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Lee EJ, Ryu JH, Baek JH, Boo YC. Skin Color Analysis of Various Body Parts (Forearm, Upper Arm, Elbow, Knee, and Shin) and Changes with Age in 53 Korean Women, Considering Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2500. [PMID: 38731031 PMCID: PMC11084701 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Skin color is innately determined by race and other genetic factors, and it also undergoes acquired changes due to various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Previous studies on skin color have mainly focused on the face, and research has recently expanded to other body parts. However, there is limited information about the age-dependent changes in the skin color of these body parts. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in skin color between various body parts and the changes in skin color of each body part with age. Methods: This study examined the skin color of 53 Korean women subjects evenly distributed in age from the 20s to 60s on several body parts: forearm, upper arm, elbow (extended or folded), knee (extended or folded), thigh, and shin. The lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) were measured using a spectrophotometer, and the individual typology angle (ITA°) was calculated from the L* and b* values. The melanin index and erythema index were measured using the mexameter. Results: The results showed that the elbow skin had the lowest L* and ITA° values and the highest a* and b* values among the examined body parts, followed by the knee. The melanin index and erythema index were also high in the skin of these body parts. In the analysis of age-dependent changes in the skin color of various body parts, the forearm skin exhibited the most notable decrease in the L* and ITA° values and increases in the a* and b* values, followed by upper-arm skin. The melanin and erythema indices in the forearm also increased as the subjects aged, whereas those in the elbow and knee rather decreased with age. Conclusions: This study suggests that differences in intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging in various body parts may be expressed as different changes in skin color and raises the need for cosmetic and dermatological research to identify the physiological significance of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Lee
- Skin Research Center, Dermapro Ltd., Seoul 06570, Republic of Korea; (E.J.L.); (J.H.R.)
| | - Ja Hyun Ryu
- Skin Research Center, Dermapro Ltd., Seoul 06570, Republic of Korea; (E.J.L.); (J.H.R.)
| | - Ji Hwoon Baek
- Skin Research Center, Dermapro Ltd., Seoul 06570, Republic of Korea; (E.J.L.); (J.H.R.)
| | - Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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Yang L, Chen H, Yang C, Hu Z, Jiang Z, Meng S, Liu R, Huang L, Yang K. Research progress on the regulatory mechanism of integrin-mediated mechanical stress in cells involved in bone metabolism. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18183. [PMID: 38506078 PMCID: PMC10951882 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress is an internal force between various parts of an object that resists external factors and effects that cause an object to deform, and mechanical stress is essential for various tissues that are constantly subjected to mechanical loads to function normally. Integrins are a class of transmembrane heterodimeric glycoprotein receptors that are important target proteins for the action of mechanical stress stimuli on cells and can convert extracellular physical and mechanical signals into intracellular bioelectrical signals, thereby regulating osteogenesis and osteolysis. Integrins play a bidirectional regulatory role in bone metabolism. In this paper, relevant literature published in recent years is reviewed and summarized. The characteristics of integrins and mechanical stress are introduced, as well as the mechanisms underlying responses of integrin to mechanical stress stimulation. The paper focuses on integrin-mediated mechanical stress in different cells involved in bone metabolism and its associated signalling mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to provide a theoretical basis for the application of integrin-mediated mechanical stress to the field of bone tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of StomatologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of StomatologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Chanchan Yang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of StomatologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Zhengqi Hu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of StomatologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Zhiliang Jiang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of StomatologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Shengzi Meng
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of StomatologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | | | - Lan Huang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of StomatologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
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A genetic algorithm approach to design job rotation schedules ensuring homogeneity and diversity of exposure in the automotive industry. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09396. [PMID: 35607496 PMCID: PMC9123225 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Job rotation is a work organization strategy with increasing popularity, given its benefits for workers and companies, especially those working with manufacturing. This study proposes a formulation to help the team leader in an assembly line of the automotive industry to achieve job rotation schedules based on three major criteria: improve diversity, ensure homogeneity, and thus reduce exposure level. The formulation relied on a genetic algorithm, that took into consideration the biomechanical risk factors (EAWS), workers’ qualifications, and the organizational aspects of the assembly line. Moreover, the job rotation plan formulated by the genetic algorithm formulation was compared with the solution provided by the team leader in a real life-environment. The formulation proved to be a reliable solution to design job rotation plans for increasing diversity, decreasing exposure, and balancing homogeneity within workers, achieving better results in all of the outcomes when compared with the job rotation schedules created by the team leader. Additionally, this solution was less time-consuming for the team leader than a manual implementation. This study provides a much-needed solution to the job rotation issue in the manufacturing industry, with the genetic algorithm taking less time and showing better results than the job rotations created by the team leaders. This is the first formulation to consider diversity, exposure, and homogeneity. A GA was used and proven to be a reliable solution to design job rotation. The formulation increased diversity, decreased exposure, and balanced homogeneity. Better results were achieved in all outcomes when compared with manual solutions. The formulation is less time-consuming improving factory resource's management.
