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Vu P, Nia S, Saffari P, Peng D, Liu A. Increased cases of VGKC-complex observed during current COVID-19 pandemic - In response to an article in 2018 "Distinction between anti-VGKC-complex seropositive patients with and without anti-LGI1/CASPR2 antibodies" by Yeo et al. J Neurol Sci 2024; 456:122842. [PMID: 38129261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.122842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Vu
- Internal Medicine, Adventist Health White Memorial, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Saba Nia
- Neurology, Adventist Health White Memorial, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Pardis Saffari
- Internal Medicine, Adventist Health White Memorial, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Davin Peng
- Neurology, Adventist Health White Memorial, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Antonio Liu
- Neurology, Adventist Health White Memorial, Los Angeles, United States of America; Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, United States of America.
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2
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Kozar-Gillan N, Velichkova A, Kanatouris G, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Steel G, Jaegle M, Aunin E, Peles E, Torsney C, Meijer DN. LGI3/2-ADAM23 interactions cluster Kv1 channels in myelinated axons to regulate refractory period. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202211031. [PMID: 36828548 PMCID: PMC9997507 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Along myelinated axons, Shaker-type potassium channels (Kv1) accumulate at high density in the juxtaparanodal region, directly adjacent to the paranodal axon-glia junctions that flank the nodes of Ranvier. However, the mechanisms that control the clustering of Kv1 channels, as well as their function at this site, are still poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that axonal ADAM23 is essential for both the accumulation and stability of juxtaparanodal Kv1 complexes. The function of ADAM23 is critically dependent on its interaction with its extracellular ligands LGI2 and LGI3. Furthermore, we demonstrate that juxtaparanodal Kv1 complexes affect the refractory period, thus enabling high-frequency burst firing of action potentials. Our findings not only reveal a previously unknown molecular pathway that regulates Kv1 channel clustering, but they also demonstrate that the juxtaparanodal Kv1 channels that are concealed below the myelin sheath, play a significant role in modifying axonal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kozar-Gillan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. UK
| | | | - George Kanatouris
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. UK
| | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gavin Steel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. UK
| | | | - Eerik Aunin
- Biomedical Sciences, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Carole Torsney
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. UK
| | - Dies N. Meijer
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh. UK
- Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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3
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Dou Y, Bai Q, Yang K, Guo W, Wang H, Chen S. The effect of surface functional groups on the wettability of graphene oxide coated alumina substrate: Molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Kelkar S, Nailwal N, Bhatia NY, Doshi G, Sathaye S, Godad AP. An Update On Proficiency of Voltage-gated Ion Channel Blockers in the Treatment of Inflammation-associated Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1290-1303. [PMID: 35996239 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220819141827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the body's mechanism to trigger the immune system, thereby preventing bacteria and viruses from manifesting their toxic effect. Inflammation plays a vital role in regulating inflammatory mediator levels to initiate the wound healing process depending on the nature of the stimuli. This process occurs due to chemical release from white blood cells by elevating blood flow to the site of action, leading to redness and increased body temperature. Currently, there are numerous Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) available, but these drugs are reported with adverse effects such as gastric bleeding, progressive kidney damage, and increased risk of heart attacks when prolonged use. For such instances, alternative options need to be adopted. The introduction of voltage-gated ion channel blockers can be a substantial alternative to mask the side effects of these currently available drugs. Chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, cancer and migraine, etc., can cause dreadful pain, which is often debilitating for the patient. The underlying mechanism for both acute and chronic inflammation involves various complex receptors, different types of cells, receptors, and proteins. The working of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels is closely linked to both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Certain drugs such as carbamazepine and gabapentin, which are ion channel blockers, have greater pharmacotherapeutic activity for sodium and calcium channel blockers for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain states. This review intends to provide brief information on the mechanism of action, latest clinical trials, and applications of these blockers in treating inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddesh Kelkar
- MET Institute of Pharmacy, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Reclamation, Bandra West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400050, India
| | - Namrata Nailwal
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai College Campus, Vaikunthlal Mehta Rd, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Nirav Yogesh Bhatia
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai College Campus, Vaikunthlal Mehta Rd, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Gaurav Doshi
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai College Campus, Vaikunthlal Mehta Rd, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Sadhana Sathaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Angel Pavalu Godad
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai College Campus, Vaikunthlal Mehta Rd, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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5
