1
|
Rudaks LI, Yeow D, Kumar KR. Expert commentary for fragile X premutation mimicking late onset hereditary spastic paraplegia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 119:105969. [PMID: 38155044 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ivete Rudaks
- Translational Neurogenomics Group, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Rd, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Rd, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia; The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia; Genomic and Inherited Disease Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; Clinical Genetics Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Rd, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | - Dennis Yeow
- Translational Neurogenomics Group, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Rd, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Rd, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia; The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia; Genomic and Inherited Disease Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; Neurodegenerative Service, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - Kishore Raj Kumar
- Translational Neurogenomics Group, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Rd, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Rd, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia; The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia; Genomic and Inherited Disease Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Healthcare Campus, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Level 5, De Lacy Building, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kargar M, Hagerman RJ, Martínez-Cerdeño V. Neurodegeneration of White and Gray Matter in the Hippocampus with FXTAS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17266. [PMID: 38139097 PMCID: PMC10743470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects older premutation carriers (55-200 CGG repeats) of the fragile X gene. Despite the high prevalence of the FXTAS disorder, neuropathology studies of individuals affected by FXTAS are limited. We performed hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining in the hippocampus of 26 FXTAS cases and analyzed the tissue microscopically. The major neuropathological characteristics were white matter disease, intranuclear inclusions in neurons and astrocytes, and neuron loss. Astrocytes contained more and larger inclusions than neurons. There was a negative correlation between age of death and CGG repeat length in cases over the age of 60. The number of astroglial inclusions (CA3 and dentate gyrus) and the number of CA3 neuronal inclusions increased with elevated CGG repeat length. In the two cases with a CGG repeat size less than 65, FXTAS intranuclear inclusions were not present in the hippocampus, while in the two cases with less than 70 (65-70) CGG repeat expansion, neurons and astrocytes with inclusions were occasionally identified in the CA1 sub-region. These findings add hippocampus neuropathology to the previously reported changes in other areas of the brain in FXTAS patients, with implications for understanding FXTAS pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kargar
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ocharán-Mercado A, Loaeza-Loaeza J, Castro-Coronel Y, Acosta-Saavedra LC, Hernández-Kelly LC, Hernández-Sotelo D, Ortega A. RNA-Binding Proteins: A Role in Neurotoxicity? Neurotox Res 2023; 41:681-697. [PMID: 37776476 PMCID: PMC10682104 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite sustained efforts to treat neurodegenerative diseases, little is known at the molecular level to understand and generate novel therapeutic approaches for these malignancies. Therefore, it is not surprising that neurogenerative diseases are among the leading causes of death in the aged population. Neurons require sophisticated cellular mechanisms to maintain proper protein homeostasis. These cells are generally sensitive to loss of gene expression control at the post-transcriptional level. Post-translational control responds to signals that can arise from intracellular processes or environmental factors that can be regulated through RNA-binding proteins. These proteins recognize RNA through one or more RNA-binding domains and form ribonucleoproteins that are critically involved in the regulation of post-transcriptional processes from splicing to the regulation of association of the translation machinery allowing a relatively rapid and precise modulation of the transcriptome. Neurotoxicity is the result of the biological, chemical, or physical interaction of agents with an adverse effect on the structure and function of the central nervous system. The disruption of the proper levels or function of RBPs in neurons and glial cells triggers neurotoxic events that are linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), fragile X syndrome (FXS), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) among many others. The connection between RBPs and neurodegenerative diseases opens a new landscape for potentially novel therapeutic targets for the intervention of these neurodegenerative pathologies. In this contribution, a summary of the recent findings of the molecular mechanisms involved in the plausible role of RBPs in RNA processing in neurodegenerative disease is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ocharán-Mercado
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07300 CDMX, México
| | - Jaqueline Loaeza-Loaeza
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07300 CDMX, México
| | - Yaneth Castro-Coronel
- Laboratorio de Epigenética del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas 88, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 39086, México
| | - Leonor C Acosta-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07300 CDMX, México
| | - Luisa C Hernández-Kelly
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07300 CDMX, México
| | - Daniel Hernández-Sotelo
- Laboratorio de Epigenética del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas 88, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 39086, México
