development and psychopathologies. First, a brief explanation of SG concepts is provided, along with a developmental and evolutionary context. We then describe physiological SG differences in brain activity and function, and in psychopathologies identified through imaging techniques. We further provide an overview of insights into SG differences using genomics, specifically taking advantage of large cohorts and biobanks. We finally emphasize how bioinformatics analyses of big data generated by emerging technologies provides new opportunities to reduce SG disparities in health outcomes, including major challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anagha Joshi
- Department of Clinical Science, Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (A.Z.); (P.W.)
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A Gender-Based Point of View in Pediatric Neurology. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13030483. [PMID: 36983665 PMCID: PMC10059661 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While the significance of gender has only recently been recognized, gender assigned at birth has long been understood to have a significant influence on a number of illnesses. Due to the paucity of data in this regard in pediatrics, the purpose of this narrative review is to frame the most recent knowledge about the role of gender assigned at birth in the neurological development and neuropsychiatric disorders among young people. Literature analysis showed that gender disparities exist in neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders among the pediatric population and supported the fact that new guidelines should take this into account. However, there is an urgent need for specific studies focused on gender role among children and adolescents in order to better understand how this can relate to diagnosis, development and treatment of different neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases. Moreover, further efforts should be directed to identify unique risks linked to gender disorders and gender dysphoria as well as taking into account a gender point of view when approaching a pediatric patient.
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9
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Breton É, Juster RP, Booij L. Gender and sex in eating disorders: A narrative review of the current state of knowledge, research gaps, and recommendations. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2871. [PMID: 36840375 PMCID: PMC10097055 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eating disorders (EDs) have long been considered conditions exclusively affecting women, and studies in the ED field regularly exclude men. Research efforts are needed to better understand the role of gender and sex in EDs. This review describes the role of gender and sex in the development of EDs from a biopsychosocial perspective. METHODS The primary hypothesis of this narrative review is that gender and sex interact to influence ED risk. The literature review was conducted using the PubMed database. RESULTS This review first presents the general characteristics and prevalence of EDs according to gender and sex. Next, neurodevelopmental processes, neurobiology, gender roles, body image, and the minority stress model are addressed. Lastly, research perspectives to better include gender and sex in the field of EDs are discussed (e.g., representation of gender and sex diversities, development of appropriate assessment tools, and increasing awareness). CONCLUSION Although substantial knowledge gaps remain, there is a growing recognition of the importance of integrating gender and sex in ED research that holds promise for further development in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Édith Breton
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.,Research Centre of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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10
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Vasenina EE. [Gender characteristics of anxiety disorders]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:48-53. [PMID: 37966439 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312310148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are an extremely significant issue of the modern society. According to the epidemiological data, the development of various affective syndromes shows gender-related differences. For example, clinically significant anxiety occurs 2.5 times more often in women than in men. Anxiety disorders in women are characterized by less favorable course, a tendency to relapses and chronification, and also by poor clinical response to therapy. Taking gender differences into account, a significant role of reproductive hormones may be assumed in development of both affective disorders and the features of the course of the disease. In this review we discuss various effects of testosterone, estrogens that can influence development risks of anxiety and depression, as well as possibly influence therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Vasenina
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Cīrulis A, Hansson B, Abbott JK. Sex-limited chromosomes and non-reproductive traits. BMC Biol 2022; 20:156. [PMID: 35794589 PMCID: PMC9261002 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes are typically viewed as having originated from a pair of autosomes, and differentiated as the sex-limited chromosome (e.g. Y) has degenerated by losing most genes through cessation of recombination. While often thought that degenerated sex-limited chromosomes primarily affect traits involved in sex determination and sex cell production, accumulating evidence suggests they also influence traits not sex-limited or directly involved in reproduction. Here, we provide an overview of the effects of sex-limited chromosomes on non-reproductive traits in XY, ZW or UV sex determination systems, and discuss evolutionary processes maintaining variation at sex-limited chromosomes and molecular mechanisms affecting non-reproductive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aivars Cīrulis
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bengt Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Should chromosomal analysis be performed routinely during the baseline evaluation of the gender affirmation process? The outcomes of a large cohort of gender dysphoric individuals. Int J Impot Res 2022:10.1038/s41443-022-00582-4. [PMID: 35581420 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-022-00582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of genetics in the etiology of gender dysphoria (GD) is an important yet understudied area. Yet whether genetic analysis should be carried out during the gender affirmation process at all is a matter of debate. This study aims to evaluate the cytogenetic and molecular genetic findings of individuals with GD. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of individuals with GD who were followed up in a tertiary clinic. After the exclusion criteria were applied, the study sample consisted of 918 individuals with GD; 691 of whom had female-to-male (FtM) and 227 male-to-female (MtF) GD. The cytogenetic analysis revealed that 223 out of 227 (98.2%) individuals with MtF GD had the 46,XY karyotype, while 683 out of 691 (98.8%) individuals with FtM GD had the 46,XX karyotype. In the Y chromosome microdeletion analysis, azospermic factor c (AZFc) deletion was detected in only two individuals with MtF GD. Our findings suggest that there are few chromosomal abnormalities in individuals with GD. Thus, this research calls into question both the role of chromosomal abnormalities in GD etiology and why the application of chromosomal analysis is in Turkey a routine part of the baseline evaluation of GD.