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Cambria E, Heusser S, Scheuren AC, Tam WK, Karol AA, Hitzl W, Leung VY, Müller R, Ferguson SJ, Wuertz‐Kozak K. TRPV4 mediates cell damage induced by hyperphysiological compression and regulates COX2/PGE2 in intervertebral discs. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1149. [PMID: 34611585 PMCID: PMC8479521 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant mechanical loading of the spine causes intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and low back pain. Current therapies do not target the mediators of the underlying mechanosensing and mechanotransduction pathways, as these are poorly understood. This study investigated the role of the mechanosensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) ion channel in dynamic compression of bovine nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in vitro and mouse IVDs in vivo. METHODS Degenerative changes and the expression of the inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) were examined histologically in the IVDs of mouse tails that were dynamically compressed at a short repetitive hyperphysiological regime (vs sham). Bovine NP cells embedded in an agarose-collagen hydrogel were dynamically compressed at a hyperphysiological regime in the presence or absence of the selective TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release, as well as phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), were analyzed. Degenerative changes and COX2 expression were further evaluated in the IVDs of trpv4-deficient mice (vs wild-type; WT). RESULTS Dynamic compression caused IVD degeneration in vivo as previously shown but did not affect COX2 expression. Dynamic compression significantly augmented LDH and PGE2 releases in vitro, which were significantly reduced by TRPV4 inhibition. Moreover, TRPV4 inhibition during dynamic compression increased the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK) MAPK pathway by 3.13-fold compared to non-compressed samples. Trpv4-deficient mice displayed mild IVD degeneration and decreased COX2 expression compared to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS TRPV4 therefore regulates COX2/PGE2 and mediates cell damage induced by hyperphysiological dynamic compression, possibly via ERK. Targeted TRPV4 inhibition or knockdown might thus constitute promising therapeutic approaches to treat patients suffering from IVD pathologies caused by aberrant mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cambria
- Institute for BiomechanicsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sally Heusser
- Institute for BiomechanicsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Wai Kit Tam
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Agnieszka A. Karol
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MSRU), Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Wolfgang Hitzl
- Research Office (Biostatistics)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Department of Ophthalmology and OptometryParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma ResearchParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Victor Y. Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for BiomechanicsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Karin Wuertz‐Kozak
- Institute for BiomechanicsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRochester Institute of TechnologyRochesterNew YorkUSA
- Spine Center, Schön Klinik München HarlachingAcademic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg (Austria)MunichGermany
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Cambria E, Arlt MJE, Wandel S, Krupkova O, Hitzl W, Passini FS, Hausmann ON, Snedeker JG, Ferguson SJ, Wuertz-Kozak K. TRPV4 Inhibition and CRISPR-Cas9 Knockout Reduce Inflammation Induced by Hyperphysiological Stretching in Human Annulus Fibrosus Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071736. [PMID: 32708074 PMCID: PMC7407144 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading and inflammation interact to cause degenerative disc disease and low back pain (LBP). However, the underlying mechanosensing and mechanotransductive pathways are poorly understood. This results in untargeted pharmacological treatments that do not take the mechanical aspect of LBP into account. We investigated the role of the mechanosensitive ion channel TRPV4 in stretch-induced inflammation in human annulus fibrosus (AF) cells. The cells were cyclically stretched to 20% hyperphysiological strain. TRPV4 was either inhibited with the selective TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874 or knocked out (KO) via CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. The gene expression, inflammatory mediator release and MAPK pathway activation were analyzed. Hyperphysiological cyclic stretching significantly increased the IL6, IL8, and COX2 mRNA, PGE2 release, and activated p38 MAPK. The TRPV4 pharmacological inhibition significantly attenuated these effects. TRPV4 KO further prevented the stretch-induced upregulation of IL8 mRNA and reduced IL6 and IL8 release, thus supporting the inhibition data. We provide novel evidence that TRPV4 transduces hyperphysiological mechanical signals into inflammatory responses in human AF cells, possibly via p38. Additionally, we show for the first time the successful gene editing of human AF cells via CRISPR-Cas9. The pharmacological inhibition or CRISPR-based targeting of TRPV4 may constitute a potential therapeutic strategy to tackle discogenic LBP in patients with AF injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cambria
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-446332901
| | - Matthias J. E. Arlt
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Wandel
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
| | - Olga Krupkova
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Spine Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Hitzl
- Research Office (Biostatistics), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fabian S. Passini
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver N. Hausmann
- Neuro- and Spine Center, Hirslanden Klinik St. Anna, 6006 Lucerne, Switzerland;
- Medical Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jess G. Snedeker
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J. Ferguson
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
- Spine Center, Schön Klinik München Harlaching, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg (Austria), 81547 Munich, Germany
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