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Hansen N, Widman G, Önder D, Schwing K, Leelaarporn P, Prusseit I, von Wrede R, Surges R, Becker AJ, Witt JA, Elger CE, Helmstaedter C. Increased T- and B-cells associated with the phenotype of autoimmune limbic encephalitis with mainly memory dysfunction. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 5:100167. [PMID: 36247087 PMCID: PMC9563330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our goal is to investigate the autoantibodies’ presence and immune cells in the bioprobes of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) patients with distinct phenotypes as a promising target in AE. Methods We retrospectively analyzed immune cells via flow cytometry, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) autoantibodies, electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging in 94 AE patients with suspected temporal lobe epilepsy and classified neuropsychological phenotypes according to their occurrence. Results We detected different phenotypes in 94 AE patients [10.6% with isolated memory dysfunction (MEM), 11.7% with mood-dysfunction, 12.7% with mood and memory dysfunction, 13.8% with memory and attention dysfunction, 18.1% with memory, mood and attention disturbances and 20.2% with no mood, memory or attention dysfunction]. We did discern a relevant association of phenotypes and CSF antibody-positivity on CSF CD4+ T-cells, CD8+T-cells and HLADR + CD8+T-cells in our patients with MEM presenting elevated CD8+T-cells and HLADR + CD8+T-cells. Furthermore, CSF CD19+B-cells differed significantly between phenotypes in patients with MEM. Discussion Taken together, the phenotypes in combination with CSF antibody-positivity are biomarkers for stratifying patients. Furthermore, our results confirm the role of CD4+ T-cells, CD8+T-cells and CD19+B-cells in AE patients with a memory dysfunction, providing insights into AE pathogenesis. Our preliminary results should be confirmed by larger-scale investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Von-Siebold- Str. 5, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Corresponding author.Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Guido Widman
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Demet Önder
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwing
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pitshaporn Leelaarporn
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Indra Prusseit
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Randi von Wrede
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Surges
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Bonn (ZSEB), University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert J. Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Juri-Alexander Witt
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian E. Elger
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Helmstaedter
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Abstract
Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH) typically presents with complaints of muscle twitching, cramps, and muscle stiffness. Symptoms and signs indicating central and/or autonomic nervous system dysfunction also may be reported. An electroclinical spectrum exists, spanning from the milder cramp-fasciculation syndrome to more severe syndromes characterized by continuous muscle fiber activity. It is important to recognize that PNH may be an autoimmune phenomenon associated with antibodies targeting proteins of the voltage-gated potassium channel-complex and, in some patients, a paraneoplastic phenomenon. Symptomatic therapies include medicines that reduce neuronal excitability and in severe disease immunomodulatory treatments may be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer K Hutto
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast, Room 150H, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Taylor B Harrison
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast, Room 150H, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Booth DG, Kozar N, Bradley S, Meijer D. Characterizing the molecular etiology of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita in patients with LGI4 mutations. Glia 2021; 69:2605-2617. [PMID: 34288120 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of axon-glia interactions in the peripheral nervous system has emerged as a major cause of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), a condition characterized by multiple congenital postural abnormalities involving the major joints. Several genes crucially important to the biology of Schwann cells have now been implicated with AMC. One such gene is LGI4 which encodes a secreted glycoprotein. LGI4 is expressed and secreted by Schwann cells and binds its receptor ADAM22 on the axonal membrane to drive myelination. Homozygous mutations in LGI4 or ADAM22 results in severe congenital hypomyelination and joint contractures in mice. Recently bi-allelic LGI4 loss of function mutations has been described in three unrelated families with severe AMC. Two individuals in a fourth, non-consanguineous family were found to be compound heterozygous for two LGI4 missense mutations. It is not known how these missense mutations affect the biology of LGI4. Here we investigated whether these missense mutations affected the secretion of the protein, its ADAM22 binding capacity, or its myelination-promoting function. We demonstrate that the mutations largely affect the progression of the mutant protein through the endomembrane system resulting in severely reduced expression. Importantly, binding to ADAM22 and myelination-promoting activity appear largely unaffected, suggesting that treatment with chemical chaperones to improve secretion of the mutant proteins might prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Booth
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and MS Society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Kozar
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and MS Society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Bradley
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and MS Society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dies Meijer
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and MS Society Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Tomar LR, Shah DJ, Ranjan R, Rohatgi A, Agrawal CS. An Unusual Case of Muscle Twitching: Its LGI1. Neurol India 2021; 69:493-494. [PMID: 33904485 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.314549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A 50-year-old male, presented with a two-months history of ascending paresthesias, with continuous twitchings over the body, associated with insomnia. His electromyography (EMG) revealed neuromyotonia and was diagnosed as a case of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH) syndrome due to Leucin-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody. He showed significant improvement with intravenous immunoglobulin and carbamazepine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajeev Ranjan
- Department of Neurology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Old Rajendra Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Anshu Rohatgi
- Department of Neurology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Old Rajendra Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - C S Agrawal
- Department of Neurology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Old Rajendra Nagar, New Delhi, India
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9