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07300 CDMX, México.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tassone F, Protic D, Allen EG, Archibald AD, Baud A, Brown TW, Budimirovic DB, Cohen J, Dufour B, Eiges R, Elvassore N, Gabis LV, Grudzien SJ, Hall DA, Hessl D, Hogan A, Hunter JE, Jin P, Jiraanont P, Klusek J, Kooy RF, Kraan CM, Laterza C, Lee A, Lipworth K, Losh M, Loesch D, Lozano R, Mailick MR, Manolopoulos A, Martinez-Cerdeno V, McLennan Y, Miller RM, Montanaro FAM, Mosconi MW, Potter SN, Raspa M, Rivera SM, Shelly K, Todd PK, Tutak K, Wang JY, Wheeler A, Winarni TI, Zafarullah M, Hagerman RJ. Insight and Recommendations for Fragile X-Premutation-Associated Conditions from the Fifth International Conference on FMR1 Premutation. Cells 2023; 12:2330. [PMID: 37759552 PMCID: PMC10529056 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The premutation of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene is characterized by an expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeats (55 to 200 CGGs) in the 5' untranslated region and increased levels of FMR1 mRNA. Molecular mechanisms leading to fragile X-premutation-associated conditions (FXPAC) include cotranscriptional R-loop formations, FMR1 mRNA toxicity through both RNA gelation into nuclear foci and sequestration of various CGG-repeat-binding proteins, and the repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN)-initiated translation of potentially toxic proteins. Such molecular mechanisms contribute to subsequent consequences, including mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death. Clinically, premutation carriers may exhibit a wide range of symptoms and phenotypes. Any of the problems associated with the premutation can appropriately be called FXPAC. Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI), and fragile X-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (FXAND) can fall under FXPAC. Understanding the molecular and clinical aspects of the premutation of the FMR1 gene is crucial for the accurate diagnosis, genetic counseling, and appropriate management of affected individuals and families. This paper summarizes all the known problems associated with the premutation and documents the presentations and discussions that occurred at the International Premutation Conference, which took place in New Zealand in 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA; (B.D.); (D.H.); (V.M.-C.)
| | - Dragana Protic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Fragile X Clinic, Special Hospital for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Neurology, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emily Graves Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.G.A.); (P.J.); (K.S.)
| | - Alison D. Archibald
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Genomics in Society Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna Baud
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (A.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Ted W. Brown
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Fragile X Association of Australia, Brookvale, NSW 2100, Australia;
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY 10314, USA
| | - Dejan B. Budimirovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Fragile X Clinic, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences-Child Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Fragile X Alliance Clinic, Melbourne, VIC 3161, Australia;
| | - Brett Dufour
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA; (B.D.); (D.H.); (V.M.-C.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Rachel Eiges
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem 91031, Israel;
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129 Padova, Italy; (N.E.); (C.L.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lidia V. Gabis
- Keshet Autism Center Maccabi Wolfson, Holon 5822012, Israel;
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Samantha J. Grudzien
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 4148 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.J.G.); (P.K.T.)
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Deborah A. Hall
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - David Hessl
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA; (B.D.); (D.H.); (V.M.-C.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Abigail Hogan
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (A.H.); (J.K.)
| | - Jessica Ezzell Hunter
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.E.H.); (S.N.P.); (M.R.); (A.W.)
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.G.A.); (P.J.); (K.S.)
| | - Poonnada Jiraanont
- Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand;
| | - Jessica Klusek
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (A.H.); (J.K.)
| | - R. Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Claudine M. Kraan
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Diagnosis and Development, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Cecilia Laterza
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35129 Padova, Italy; (N.E.); (C.L.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Lee
- Fragile X New Zealand, Nelson 7040, New Zealand;
| | - Karen Lipworth
- Fragile X Association of Australia, Brookvale, NSW 2100, Australia;
| | - Molly Losh
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA;
| | - Danuta Loesch
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Reymundo Lozano
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Marsha R. Mailick
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Apostolos Manolopoulos
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeno
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA; (B.D.); (D.H.); (V.M.-C.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Yingratana McLennan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | | | - Federica Alice Maria Montanaro
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Matthew W. Mosconi
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Sarah Nelson Potter
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.E.H.); (S.N.P.); (M.R.); (A.W.)
| | - Melissa Raspa
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.E.H.); (S.N.P.); (M.R.); (A.W.)
| | - Susan M. Rivera
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Katharine Shelly
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (E.G.A.); (P.J.); (K.S.)
| | - Peter K. Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 4148 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.J.G.); (P.K.T.)
- Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Katarzyna Tutak
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (A.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Jun Yi Wang
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA;
| | - Anne Wheeler
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.E.H.); (S.N.P.); (M.R.); (A.W.)
| | - Tri Indah Winarni
- Center for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 502754, Central Java, Indonesia;
| | - Marwa Zafarullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA; (B.D.); (D.H.); (V.M.-C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wagle Shukla A. Diagnosis and Treatment of Essential Tremor. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2022; 28:1333-1349. [DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
6
|
Turkyilmaz A, Alavanda C, Ates EA, Geckinli BB, Polat H, Gokcu M, Karakaya T, Cebi AH, Soylemez MA, Guney Aİ, Ata P, Arman A. Whole-exome sequencing reveals new potential genes and variants in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:695-710. [PMID: 35066699 PMCID: PMC8995228 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by the cessation of menstrual cycles before the age of 40 years due to the depletion or dysfunction of the ovarian follicles. POI is a highly heterogeneous disease in terms of etiology. The aim of this study is to reveal the genetic etiology in POI patients. METHODS A total of 35 patients (mean age: 27.2 years) from 28 different families diagnosed with POI were included in the study. Karyotype, FMR1 premutation analysis, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, and whole-exome sequencing (WES) were conducted to determine the genetic etiology of patients. RESULTS A total of 35 patients with POI were first evaluated by karyotype analysis, and chromosomal anomaly was detected in three (8.5%) and FMR1 premutation was detected in six patients (17%) from two different families. A total of 29 patients without FMR1 premutation were included in the SNP array analysis, and one patient had a 337-kb deletion in the chromosome 6q26 region including PARK2 gene, which was thought to be associated with POI. Twenty-nine cases included in SNP array analysis were evaluated simultaneously with WES analysis, and genetic variant was detected in 55.1% (16/29). CONCLUSION In the present study, rare novel variants were identified in genes known to be associated with POI, which contribute to the mutation spectrum. The effects of detected novel genes and variations on different pathways such as gonadal development, meiosis and DNA repair, or metabolism need to be investigated by experimental studies. Molecular etiology allows accurate genetic counseling to the patient and family as well as fertility planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayberk Turkyilmaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Ceren Alavanda
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Arslan Ates
- grid.414850.c0000 0004 0642 8921Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilgen Bilge Geckinli
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hamza Polat
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gokcu
- grid.31564.350000 0001 2186 0630Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Taner Karakaya
- Department of Medical Genetics, Isparta City Hospital, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Alper Han Cebi
- grid.31564.350000 0001 2186 0630Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Soylemez
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet İlter Guney
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ata
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Arman
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Potter SN, Harvey DJ, Sterling A, Abbeduto L. Mental Health Challenges, Parenting Stress, and Features of the Couple Relationship in Parents of Children With Fragile X Syndrome. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:857633. [PMID: 35432025 PMCID: PMC9012337 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.857633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) have significant delays in cognition and language, as well as anxiety, symptoms of autism spectrum disorder, and challenging behaviors such as hyperactivity and aggression. Biological mothers of children with FXS, who are themselves FMR1 premutation or full mutation carriers, are at elevated risk for mental health challenges in addition to experiencing stress associated with parenting a child with significant disabilities. However, little is known about fathers in these families, including the ways in which parental well-being influences the mother-father relationship and the impact of child characteristics on paternal and couple functioning. METHOD The current study examined features of, and relationships between, parental well-being, couple well-being, and child functioning in 23 families of young boys with FXS. Mothers and fathers independently completed multiple questionnaires about their individual well-being, couple functioning, and child behavior. One parent per family also completed an interview about the child's adaptive skills. RESULTS Results suggest that both mothers and fathers in these families experience clinically significant levels of mental health challenges and elevated rates of parenting stress relative to the general population. Findings also indicate that the couples' relationship may be a source of strength that potentially buffers against some of the daily stressors faced by these families. Additionally, parents who reported less parenting stress had higher couples satisfaction and dyadic coping. Finally, parents of children with less severe challenging behaviors exhibited fewer mental health challenges, less parenting stress, and higher levels of both couples satisfaction and dyadic coping. Parents of children with higher levels of adaptive behavior also reported less parenting stress and higher couples satisfaction. CONCLUSION Overall, this study provides evidence that families of children with FXS need access to services that not only target improvements in the child's functioning, but also ameliorate parental stress. Family-based services that include both mothers and fathers would lead to better outcomes for all family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nelson Potter
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Danielle J Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Audra Sterling
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Leonard Abbeduto
