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Russo C, Muto G, Giordano F, Masala S, Muto M. Imaging of Common Spinal Cord Diseases. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2022; 26:510-520. [PMID: 36103892 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord evaluation is an integral part of spine assessment, and its reliable imaging work-up is mandatory because even localized lesions may produce serious effects with potentially irreversible sequelae. Spinal cord alterations are found both incidentally during spine evaluation in otherwise neurologically asymptomatic patients or during neurologic/neuroradiologic assessment in myelopathic patients. Myelopathy (an umbrella term for any neurologic deficit that refers to spinal cord impairment) can be caused by intrinsic lesions or extrinsic mechanical compression, and its etiology may be both traumatic and/or nontraumatic. The symptoms largely depend on the size/extension of lesions, ranging from incontinence to ataxia, from spasticity to hyperreflexia, from numbness to weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging is the reference imaging modality in spinal cord evaluation, ensuring the best signal and spatial resolution. We provide an overview of the most common spinal cord disorders encountered by radiologists and describe the technical measures that offer optimal spinal cord visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Russo
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Dipartimento delle Tecnologie Avanzate Diagnostico-Terapeutiche e dei Servizi sanitari, A.O.R.N. Cardarelli, Naples, Italy.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Muto
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Giordano
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Dipartimento delle Tecnologie Avanzate Diagnostico-Terapeutiche e dei Servizi sanitari, A.O.R.N. Cardarelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Masala
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiation Therapy, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Muto
- Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Dipartimento delle Tecnologie Avanzate Diagnostico-Terapeutiche e dei Servizi sanitari, A.O.R.N. Cardarelli, Naples, Italy
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Romeo AR, Lisak RP, Meltzer E, Fox EJ, Melamed E, Lucas A, Freeman L, Frohman TC, Costello K, Zamvil SS, Frohman EM, Gelfand JM. A young man with numbness in arms and legs. NEUROLOGY - NEUROIMMUNOLOGY NEUROINFLAMMATION 2018; 5:e509. [PMID: 30465017 PMCID: PMC6225923 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Romeo
- Department of Neurology (A.R.R., S.S.Z., J.M.G.) and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Partner's Neurology Training Program (E.M.); MGH and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and E.M. is now with the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), and Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (E.M., A.L.), and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (T.C.F., E.F), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (L.F.), University of Texas at Houston; and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY
| | - Robert P Lisak
- Department of Neurology (A.R.R., S.S.Z., J.M.G.) and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Partner's Neurology Training Program (E.M.); MGH and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and E.M. is now with the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), and Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (E.M., A.L.), and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (T.C.F., E.F), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (L.F.), University of Texas at Houston; and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY
| | - Ethan Meltzer
- Department of Neurology (A.R.R., S.S.Z., J.M.G.) and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Partner's Neurology Training Program (E.M.); MGH and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and E.M. is now with the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), and Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (E.M., A.L.), and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (T.C.F., E.F), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (L.F.), University of Texas at Houston; and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY
| | - Edward J Fox
- Department of Neurology (A.R.R., S.S.Z., J.M.G.) and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Partner's Neurology Training Program (E.M.); MGH and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and E.M. is now with the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), and Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (E.M., A.L.), and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (T.C.F., E.F), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (L.F.), University of Texas at Houston; and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY
| | - Esther Melamed
- Department of Neurology (A.R.R., S.S.Z., J.M.G.) and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Partner's Neurology Training Program (E.M.); MGH and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and E.M. is now with the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), and Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (E.M., A.L.), and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (T.C.F., E.F), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (L.F.), University of Texas at Houston; and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY
| | - Ashlea Lucas
- Department of Neurology (A.R.R., S.S.Z., J.M.G.) and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Partner's Neurology Training Program (E.M.); MGH and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and E.M. is now with the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), and Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (E.M., A.L.), and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (T.C.F., E.F), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (L.F.), University of Texas at Houston; and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY
| | - Leorah Freeman
- Department of Neurology (A.R.R., S.S.Z., J.M.G.) and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Partner's Neurology Training Program (E.M.); MGH and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and E.M. is now with the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), and Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (E.M., A.L.), and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (T.C.F., E.F), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (L.F.), University of Texas at Houston; and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY
| | - Teresa C Frohman
- Department of Neurology (A.R.R., S.S.Z., J.M.G.) and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Partner's Neurology Training Program (E.M.); MGH and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and E.M. is now with the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), and Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (E.M., A.L.), and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (T.C.F., E.F), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (L.F.), University of Texas at Houston; and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY
| | - Kathleen Costello
- Department of Neurology (A.R.R., S.S.Z., J.M.G.) and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Partner's Neurology Training Program (E.M.); MGH and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and E.M. is now with the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), and Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (E.M., A.L.), and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (T.C.F., E.F), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (L.F.), University of Texas at Houston; and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology (A.R.R., S.S.Z., J.M.G.) and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Partner's Neurology Training Program (E.M.); MGH and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and E.M. is now with the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), and Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (E.M., A.L.), and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (T.C.F., E.F), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (L.F.), University of Texas at Houston; and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY
| | - Elliot M Frohman
- Department of Neurology (A.R.R., S.S.Z., J.M.G.) and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Partner's Neurology Training Program (E.M.); MGH and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and E.M. is now with the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), and Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (E.M., A.L.), and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (T.C.F., E.F), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (L.F.), University of Texas at Houston; and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY
| | - Jeffrey M Gelfand
- Department of Neurology (A.R.R., S.S.Z., J.M.G.) and Program in Immunology (S.S.Z.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neurology (R.P.L.), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; Partner's Neurology Training Program (E.M.); MGH and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and E.M. is now with the Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Central Texas Neurology Consultants (E.J.F.), and Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (E.M., A.L.), and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology (T.C.F., E.F), Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin; Department of Neurology (L.F.), University of Texas at Houston; and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY
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Yang J, Kou J, Lim JE, Lalonde R, Fukuchi KI. Intracranial delivery of interleukin-17A via adeno-associated virus fails to induce physical and learning disabilities and neuroinflammation in mice but improves glucose metabolism through AKT signaling pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 53:84-95. [PMID: 26562537 PMCID: PMC4783216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is generally considered as one of the pathogenic factors involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). Indirect evidence for this is that IL-17A-producing T helper 17 (Th17) cells preferentially accumulate in lesions of MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, a direct involvement of IL-17A in MS pathogenesis is still an open question. In this study, we overexpressed IL-17A in the brains of mice (IL-17A-in-Brain mice) via recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (rAAV5)-mediated gene delivery. In spite of high levels of IL-17A expression in the brain and blood, IL-17A-in-Brain mice exhibit no inflammatory responses and no abnormalities in motor coordination and spatial orientation. Unexpectedly, IL-17A-in-Brain mice show decreases in body weight and adipose tissue mass and an improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. IL-17A enhances glucose uptake in PC12 cells by activation of AKT. Our results provide direct evidence for the first time that IL-17A overexpression in the central nervous system does not cause physical and learning disabilities and neuroinflammation and suggest that IL-17A may regulate glucose metabolism through the AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Jinghong Kou
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeong-Eun Lim
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert Lalonde
- Department of Psychology, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Ken-ichiro Fukuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, USA.,Corresponding author: Ken-ichiro Fukuchi, MD, PhD, Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, P.O. Box 1649, Peoria, Illinois USA; Phone: 309-671-8545;
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