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Reyes NGD, Espiritu AI, Agabao JF, Abejero JEE, Salonga-Quimpo RAM, Cabral-Lim LI, Jamora RDG, Pascual V JLR, Fernandez MLL, Gosiengfiao KTP. Autoimmune encephalitis in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 90:191-198. [PMID: 34275548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an emerging disorder in adults and children. Due to its potentially reversible nature, prompt recognition and intervention are of utmost importance. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and paraclinical features, as well as treatment outcomes of patients with AE admitted in a Philippine tertiary hospital. METHODS Retrospective case series of patients with definite AE. RESULTS Eighteen (18) patients were included (12 adults, 6 children), majority of whom had anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. The median age of onset was 32 (IQR: 10.8) years old and 13 (IQR: 4.8) years old in the adult and pediatric population, respectively. In both age groups, most presented with psychiatric symptoms and normal imaging findings. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis was detected in 8/12 (66.7%) adults and 2/6 (33.3%) children, while CSF protein elevation was only seen in 6/12 (50%) adults. Most patients presented with seizures, and the most frequent electroencephalography (EEG) abnormality detected was slow activity (70.5%). A high proportion of patients received high dose steroids, alone (35.3%) or in combination with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG, 52.9%). Overall, 66.7% had improved outcomes, mostly seen in the pediatric population. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the broad clinical phenotype, as well as the similarities and differences of AE manifestations in adults and children. It demonstrated the limited but supportive role of laboratory investigations in the diagnosis of AE. It also underscored the importance of early intervention in AE and highlighted factors influencing treatment practices and discharge outcomes in the local setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Gil D Reyes
- Division of Adult Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Adrian I Espiritu
- Division of Adult Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Jerson F Agabao
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Joshua Emmanuel E Abejero
- Division of Adult Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Rhea Angela M Salonga-Quimpo
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Leonor I Cabral-Lim
- Division of Adult Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Roland Dominic G Jamora
- Division of Adult Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Jose Leonard R Pascual V
- Division of Adult Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Marc Laurence L Fernandez
- Division of Adult Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Katerina Tanya P Gosiengfiao
- Division of Adult Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
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Abstract
Introduction: Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are a rare heterogeneous group of neurological diseases associated with tumors. These syndromes are the result of a cross-reactive immune response against antigens shared by the tumor and the nervous system. The discovery of an increasing number of autoantigens and the identification of tumoral factors leading to a substantial antitumoral immune response makes this topic highly innovative.Areas covered: This review covers the clinical, oncological, pathophysiological aspects of both immunological PNS groups. One is associated with autoantibodies against intracellular onconeural antibodies, which are highly specific for an underlying tumor, although the disease is mainly T-cell mediated. In contrast, PNS associated with pathogenic surface-binding/receptor autoantibodies, which are often responsive to immunosuppressive treatment, may manifest as paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic diseases. The most frequent tumors associated with PNS are (small cell) lung cancer, gynecological tumors, thymoma, lymphoma, and, in children, neuroblastoma. A special interest is given to PNS, induced by immune checkpoint-inhibitors (ICIs).Expert opinion: Research in PNS, including the group of ICI-induced PNS provide new insights in both the pathophysiology of PNS and tumor immune interactions and offers new treatment options for this group of severe neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Blaes
- Department of Neurology, KKH Gummersbach, Gummersbach, Germany
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11
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Lacagnina MJ, Heijnen CJ, Watkins LR, Grace PM. Autoimmune regulation of chronic pain. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e905. [PMID: 33981931 PMCID: PMC8108590 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is an unpleasant and debilitating condition that is often poorly managed by existing therapeutics. Reciprocal interactions between the nervous system and the immune system have been recognized as playing an essential role in the initiation and maintenance of pain. In this review, we discuss how neuroimmune signaling can contribute to peripheral and central sensitization and promote chronic pain through various autoimmune mechanisms. These pathogenic autoimmune mechanisms involve the production and release of autoreactive antibodies from B cells. Autoantibodies-ie, antibodies that recognize self-antigens-have been identified as potential molecules that can modulate the function of nociceptive neurons and thereby induce persistent pain. Autoantibodies can influence neuronal excitability by activating the complement pathway; by directly signaling at sensory neurons expressing Fc gamma receptors, the receptors for the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G immune complexes; or by binding and disrupting ion channels expressed by nociceptors. Using examples primarily from rheumatoid arthritis, complex regional pain syndrome, and channelopathies from potassium channel complex autoimmunity, we suggest that autoantibody signaling at the central nervous system has therapeutic implications for designing novel disease-modifying treatments for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Lacagnina
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cobi J. Heijnen
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peter M. Grace
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Anti-Kir4.1 Antibodies in Multiple Sclerosis: Specificity and Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249632. [PMID: 33348803 PMCID: PMC7765826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The glial cells in the central nervous system express diverse inward rectifying potassium channels (Kir). They express multiple Kir channel subtypes that are likely to have distinct functional roles related to their differences in conductance, and sensitivity to intracellular and extracellular factors. Dysfunction in a major astrocyte potassium channel, Kir4.1, appears as an early pathological event underlying neuronal phenotypes in several neurological diseases. The autoimmune effects on the potassium channel have not yet been fully described in the literature. However, several research groups have reported that the potassium channels are an immune target in patients with various neurological disorders. In 2012, Srivastava et al. reported about Kir4.1, a new immune target for autoantibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Follow-up studies have been conducted by several research groups, but no clear conclusion has been reached. Most follow-up studies, including ours, have reported that the prevalence of Kir4.1-seropositive patients with MS was lower than that in the initial study. Therefore, we extensively review studies on the method of antibody testing, seroprevalence of MS, and other neurological diseases in patients with MS. Finally, based on the role of Kir4.1 in MS, we consider whether it could be an immune target in this disease.