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grzadzinski R, Amso D, Landa R, Watson L, Guralnick M, Zwaigenbaum L, Deák G, Estes A, Brian J, Bath K, Elison J, Abbeduto L, Wolff J, Piven J. Pre-symptomatic intervention for autism spectrum disorder (ASD): defining a research agenda. J Neurodev Disord 2021; 13:49. [PMID: 34654371 PMCID: PMC8520312 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-021-09393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) impacts an individual's ability to socialize, communicate, and interact with, and adapt to, the environment. Over the last two decades, research has focused on early identification of ASD with significant progress being made in understanding the early behavioral and biological markers that precede a diagnosis, providing a catalyst for pre-symptomatic identification and intervention. Evidence from preclinical trials suggest that intervention prior to the onset of ASD symptoms may yield more improved developmental outcomes, and clinical studies suggest that the earlier intervention is administered, the better the outcomes. This article brings together a multidisciplinary group of experts to develop a conceptual framework for behavioral intervention, during the pre-symptomatic period prior to the consolidation of symptoms into diagnosis, in infants at very-high-likelihood for developing ASD (VHL-ASD). The overarching goals of this paper are to promote the development of new intervention approaches, empirical research, and policy efforts aimed at VHL-ASD infants during the pre-symptomatic period (i.e., prior to the consolidation of the defining features of ASD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Grzadzinski
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Program for Early Autism Research Leadership and Service (PEARLS), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Dima Amso
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Landa
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linda Watson
- Program for Early Autism Research Leadership and Service (PEARLS), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Guralnick
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Gedeon Deák
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Annette Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington Autism Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica Brian
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin Bath
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jed Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Leonard Abbeduto
- University of California, Davis, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jason Wolff
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
FMRP Levels in Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Correlates with Intellectual Disability. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101780. [PMID: 34679478 PMCID: PMC8534530 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability. FXS is an X-linked, neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the Fragile X Mental Retardation gene, FMR1. Greater than 200 CGG repeats results in epigenetic silencing of the gene leading to the deficiency or absence of Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). The loss of FMRP is considered the root cause of FXS. The relationship between neurological function and FMRP expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has not been well established. Assays to detect and measure FMR1 and FMRP have been described; however, none are sufficiently sensitive, precise, or quantitative to properly characterize the relationships between cognitive ability and CGG repeat number, FMR1 mRNA expression, or FMRP expression measured in PBMCs. To address these limitations, two novel immunoassays were developed and optimized, an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay and a multiparameter flow cytometry assay. Both assays were performed on PMBCs isolated from 27 study participants with FMR1 CGG repeats ranging from normal to full mutation. After correcting for methylation, a significant positive correlation between CGG repeat number and FMR1 mRNA expression levels and a significant negative correlation between FMRP levels and CGG repeat expansion was observed. Importantly, a high positive correlation was observed between intellectual quotient (IQ) and FMRP expression measured in PBMCs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Riboldi GM, Frattini E, Monfrini E, Frucht SJ, Fonzo AD. A Practical Approach to Early-Onset Parkinsonism. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 12:1-26. [PMID: 34569973 PMCID: PMC8842790 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset parkinsonism (EO parkinsonism), defined as subjects with disease onset before the age of 40 or 50 years, can be the main clinical presentation of a variety of conditions that are important to differentiate. Although rarer than classical late-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD) and not infrequently overlapping with forms of juvenile onset PD, a correct diagnosis of the specific cause of EO parkinsonism is critical for offering appropriate counseling to patients, for family and work planning, and to select the most appropriate symptomatic or etiopathogenic treatments. Clinical features, radiological and laboratory findings are crucial for guiding the differential diagnosis. Here we summarize the most important conditions associated with primary and secondary EO parkinsonism. We also proposed a practical approach based on the current literature and expert opinion to help movement disorders specialists and neurologists navigate this complex and challenging landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulietta M Riboldi
- The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emanuele Frattini
- IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Steven J Frucht
- The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Witek N, Hawkins J, Hall D. Genetic ataxias: update on classification and diagnostic approaches. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021; 21:13. [PMID: 33638050 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-021-01092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia encompasses a large group of rare disorders characterized by irregular movements, decreased coordination, imbalance, kinetic tremor, wide-based stance, and dysarthria. Evaluating ataxia can be challenging considering the volume of disorders and their complex pathologies involving diverse genetic and clinical factors. This is a comprehensive review of the genetic ataxia literature, presenting updated guidelines for differential diagnosis. Age, time course, and family history provide initial guidance for evaluation of ataxia. As genetic testing is increasingly utilized, new genes are discovered and phenotypes for existing disorders are expanded. This review assists physicians by offering a diagnostic roadmap for suspected hereditary ataxia based on the current literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Witek