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Li H, Fernández-Guasti A, Xu Y, Swaab D. Retracted: Sexual orientation, neuropsychiatric disorders and the neurotransmitters involved. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:479-488. [PMID: 34597715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor in Chief of Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews after concerns were raised with respect to the phrasing of comparisons drawn between humans and animal models. These comparisons were deemed unsupportable, and thus in the best interests of publication standards the Editor has concluded it is necessary to retract the paper. The authors disagree with the reason for the retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China; Department of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 BA, the Netherlands
| | | | - Yi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China; Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31003, PR China.
| | - Dick Swaab
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 BA, the Netherlands.
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14
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Hu SH, Li HM, Yu H, Liu Y, Liu CX, Zuo XB, Lu J, Jiang JJ, Xi CX, Huang BC, Xu HJ, Hu JB, Lai JB, Huang ML, Liu JN, Xu DG, Guo XC, Wu W, Wu X, Jiang L, Li M, Zhang GP, Huang JW, Wei N, Lv W, Duan JF, Qi HL, Hu CC, Chen JK, Zhou WH, Xu WJ, Liu CF, Liang HY, Du J, Zheng SF, Lu QL, Zheng L, Hu XW, Chen FX, Chen P, Zhu B, Xu LJ, Ni ZM, Fang YZ, Yang ZK, Shan XR, Zheng ED, Zhang F, Zhou QQ, Rao Y, Swaab D, Yue WH, Xu Y. Discovery of new genetic loci for male sexual orientation in Han population. Cell Discov 2021; 7:103. [PMID: 34719679 PMCID: PMC8558329 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the genetic factors partly influence the development of same-sex sexual behavior, but most genetic studies have focused on people of primarily European ancestry, potentially missing important biological insights. Here, we performed a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) with a total sample of 1478 homosexual males and 3313 heterosexual males in Han Chinese populations and identified two genetic loci (rs17320865, Xq27.3, FMR1NB, Pmeta = 8.36 × 10-8, OR = 1.29; rs7259428, 19q12, ZNF536, Pmeta = 7.58 × 10-8, OR = 0.75) showing consistent association with male sexual orientation. A fixed-effect meta-analysis including individuals of Han Chinese (n = 4791) and European ancestries (n = 408,995) revealed 3 genome-wide significant loci of same-sex sexual behavior (rs9677294, 2p22.1, SLC8A1, Pmeta = 1.95 × 10-8; rs2414487, 15q21.3, LOC145783, Pmeta = 4.53 × 10-9; rs2106525, 7q31.1, MDFIC, Pmeta = 6.24 × 10-9). These findings may provide new insights into the genetic basis of male sexual orientation from a wider population scope. Furthermore, we defined the average ZNF536-immunoreactivity (ZNF536-ir) concentration in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as lower in homosexual individuals than in heterosexual individuals (0.011 ± 0.001 vs 0.021 ± 0.004, P = 0.013) in a postmortem study. In addition, compared with heterosexuals, the percentage of ZNF536 stained area in the SCN was also smaller in the homosexuals (0.075 ± 0.040 vs 0.137 ± 0.103, P = 0.043). More homosexual preference was observed in FMR1NB-knockout mice and we also found significant differences in the expression of serotonin, dopamine, and inflammation pathways that were reported to be related to sexual orientation when comparing CRISPR-mediated FMR1NB knockout mice to matched wild-type target C57 male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Human Brain Bank for Health and Disease, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Mei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Rd, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Xing Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xian-Bo Zuo
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at First Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Jun Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cai-Xi Xi
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo-Chao Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hu-Ji Xu
- Department of General Office, Center for Disease Control of Jianggan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Bo Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Bo Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Man-Li Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Ning Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan-Ge Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi-Chao Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medial University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medial University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medial University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Ping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Wen Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, Seventh Hangzhou Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Feng Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Li Qi
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chan-Chan Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing-Kai Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Hua Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Juan Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen-Feng Liu
- Medicines&Biochemical Products Branch, Zhejiang Medicine &Health Products I/E CO., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Yong Liang
- BioMiao Biological Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Du
- Beijing Emei Tongde Technology Development Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Fa Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiao-Ling Lu
- Department of Aids Venereal Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Prevention and Treatment of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng-Xiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Chen
- International medical center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Jun Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Min Ni
- Department of Disease Control, Center for Disease Control of Jianggan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye-Zhen Fang
- Department of Laboratory, Center for Disease Control of Jianggan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zuo-Kai Yang
- Department of Aids Venereal Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-Ren Shan
- Department of Aids Venereal Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - En-de Zheng
- Beijing ViewSolid Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Shanghai OE Biotech. Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yi Rao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dick Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Wei-Hua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, & Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Cognitive Disorder (2018RU006), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- National Human Brain Bank for Health and Disease, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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