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A Patient with Double-Negative VGKC, Peripheral Nerve Hyperexcitability, and Central Nervous System Symptoms: A Postinfectious Autoimmune Disease. Case Rep Neurol Med 2020; 2020:3579419. [PMID: 32802532 PMCID: PMC7411456 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3579419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the last few years has indicated that most voltage-gated potassium channel- (VGKC-) complex antibodies without leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 or contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibody specificity lack pathogenic potential and are not clear markers for autoimmune inflammation. Here we report on a patient with double-negative VGKC who developed severe peripheral nerve hyperexcitability, central nervous system symptoms with agitation and insomnia, dysautonomia, and systemic symptoms with weight loss, itch, and skin lesions. The disease started acutely one month after an episode of enteroviral pericarditis and responded well to immunotherapy. The patient is presumed to have developed a postinfectious immunotherapy-responsive autoimmune disease. In the setting of anti-VGKC positivity, it seems likely that anti-VGKC contributed to the pathogenesis of the patient's symptoms of nerve hyperexcitability and that the disease was caused by an acquired autoimmune effect on the neuronal kinetics of VGKC. It is still unknown whether or not there are unidentified extracellular molecular targets within the VGKC-complex, i.e., a novel surface antigen and a pathogenic antibody that can cause affected individuals to develop a peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndrome. This case highlights the fact that less well-characterized autoimmune central and peripheral nervous system syndromes may have infectious triggers.
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14
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Shahpesandy H, Mohammed-Ali R, Oladosu A, Al-Kubaisy T, Anene M, Sira Ramaiah U. Anti-voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibody-mediated limbic encephalitis: a case report of a 53-year-old man admitted to intensive care psychiatric unit with psychotic mania. Gen Psychiatr 2020; 33:e100196. [PMID: 32656494 PMCID: PMC7332175 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbic encephalitis represents a cluster of autoimmune disorders, with inflammation in the medial temporal lobe characterised by subacute onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, affective symptoms, psychosis, short-term memory impairment as well as faciobrachial and grand mal seizures. We aim to present a case of a 53-year-old man with positive anti–voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex antibodies who initially presented with symptoms of psychotic mania. Six weeks post-psychiatric symptomatology, he presented with neurological symptoms such as faciobrachial jerking and tonic-clonic seizure. The patient had no previous psychiatric history and was initially treated with psychotropic medications. Our experience emphasises the fact that limbic encephalitis is not easy to identify as most patients initially present with psychiatric symptomatology than neurological symptoms. Furthermore, immunological and laboratory testing takes a rather long time to determine the diagnosis. What is more, few psychiatrists consider autoimmune nature of the neuropsychiatric presentation. Therefore, it is important to consider autoimmune encephalitis in patients with new-onset psychosis or mania who also present with neurological symptoms at some stage of their illness. Characteristic indicators of autoimmune encephalitis include neurological symptoms such as facial twitching, seizures, confusion and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homayun Shahpesandy
- The Hartsholme Centre, Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Rosemary Mohammed-Ali
- The Hartsholme Centre, Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Ahmed Oladosu
- Spalding Community Mental Health Team, Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Tarik Al-Kubaisy
- Early Intervention Psychosis Team Consultant Psychiatrist, North Lincolnshire Community Mental Health, Rotherham Doncaster NHS Foundation Trust, Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Moses Anene
- Peter Hodgkinson Centre, Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Umesh Sira Ramaiah
- Psychiatric Liaison Team, Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
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Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes are nonmetastatic complications of malignancy secondary to immune-mediated neuronal dysfunction or death. Pathogenesis may occur from cell surface binding of antineuronal antibodies leading to dysfunction of the target protein, or from antibodies binding against intracellular antigens which ultimately leads to cell death. There are several classical neurological paraneoplastic phenotypes including subacute cerebellar degeneration, limbic encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and dorsal sensory neuropathy. The patient’s clinical presentations may be suggestive to the treating clinician as to the specific underlying paraneoplastic antibody. Specific antibodies often correlate with the specific underlying tumor type, and malignancy screening is essential in all patients with paraneoplastic neurological disease. Prompt initiation of immunotherapy is essential in the treatment of patients with paraneoplastic neurological disease, often more effective in cell surface antibodies in comparison to intracellular antibodies, as is removal of the underlying tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Galli
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.,2. George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
| | - John Greenlee
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
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16