- Rush Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program, 1725 W Harrison St. Suite 755, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Jacob Hawkins
- Rush Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program, 1725 W Harrison St. Suite 755, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deborah Hall
- Rush Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program, 1725 W Harrison St. Suite 755, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cao Y, Peng Y, Kong HE, Allen EG, Jin P. Metabolic Alterations in FMR1 Premutation Carriers. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:571092. [PMID: 33195417 PMCID: PMC7531624 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.571092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FMR1 gene premutation carriers are at risk of developing Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) in adulthood. Currently the development of biomarkers and effective treatments in FMR1 premutations is still in its infancy. Recent metabolic studies have shown novel findings in asymptomatic FMR1 premutation carriers and FXTAS, which provide promising insight through identification of potential biomarkers and therapeutic pathways. Here we review the latest advancements of the metabolic alterations found in asymptomatic FMR1 premutation carriers and FXTAS, along with our perspective for future studies in this emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqu Cao
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ha Eun Kong
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hall DA, Nag S, Ouyang B, Bennett DA, Liu Y, Ali A, Zhou L, Berry-Kravis E. Fragile X Gray Zone Alleles Are Associated With Signs of Parkinsonism and Earlier Death. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1448-1456. [PMID: 32463542 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premutation size (55-199 CGG repeats) in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene cause fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, but it is unclear whether smaller "gray" zone expansions of 41-54 repeats are also associated with movement disorders. The objectives of this study were to determine the association between the FMR1 gene gray zone expansions, AGG interspersions, and the presence of parkinsonism and motor and cognitive function in an elderly community-based population. METHODS Automated FMR1 polymerase chain reaction was performed on existing samples from 2 longitudinal aging studies whose subjects agreed to brain donation. A detailed clinical evaluation including a modified Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale score, a composite score of global motor function, 17 cognitive tests summarized as a global measure of cognition, and neuropathological examination were obtained for genotyped participants. RESULTS The average age of the population (n = 2362) was 85.9 ± 7.3 years, and average age at death was 88.6 ± 6.4 years (n = 1326), with 72% women. The prevalence of FMR1 gray zone alleles was 5.2% (122 of 2362). There was no difference between participants with gray zone expansions or those lacking AGG interspersions compared with normal participants in global cognition, global motor function, clinical diagnosis, or pathological changes. Gray zone alleles were associated with signs of parkinsonism in men (P = 0.01), and gray zone carrier men were more likely to die (hazard ratio, 2.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.31-4.16). CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study to investigate gray zone alleles in a community population. The key findings are that in men, the gray zone allele is associated with signs of parkinsonism and higher risk of death, but not with intranuclear neuronal inclusions. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Hall
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sukriti Nag
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bichun Ouyang
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuanqing Liu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aisha Ali
- University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Two novel intragenic variants in the FMR1 gene in patients with suspect clinical diagnosis of Fragile X syndrome and no CGG repeat expansion. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:104010. [PMID: 32688058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The major and most well-studied genetic cause of Fragile-X syndrome (FXS) is expansion of a CGG repeat in the 5'-UTR of the FMR1 gene. Routine testing for this expansion is performed globally. Overall, there is a paucity of intragenic variants explaining FXS, a fact which is being addressed by a more systematic application of whole exome (WES) and whole genome (WGS) sequencing, even in the diagnostic setting. Here we report two families comprising probands with a clinical suspicion of FXS and no CGG repeat expansions. Using WES/WGS we identified deleterious variants within the coding region of FMR1 in both families. In a family from Finland we identified a complex indel c.1021-1028delinsTATTGG in exon 11 of FMR1 which gives rise to a frameshift and a premature termination codon (PTC), p.Asn341Tyrfs*7. Follow-up mRNA and protein studies on a cell line from the proband revealed that although the mRNA levels of FMR1 were not altered, Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 Protein (FMRP) was undetectable. Additionally, we identified a variant, c.881-1G > T, affecting the canonical acceptor splice site of exon 10 of FMR1 in an Australian family. Our findings reinforce the importance of intragenic FMR1 variant testing, particularly in cases with clinical features of FXS and no CGG repeat expansions identified.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zafarullah M, Tang HT, Durbin-Johnson B, Fourie E, Hessl D, Rivera SM, Tassone F. FMR1 locus isoforms: potential biomarker candidates in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Sci Rep 2020; 10:11099. [PMID: 32632326 PMCID: PMC7338407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement and cognition in male and female carriers of a premutation allele of 55-200 CGG repeats in the Fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene. It is currently unknown if and when an individual carrier of a premutation allele will develop FXTAS, as clinical assessment fails to identify carriers at risk before significant neurological symptoms are evident. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the alternative splicing landscape at the FMR1 locus in conjunction with brain measures in male individuals with a premutation allele enrolled in a very first longitudinal study, compared to age-matched healthy male controls, with the purpose of identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis, disease prediction and, a progression of FXTAS. Our findings indicate that increased expression of FMR1 mRNA isoforms, including Iso4/4b, Iso10/10b, as well as of the ASFMR1 mRNAs Iso131bp, are present in premutation carriers as compared to non-carrier healthy controls. More specifically, we observed a higher expression of Iso4/4b and Iso10/10b, which encode for truncated proteins, only in those premutation carriers who developed symptoms of FXTAS over time as compared to non-carrier healthy controls, suggesting a potential role in the development of the disorder. In addition, we found a significant association of these molecular changes with various measurements of brain morphology, including the middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP), superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP), pons, and midbrain, indicating their potential contribution to the pathogenesis of FXTAS. Interestingly, the high expression levels of Iso4/4b observed both at visit 1 and visit 2 and found to be associated with a decrease in mean MCP width only in those individuals who developed FXTAS over time, suggests their role as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of FXTAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Zafarullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA
| | - Hiu-Tung Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Emily Fourie
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David Hessl
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA
| | - Susan M Rivera
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ma L, Herren AW, Espinal G, Randol J, McLaughlin B, Martinez-Cerdeño V, Pessah IN, Hagerman RJ, Hagerman PJ. Composition of the Intranuclear Inclusions of Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:143. [PMID: 31481131 PMCID: PMC6720097 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with a premutation repeat expansion (55-200 CGG repeats) in the 5' noncoding region of the FMR1 gene. Solitary intranuclear inclusions within FXTAS neurons and astrocytes constitute a hallmark of the disorder, yet our understanding of how and why these bodies form is limited. Here, we have discovered that FXTAS inclusions emit a distinct autofluorescence spectrum, which forms the basis of a novel, unbiased method for isolating FXTAS inclusions by preparative fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Using a combination of autofluorescence-based FACS and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics, we have identified more than two hundred proteins that are enriched within the inclusions relative to FXTAS whole nuclei. Whereas no single protein species dominates inclusion composition, highly enriched levels of conjugated small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 (SUMO 2) protein and p62/sequestosome-1 (p62/SQSTM1) protein were found within the inclusions. Many additional proteins involved with RNA binding, protein turnover, and DNA damage repair were enriched within inclusions relative to total nuclear protein. The current analysis has also allowed the first direct detection, through peptide sequencing, of endogenous FMRpolyG peptide, the product of repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation of the FMR1 mRNA. However, this peptide was found only at extremely low levels and not within whole FXTAS nuclear preparations, raising the question whether endogenous RAN products exist at quantities sufficient to contribute to FXTAS pathogenesis. The abundance of the inclusion-associated ubiquitin- and SUMO-based modifiers supports a model for inclusion formation as the result of increased protein loads and elevated oxidative stress leading to maladaptive autophagy. These results highlight the need to further investigate FXTAS pathogenesis in the context of endogenous systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anthony W Herren
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Glenda Espinal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Randol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bridget McLaughlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital of Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA.
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Manor E, Gonen R, Sarussi B, Keidar-Friedman D, Kumar J, Tang HT, Tassone F. The role of AGG interruptions in the FMR1 gene stability: A survey in ethnic groups with low and high rate of consanguinity. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00946. [PMID: 31453660 PMCID: PMC6785435 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence and the role of AGG interruptions within the FMR1 gene in the normal population is unknown. In this study, we investigated the frequent of AGG loss, in one or two alleles within the normal population. The role of AGG in the FMR1 stability has been assessed by correlating AGG loss to the prevalence of premutation/full mutation in two ethnic groups differing in their consanguinity rate: high versus low consanguinity rate (HCR vs. LCR). Methods The CGG repeat allele size and AGG presence were measured in 6,865 and 6,204 females belonging to the LCR (5%) and HCR (>45%) groups, respectively, by Tripled‐Primed‐PCR technique. Results A lower prevalence of the premutation was observed in the HCR (1:158) as compared to the LCR group (1:128). No full mutation was found in the HCR females while in the LCR group the prevalence found was 1:1,149. Homozygosity rate was higher in the HCR population compared to the LCR group.The overall AGG loss was higher in the HCR population than in the LCR and increased with increased CGG repeat number in both ethnic groups. Conclusions Although we observed a significantly higher rate of homozygosity and AGG loss in the HCR group, this did not affect the prevalence of the premutation and full mutation in this population. Their prevalence was significantly lower than in the LCR population. Finally, we discuss whether the loss of AGG could be also a polymorphic event but not only a stabilizing factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Manor
- Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Genetic Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Jay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - Hiu-Tung Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, USA.,MIND Institute, Medical Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update. II. Hyperkinetic disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:997-1027. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
19
|
Huang G, Zhu H, Wu S, Cui M, Xu T. Long Noncoding RNA Can Be a Probable Mechanism and a Novel Target for Diagnosis and Therapy in Fragile X Syndrome. Front Genet 2019; 10:446. [PMID: 31191598 PMCID: PMC6541098 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common congenital hereditary disease of low intelligence after Down syndrome. Its main pathogenic gene is fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene associated with intellectual disability, autism, and fragile X-related primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). FMR1 gene transcription leads to the absence of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). How to relieve or cure disorders associated with FXS has also become a clinically disturbing problem. Previous studies have recently shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to the pathogenesis. And it has been identified that several lncRNAs including FMR4, FMR5, and FMR6 contribute to developing FXPOI/FXTAS, originating from the FMR1 gene locus. FMR4 is a product of RNA polymerase II and can regulate the expression of relevant genes during differentiation of human neural precursor cells. FMR5 is a sense-oriented transcript while FMR6 is an antisense lncRNA produced by the 3' UTR of FMR1. FMR6 is likely to contribute to developing FXPOI, and it overlaps exons 15-17 of FMR1 as well as two microRNA binding sites. Additionally, BC1 can bind FMRP to form an inhibitory complex and lncRNA TUG1 also can control axonal development by directly interacting with FMRP through modulating SnoN-Ccd1 pathway. Therefore, these lncRNAs provide pharmaceutical targets and novel biomarkers. This review will: (1) describe the clinical manifestations and traditional pathogenesis of FXS and FXTAS/FXPOI; (2) summarize what is known about the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of FXS and FXTAS/FXPOI; and (3) provide an outlook of potential effects and future directions of lncRNAs in FXS and FXTAS/FXPOI researches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Huang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuying Wu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Manhua Cui
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of autosomal dominantly inherited progressive disorders, the clinical hallmark of which is loss of balance and coordination accompanied by slurred speech; onset is most often in adult life. Genetically, SCAs are grouped as repeat expansion SCAs, such as SCA3/Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), and rare SCAs that are caused by non-repeat mutations, such as SCA5. Most SCA mutations cause prominent damage to cerebellar Purkinje neurons with consecutive cerebellar atrophy, although Purkinje neurons are only mildly affected in some SCAs. Furthermore, other parts of the nervous system, such as the spinal cord, basal ganglia and pontine nuclei in the brainstem, can be involved. As there is currently no treatment to slow or halt SCAs (many SCAs lead to premature death), the clinical care of patients with SCA focuses on managing the symptoms through physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy. Intense research has greatly expanded our understanding of the pathobiology of many SCAs, revealing that they occur via interrelated mechanisms (including proteotoxicity, RNA toxicity and ion channel dysfunction), and has led to the identification of new targets for treatment development. However, the development of effective therapies is hampered by the heterogeneity of the SCAs; specific therapeutic approaches may be required for each disease.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Nucleotide repeat disorders encompass more than 30 diseases, most of which show dominant inheritance, such as Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, and myotonic dystrophies. Yet others, including Friedreich's ataxia, are recessively inherited. A common feature is the presence of a DNA tandem repeat in the disease-associated gene and the propensity of the repeats to expand in germ and in somatic cells, with ensuing neurological and frequently also neuromuscular defects. Repeat expansion is the most frequent event in these diseases; however, sequence contractions, deletions, and mutations have also been reported. Nucleotide repeat sequences are predisposed to adopt non-B-DNA conformations, such as hairpins, cruciform, and intramolecular triple-helix structures (triplexes), also known as H-DNA. For gain-of-function disorders, oligonucleotides can be used to target either transcripts or duplex DNA and in diseases with recessive inheritance oligonucleotides may be used to alter repressive DNA or RNA conformations. Most current treatment strategies are aimed at altering transcript levels, but therapies directed against DNA are also emerging, and novel strategies targeting DNA, instead of RNA, are described. Different mechanisms using modified oligonucleotides are discussed along with the structural aspects of repeat sequences, which can influence binding modes and efficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rula Zain
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Advanced Therapies, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Centre for Rare Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Advanced Therapies, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hoch-Kraft P, Trotter J, Gonsior C. Missing in Action: Dysfunctional RNA Metabolism in Oligodendroglial Cells as a Contributor to Neurodegenerative Diseases? Neurochem Res 2019; 45:566-579. [PMID: 30843138 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The formation of myelin around axons by oligodendrocytes (OL) poses an enormous synthetic and energy challenge for the glial cell. Local translation of transcripts, including the mRNA for the essential myelin protein Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) at the site of myelin deposition has been recognised as an efficient mechanism to assure proper myelin sheath assembly. Oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) form synapses with neurons and may localise many additional mRNAs in a similar fashion to synapses between neurons. In some diseases in which demyelination occurs, an abundance of OPCs is present but there is a failure to efficiently remyelinate and to synthesise MBP. This compromises axonal survival and