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Gastaldi M, Zardini E, Scaranzin S, Uccelli A, Andreetta F, Baggi F, Franciotta D. Autoantibody Diagnostics in Neuroimmunology: Experience From the 2018 Italian Neuroimmunology Association External Quality Assessment Program. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1385. [PMID: 32010046 PMCID: PMC6971200 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuroimmunology has impressively expanded in the past decade. Novel assays, especially cell-based assays (CBAs) can detect conformational antibodies (Abs) recognizing antigens in their native conformation. Generally, the availability of in-house and of commercial tests has improved the diagnostics, but introduced demanding laboratory tasks. Hence, standardization and quality controls represent a key step to promote accuracy. We report on the results of the 2018 external quality assessment program (EQAP) organized by the Italian Neuroimmunology Association. Methods: EQAP regarded 10 schemes, including oligoclonal bands (OCBs), intracellular-neuronal (ICN)-Abs, neuronal-surface (NS)-Abs, aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-Abs, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-Abs, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)-Abs, ganglioside-Abs, acetylcholine-receptor (AChR)-Abs, and muscle-specific-kinase (MuSK)-Abs, and 34 laboratories. Assays were classified as tissue-based assays (TBAs), solid-phase assays (SPAs), liquid-phase assays (LPAs), and CBAs. Thirty-three samples were provided. Results: Three-quarter of the tests were commercial. Median accuracy for the laboratories was 75% (range 50–100). In 8/10 schemes, at least one sample provided discrepant results. Inter-laboratory “substantial agreement” was found in 6/10 schemes (AChR, MuSK, MAG, AQP4, MOG, and NS-Abs), whereas the worst agreements regarded OCBs and ganglioside-Abs. Both commercial and in-house assays performed better in experienced laboratories. Conclusions: Assays could be divided in (a) robust commercial tests with substantial inter-laboratory agreement (MAG-Abs; AChR- and MuSK-Abs); commercial/“in-house” tests with (b) partial inter-laboratory agreement (AQP4-Abs, MOG-Abs, NS-Abs, ICN-Abs), and (c) with large inter-laboratory disagreement (OCBs, ganglioside-Abs). This real-life snapshot of the neuroimmunology test performances highlights shortcomings attributable to technician-dependent performances, assay structural limitations, and errors in test interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gastaldi
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Zardini
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Scaranzin
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Andreetta
- UO Neurology IV, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Baggi
- UO Neurology IV, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Franciotta
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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17
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Baglioni V, Coutinho E, Menassa DA, Giannoccaro MP, Jacobson L, Buttiglione M, Petruzzelli O, Cardona F, Vincent A. Antibodies to neuronal surface proteins in Tourette Syndrome: Lack of evidence in a European paediatric cohort. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:665-669. [PMID: 31425826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Tourette Syndrome (TS) a role for autoantibodies directed against neuronal proteins has long been suspected, but so far results are still inconsistent. The aim of this study was to look for antibodies to specific or undefined neuronal proteins that could be involved in the aetiology of the disease. Sera from children with Tourette Syndrome or another chronic tic disorder (TS/TD), collected as part of the longitudinal European Multicenter Tics in Children Study, were investigated. Participants included 30 siblings of patients with TS/TD prior to developing tics (preclinical stage) and the same children after the first tic onset (onset), and 158 patients in the chronic phase undergoing an acute relapse (exacerbation). Presence of antibodies binding to rodent brain tissue was assessed by immunohistology on rat brain sections and by immunofluorescent staining of live hippocampal neurons. Live cell-based assays were used to screen for antibodies to NMDAR, CASPR2, LGI1, AMPAR and GABAAR. Immunohistology indicated evidence of antibodies reactive with brain tissue, binding mainly to the hippocampus, the basal ganglia or the cerebellum in 26/218 (12%), with 8% of the preclinical or onset sera binding to the dentate gyrus/CA3 region or cerebellum. Only two individuals (one pre-clinical, one chronic) had antibodies binding the NMDAR and the binding was only weakly positive. No other specific antibodies were detected. Despite some immunoreactivity towards neuronal antigens on brain tissue, this was not mirrored by antibodies binding to live neurons, suggesting the presence of non-specific antibodies or those that bind non-pathogenic intracellular epitopes. NMDAR or the other neuronal surface antibodies tested were very infrequent in these patients. The evidence for pathogenic antibodies that could be causative of TS is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Baglioni
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - E Coutinho
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - D A Menassa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - M P Giannoccaro
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - L Jacobson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - M Buttiglione
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - O Petruzzelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - F Cardona
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - A Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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18
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Lucchese G. Herpesviruses, autoimmunity and epilepsy: Peptide sharing and potential cross-reactivity with human synaptic proteins. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:102367. [PMID: 31404705 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of immuno-proteomic data reveals that i) herpesviruses and synaptic proteins -in particular Synapsin-1 and Bassoon - share a large number of hexapeptides that also recur in hundreds of epitopes experimentally validated as immunopositive in the human host, and ii) the shared peptides are also spread among human epilepsy-related proteins. The data indicate that cross-reactive processes may be associated with pathogenetic mechanisms in epilepsy, thus suggesting a role of autoimmunity in etiopathology of epilepsies after herpesvirus-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Lucchese
- University of Greifswald, Department of Neurology, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, Greifswald 17495, Germany; Goldsmiths, University of London, Department of Computing, Lewisham Way, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, United Kingdom.
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19
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Abstract
The field of autoimmune epilepsy has evolved substantially in the last few decades with discovery of several neural autoantibodies and improved mechanistic understanding of these immune-mediated syndromes. A considerable proportion of patients with epilepsy of unknown etiology have been demonstrated to have an autoimmune cause. The majority of the patients with autoimmune epilepsy usually present with new-onset refractory seizures along with subacute progressive cognitive decline and behavioral or psychiatric dysfunction. Neural specific antibodies commonly associated with autoimmune epilepsy include leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) IgG. Diagnosis of these cases depends on the identification of the clinical syndrome and ancillary studies including autoantibody evaluation. Predictive models (Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy and Encephalopathy [APE2] and Response to Immunotherapy in Epilepsy and Encephalopathy [RITE2] scores) based on clinical features and initial neurological assessment may be utilized for selection of cases for autoimmune epilepsy evaluation and management. In this article, we will review the recent advances in autoimmune epilepsy and provide diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for epilepsies with suspected autoimmune etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil S Husari
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Divyanshu Dubey
- Department of Neurology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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20
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Huang K, Luo YB, Yang H. Autoimmune Channelopathies at Neuromuscular Junction. Front Neurol 2019; 10:516. [PMID: 31156543 PMCID: PMC6533877 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction, also called myoneural junction, is a site of chemical communication between a nerve fiber and a muscle cell. There are many types of channels at neuromuscular junction that play indispensable roles in neuromuscular signal transmission, such as voltage-gated calcium channels and voltage-gated potassium channels on presynaptic membrane, and acetylcholine receptors on post-synaptic membrane. Over the last two decades, our understanding of the role that autoantibodies play in neuromuscular junction disorders has been greatly improved. Antibodies against these channels cause a heterogeneous group of diseases, such as Lambert-Eaton syndrome, Isaacs' syndrome and myasthenia gravis. Lambert-Eaton syndrome is characterized by late onset of fatigue, skeletal muscle weakness, and autonomic symptoms. Patients with Isaacs' syndrome demonstrate muscle cramps and fasciculation. Myasthenia gravis is the most common autoimmune neuromuscular junction channelopathy characterized by fluctuation of muscle weakness. All these disorders have a high risk of tumor. Although these channelopathies share some common features, they differ for clinical features, antibodies profile, neurophysiological features, and treatments. The purpose of this review is to give a comprehensive insight on recent advances in autoimmune channelopathies at the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Neurology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yue-Bei Luo
- Neurology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Neurology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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21
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Baldelli L, Provini F. Fatal familial insomnia and Agrypnia Excitata: Autonomic dysfunctions and pathophysiological implications. Auton Neurosci 2019; 218:68-86. [PMID: 30890351 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) is a hereditary prion disease caused by a mutation at codon 178 of the prion-protein gene leading to a D178N substitution in the protein determining severe and selective atrophy of mediodorsal and anteroventral thalamic nuclei. FFI is characterized by physiological sleep loss, which polygraphically appears to be a slow wave sleep loss, autonomic and motor hyperactivation with peculiar episodes of oneiric stupor. Alteration of autonomic functions is a great burden for FFI patients consisting in sympathetic overactivation, dysregulation of its physiological responses and disruption of circadian rhythms. The cardiovascular system is the most frequently and severely affected confirming the increased sympathetic drive with preserved parasympathetic responses. Sleep loss, autonomic and motor hyperactivation define Agrypnia Excitata (AE), which is not exclusive to FFI, but it has been canonically described also in Morvan Syndrome and Delirium Tremens. These three conditions present different pathophysiological mechanisms but share the same thalamo-limbic impairment of which AE is one of the possible clinical presentations. FFI, and consequently also AE, is a model for the investigation of the essential role of the thalamus in the organization of body homeostasis, integrating both sleep and autonomic function control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Baldelli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Provini
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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22
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Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis is a severe inflammatory disorder of the brain with diverse causes and a complex differential diagnosis. Recent advances in the past decade have led to the identification of new syndromes and biological markers of limbic encephalitis, the commonest presentation of autoimmune encephalitis. The successful use of serum and intrathecal antibodies to diagnose affected patients has resulted in few biopsy and postmortem examinations. In those available, there can be variable infiltrating inflammatory T cells with cytotoxic granules in close apposition to neurons, consistent with an inflammatory autoimmune basis, but true vasculitis is rarely seen. The exception is Hashimoto encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Epidemiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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23
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Li R, Jiang L, Li XJ, Hong SQ, Zhong M, Hu Y. Analysis and discussion of the rare complication of autoimmune encephalitis: Two case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11202. [PMID: 29979382 PMCID: PMC6076142 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Autoimmune encephalitis related to many antibodies against neuronal cell surface or synaptic proteins, it is increasingly recognized as the cause of a variety of neuropsychiatric syndromes. PATIENT CONCERNS The two pediatric cases were about autoimmune encephalitis with rare complication. One patient was a 11-year-old girl and was diagnosed with Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel complex (VGKC) antibody-mediated encephalitis with rhabdomyolysis; the other was also a 11-year-old girl and was diagnosed with anti- N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. DIAGNOSES Both patients were diagnosed as autoimmune encephalitis with rare complication. INTERVENTIONS Intravenous methylprednisolone, oral prednisone and intravenous immunoglobulin was administered to both patients. OUTCOMES One patient was discharged after a half month's hospitalization; the other was finally with intestinal function failure, gradually developed multiple organ failure, and eventually died. LESSONS The pathogenic mechanism of autoimmune encephalitis associated with autoimmune disease is not fully understood, but may be related to a common immune pathological mechanism with variance in susceptibility caused by genetic or environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-juan Li