function. OPCs are especially sensitive to cellular stress as occurring in neurodegenerative diseases, which can impinge on their ability to translate mRNAs into protein. Stress causes the build up of cytoplasmic stress granules (SG) in which many RNAs are sequestered and translationally stalled until the stress ceases. Chronic stress in particular could convert this initially protective reaction of the cell into damage, as persistence of SG may lead to pathological aggregate formation or long-term translation block of SG-associated RNAs. The recent recognition that many neurodegenerative diseases often exhibit an early white matter pathology with a proliferation of surviving OPCs, renders a study of the stress-associated processes in oligodendrocytes and OPCs especially relevant. Here, we discuss a potential dysfunction of RNA regulation in myelin diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Vanishing white matter disease (VWM) and potential contributions of OL dysfunction to neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Fragile X syndrome (FXS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoch-Kraft
- Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 3, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Trotter
- Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 3, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Constantin Gonsior
- Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 3, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Papanikolopoulou K, Mudher A, Skoulakis E. An assessment of the translational relevance of Drosophila in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:303-313. [PMID: 30664368 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1569624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drosophila melanogaster offers a powerful expedient and economical system with facile genetics. Because of the high sequence and functional conservation with human disease-associated genes, it has been cardinal in deciphering disease mechanisms at the genetic and molecular level. Drosophila are amenable to and respond well to pharmaceutical treatment which coupled to their genetic tractability has led to discovery, repositioning, and validation of a number of compounds. Areas covered: This review summarizes the generation of fly models of human diseases, their advantages and use in elucidation of human disease mechanisms. Representative studies provide examples of the utility of this system in modeling diseases and the discovery, repositioning and testing on pharmaceuticals to ameliorate them. Expert opinion: Drosophila offers a facile and economical whole animal system with many homologous organs to humans, high functional conservation and established methods of generating and validating human disease models. Nevertheless, it remains relatively underused as a drug discovery tool probably because its relevance to mammalian systems remains under question. However, recent exciting success stories using Drosophila disease models for drug screening, repositioning and validation strongly suggest that fly models should figure prominently in the drug discovery pipeline from bench to bedside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Papanikolopoulou
- a Division of Neuroscience , Biomedical Sciences Research Centre "Alexander Fleming" , Vari , Greece
| | - Amrit Mudher
- b Centre for Biological Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Efthimios Skoulakis
- a Division of Neuroscience , Biomedical Sciences Research Centre "Alexander Fleming" , Vari , Greece
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Seraji-Bzorgzad N, Paulson H, Heidebrink J. Neurologic examination in the elderly. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 167:73-88. [PMID: 31753158 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804766-8.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evaluation of neurologic disorders in the elderly requires seeking a thorough history and performing an age-appropriate neurologic examination with special attention to changes that occur with normal aging. The history should be obtained from the patient as well as collateral sources close to the patient to ensure accuracy and should include contextual elements such as medical history, social, economic, and psychological background, as well as an assessment of current functional state beyond activities of daily living. The safety of the patient, including the presence of physical, psychological, and financial threats, should be addressed during the interview. The neurological examination in older adults may need to be modified to circumvent disabilities such as hearing and visual impairment. Some elements of the neurological examination are expected to be affected by the process of aging, including pupillary reactivity, presbyopia, difficulty with ocular pursuit and up-gaze, reduced or absent distal reflexes, slower motor speed, and reduced ability to tandem walk, among others. In addition to a screening neurological assessment, evaluation of older adults with a particular complaint may require additional interview queries and examination manoeuvres. Common symptoms in the elderly include cognitive difficulties, balance and gait disorders, tremors, and neuropathy. A specialized approach to patients with cognitive difficulties must include assessment of each cognitive domain, including attention, executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, and social cognition. Balance and gait are essential parts of the neurological examination, and in patients with a history of falls or mobility issues, should become a central part of the evaluation. In patient with tremors, careful observation of the tremor quality (amplitude, frequency, and alleviating/exacerbating factors such as rest, movement, and posture) can aid diagnosis. Evaluation of neuropathy includes determining modality (numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness) and the distribution of symptoms in order to localize the site of nerve injury, which can be supplemented with nerve conduction studies/electromyography, to guide further diagnostic workup and treatment. A combination of detailed history and examination often will suggest a likely underlying neurodegenerative disorder and guide further diagnostic workup to establish a specific diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Seraji-Bzorgzad
- Department of Neurology and Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Henry Paulson
- Department of Neurology and Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Judith Heidebrink
- Department of Neurology and Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|