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Si-qi Hong
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
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24
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Zhu P, Li J, Zhang L, Liang Z, Tang B, Liao WP, Yi YH, Su T. Development-related aberrations in Kv1.1 α-subunit exert disruptive effects on bioelectrical activities of neurons in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:140-151. [PMID: 29481897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Kv1.1, a Shaker homologue potassium channel, plays a critical role in homeostatic regulation of neuronal excitability. Aberrations in the functional properties of Kv1.1 have been implicated in several neurological disorders featured by neuronal hyperexcitability. Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common form of inherited mental retardation, is characterized by hyperexcitability in neural network and intrinsic membrane properties. The Kv1.1 channel provides an intriguing mechanistic candidate for FXS. We investigated the development-related expression pattern of the Kv1.1 α-subunit by using a Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse model of FXS. Markedly decreased protein expression of Kv1.1 was found in neonatal and adult stages when compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. Immunohistochemical investigations supported the delayed development-related increases in Kv1.1 expression, especially in CA3 pyramidal neurons. By applying a Kv1.1-specific blocker, dendrotoxin-κ (DTX-κ), we isolated the Kv1.1-mediated currents in the CA3 pyramidal neurons. The isolated DTX-κ-sensitive current of neurons from KO mice exhibited decreased amplitude, lower threshold of activation, and faster recovery from inactivation. The equivalent reduction in potassium current in the WT neurons following application of the appropriate amount of DTX-κ reproduced the enhanced firing abilities of KO neurons, suggesting the Kv1.1 channel as a critical contributor to the hyperexcitability of KO neurons. The role of Kv1.1 in controlling neuronal discharges was further supported by the parallel developmental trajectories of Kv1.1 expression, current amplitude, and discharge impacts, with a significant correlation between the amplitude of Kv1.1-mediated currents and Kv1.1-blocking-induced firing enhancement. These data suggest that the expression of the Kv1.1 α-subunit has a profound pathological relevance to hyperexcitability in FXS, as well as implications for normal development, maintenance, and control of neuronal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialing Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liting Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanrong Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ping Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hong Yi
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Su
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China.
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH) syndromes are divided into primary and secondary groups based on the presence or absence of demonstrable peripheral nerve disease. In this review, we systematically evaluate the evidence for current therapies and supportive managements based on autoimmune, paraneoplastic, and genetic components in pathophysiology reported in the literature. RECENT FINDINGS Current therapy options are based on symptomatic management as well as focusing the underlying immune/genetic/paraneoplastic pathology by immunosuppressants, chemotherapy, and surgery. Further research is desired to provide treatment options geared specifically towards addressing PNH. Supportive care can also be an area for future research.
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26
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Vives-Rodriguez A, Sivaraju A, Louis ED. Drop attacks: A clinical manifestation of LGI1 encephalitis. Neurol Clin Pract 2018; 7:442-443. [PMID: 29620086 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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27
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Immune or Genetic-Mediated Disruption of CASPR2 Causes Pain Hypersensitivity Due to Enhanced Primary Afferent Excitability. Neuron 2018; 97:806-822.e10. [PMID: 29429934 PMCID: PMC6011627 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human autoantibodies to contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) are often associated with neuropathic pain, and CASPR2 mutations have been linked to autism spectrum disorders, in which sensory dysfunction is increasingly recognized. Human CASPR2 autoantibodies, when injected into mice, were peripherally restricted and resulted in mechanical pain-related hypersensitivity in the absence of neural injury. We therefore investigated the mechanism by which CASPR2 modulates nociceptive function. Mice lacking CASPR2 (Cntnap2−/−) demonstrated enhanced pain-related hypersensitivity to noxious mechanical stimuli, heat, and algogens. Both primary afferent excitability and subsequent nociceptive transmission within the dorsal horn were increased in Cntnap2−/− mice. Either immune or genetic-mediated ablation of CASPR2 enhanced the excitability of DRG neurons in a cell-autonomous fashion through regulation of Kv1 channel expression at the soma membrane. This is the first example of passive transfer of an autoimmune peripheral neuropathic pain disorder and demonstrates that CASPR2 has a key role in regulating cell-intrinsic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron excitability. Treatment with human CASPR2-Abs causes mechanical hypersensitivity in mice CASPR2-Abs remain PNS restricted and enhance pain behavior without neural injury Pain behavior is increased in Cntnap2−/− mice (lacking full-length CASPR2) CASPR2 regulates DRG cell excitability via Kv1 channel trafficking to the membrane
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28
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Jonuskaite D, Kalibatas P, Praninskiene R, Zalubiene A, Jucaite A, Cerkauskiene R. Adolescent with acute psychosis due to anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: successful recovery. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2017. [DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2017-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a relatively new autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system. We report the first case of anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis combined with anti-voltage-gated potassium channel (anti-VGKC) antibodies in Lithuania in a 16-year-old girl. The patient was admitted to psychiatry unit because of an acute psychotic episode. She was unsuccessfully treated with antipsychotics, and electroconvulsive therapy was initiated because of her rapidly deteriorating condition. Electroconvulsive therapy improved the patient’s condition even before the initiation of immunomodulatory therapy. The abrupt onset, atypical and severe course of psychosis, poor response to antipsychotic treatment, and signs of flu-like prodromal period led to the search of non-psychiatric causes. Although with considerable delay, she was screened for an autoimmune encephalitis. Positive anti-NMDA receptor antibodies were found in the cerebrospinal fluid, but not in serum. In addition, serum was found positive for antinuclear antibodies and anti-VGKC antibodies but negative for CASPR2 and LGI1 antibodies. The girl was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone with satisfactory response, although infrequent orofacial movements, emotional lability, and learning deficits remained upon discharge. The reported case suggests that multiple antibodies could be present, and that electroconvulsive therapy may have a role in symptomatic treatment of autoimmune encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovile Jonuskaite
- Children’s Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos , Vilnius , Lithuania
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Paulius Kalibatas
- Children’s Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos , Vilnius , Lithuania
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Ruta Praninskiene
- Children’s Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos , Vilnius , Lithuania
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Asta Zalubiene
- University Dep. of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Republican Vilnius Psychiatry Hospital , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Jucaite
- Dep. of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Rimante Cerkauskiene
- Children’s Hospital, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos , Vilnius , Lithuania
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania
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29
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Song J, Jing S, Quan C, Lu J, Qiao X, Qiao K, Lu J, Xi J, Zhao C. Isaacs syndrome with CASPR2 antibody: A series of three cases. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 41:63-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yeo T, Chen Z, Chai J, Tan K. Detection of LGI1 and CASPR2 antibodies with a commercial cell-based assay in patients with very high VGKC-complex antibody levels. J Neurol Sci 2017; 378:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Global brain atrophy and metabolic dysfunction in LGI1 encephalitis: A prospective multimodal MRI study. J Neurol Sci 2017; 376:159-165. [PMID: 28431605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cognitive deficits are frequent in leucin-rich glioma-inactivated 1 protein (LGI1) encephalitis. We examined structural and metabolic brain abnormalities following LGI1 encephalitis and correlated findings with acute and follow-up clinical outcomes. METHODS Nine patients underwent prospective multimodal 3 Tesla MRI 33.1±18months after disease onset, including automated volumetry, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Data were compared to 9 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS Although extratemporal lesions were not present on MRI in the acute stage, tract-based spatial statistics analyses of DTI during follow-up showed widespread changes in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter (WM), most prominent in the anterior parts of the corona radiata, capsula interna and corpus callosum. MRS revealed lower glutamine/glutamate WM levels compared to controls. Higher cerebellar gray matter volume was associated with better function at disease onset (measured by the modified Rankin Scale), and higher putaminal volume was associated with better cognition by Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination test at 23.4±7.6months. CONCLUSIONS Poor clinical outcome following LGI1 encephalitis is associated with global brain atrophy and disintegration of white matter tracts. The pathological changes affect not only temporomesial structures but also frontal lobes and the cerebellum.
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Hadad LK, Billingsley CC. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) associated with ovarian cancer and voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies: A case report. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2017; 20:67-69. [PMID: 28349115 PMCID: PMC5357691 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of PRES in conjunction with high grade serous ovarian carcinoma There is a documented association between chemotherapy agents and PRES Paraneoplastic panel was positive for voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies Paraneoplastic workup may be justified in cases with high suspicion of PRES
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Hadad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecology Oncology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Academic Health Center, PO Box 670526, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0526, United States
| | - Caroline C Billingsley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecology Oncology, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Academic Health Center, PO Box 670526, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0526, United States
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Neuromyotonia as an unusual neurological complication of primary Sjögren’s syndrome: case report and literature review. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 36:481-484. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sinmaz N, Nguyen T, Tea F, Dale RC, Brilot F. Mapping autoantigen epitopes: molecular insights into autoantibody-associated disorders of the nervous system. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:219. [PMID: 27577085 PMCID: PMC5006540 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our knowledge of autoantibody-associated diseases of the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems has expanded greatly over the recent years. A number of extracellular and intracellular autoantigens have been identified, and there is no doubt that this field will continue to expand as more autoantigens are discovered as a result of improved clinical awareness and methodological practice. In recent years, interest has shifted to uncover the target epitopes of these autoantibodies. Main body The purpose of this review is to discuss the mapping of the epitope targets of autoantibodies in CNS and PNS antibody-mediated disorders, such as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR), leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (Lgi1), contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), aquaporin-4 (AQP4), 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), acetylcholine receptor (AChR), muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC), neurofascin (NF), and contactin. We also address the methods used to analyze these epitopes, the relevance of their determination, and how this knowledge can inform studies on autoantibody pathogenicity. Furthermore, we discuss triggers of autoimmunity, such as molecular mimicry, ectopic antigen expression, epitope spreading, and potential mechanisms for the rising number of double autoantibody-positive patients. Conclusions Molecular insights into specificity and role of autoantibodies will likely improve diagnosis and treatment of CNS and PNS neuroimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sinmaz
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Fiona Tea
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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