1
|
Pagare P, Obeng S, Huang B, Marcus MM, Nicholson KL, Townsend AE, Banks ML, Zhang Y. Preclinical Characterization and Development on NAQ as a Mu Opioid Receptor Partial Agonist for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1197-1209. [PMID: 36407950 PMCID: PMC9667545 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mu opioid receptor (MOR) selective antagonists and partial agonists have clinical utility for the treatment of opioid use disorders (OUDs). However, the development of many has suffered due to their poor pharmacokinetic properties and/or rapid metabolism. Our recent efforts to identify MOR modulators have provided 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6α-(isoquinoline-3-carboxamido)morphinan (NAQ), a low-efficacy partial agonist, that showed sub-nanomolar binding affinity to the MOR (K i 0.6 nM) with selectivity over the delta opioid receptor (δ/μ 241) and the kappa opioid receptor (κ/μ 48). Its potent inhibition of the analgesic effect of morphine (AD50 0.46 mg/kg) and precipitation of significantly less withdrawal symptoms even at 100-fold greater dose than naloxone represents a promising molecule for further development as a novel OUD therapeutic agent. Therefore, further in vitro and in vivo characterization of its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties was conducted to fully understand its pharmaceutical profile. NAQ showed favorable in vitro ADMET properties and no off-target binding to several classes of GPCRs, enzymes, and ion channels. Following intravenous administration, 1 mg/kg dose of NAQ showed a similar in vivo pharmacokinetic profile to naloxone; however, orally administered 10 mg/kg NAQ demonstrated significantly improved oral bioavailability over both naloxone and naltrexone. Abuse liability assessment of NAQ in rats demonstrated that NAQ functioned as a less potent reinforcer than heroin. Chronic 5 day NAQ pretreatment decreased heroin self-administration in a heroin-vs-food choice procedure similar to the clinically used MOR partial agonist buprenorphine. Taken together, these studies provide evidence supporting NAQ as a promising lead to develop novel OUD therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha
P. Pagare
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23298-0540, United States
| | - Samuel Obeng
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23298-0540, United States
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23298-0540, United States
| | - Madison M. Marcus
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia23298-0613, United States
| | - Katherine L. Nicholson
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia23298-0613, United States
| | - Andrew E. Townsend
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia23298-0613, United States
| | - Matthew L. Banks
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia23298-0613, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23298-0540, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Valdez CA. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1938-1968. [PMID: 34053394 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1927668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The rising number of deaths caused by fentanyl overdosing in the US due to the overwhelming illicit use of this synthetic opioid has started a global campaign to develop efficient ways to control its production and distribution as well as discovering efficient antidotes to mitigate its lethal effects. Another important vein of focused research established by various agencies lies in the development of efficient and practical protocols for the detection of this opioid and analogs thereof in various matrices, whether environmental or biological in nature, particularly in the field of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The following review will cover the literature dealing with the detection and identification of synthetic opioids belonging to the fentanyl class by GC-MS means and hyphenated versions of the technique. Detailed descriptions will be given for the GC-MS methods employed for the analysis of the opioid, starting with the nature of the extraction protocol employed prior to analysis to the actual findings presented by the cited reports. Great effort has gone into describing the methods involved in each paper in a detailed manner and these have been compiled by year in tables at the end of each section for the reader's convenience. Lastly, the review will end with concluding remarks about the state of GC-MS analysis with regards to these powerful opioids and what lies ahead for this analytical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Valdez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Forensic Science Center, Livermore, California, USA.,Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA.,Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Eiselt É, Otis V, Belleville K, Yang G, Larocque A, Régina A, Demeule M, Sarret P, Gendron L. Use of a Noninvasive Brain-Penetrating Peptide-Drug Conjugate Strategy to Improve the Delivery of Opioid Pain Relief Medications to the Brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:52-61. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.263566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
|
5
|
Scott PJH, Koeppe RA, Shao X, Rodnick ME, Sowa AR, Henderson BD, Stauff J, Sherman PS, Arteaga J, Carlo DJ, Moss RB. The Effects of Intramuscular Naloxone Dose on Mu Receptor Displacement of Carfentanil in Rhesus Monkeys. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061360. [PMID: 32192089 PMCID: PMC7144122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Naloxone (NLX) is a mu receptor antagonist used to treat acute opioid overdoses. Currently approved doses of naloxone to treat opioid overdoses are 4 mg intranasal (IN) and 2 mg intramuscular (IM). However, higher mu receptor occupancy (RO) may be required to treat overdoses due to more potent synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and carfentanil that have entered the illicit drug market recently. To address this need, a higher dose of NLX has been investigated in a 5 mg IM formulation called ZIMHI but, while the effects of intravenous (IV) and IN administration of NLX on the opioid mu receptor occupancy (RO) have been studied, comparatively little is known about RO for IM administration of NLX. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of IM dosing of NLX on mu RO in rhesus macaques using [11C]carfentanil positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The lowest dose of NLX (0.06 mg/kg) approximated 51% RO. Higher doses of NLX (0.14 mg/kg, 0.28 mg/kg) resulted in higher mu RO of 70% and 75%, respectively. Plasma levels were 4.6 ng/mL, 16.8 ng/mL, and 43.4 ng/mL for the three IM doses, and a significant correlation between percent RO and plasma NLX level was observed (r = 0.80). These results suggest that higher doses of IM NLX result in higher mu RO and could be useful in combating overdoses resulting from potent synthetic opioids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (R.A.K.); (X.S.); (M.E.R.); (A.R.S.); (B.D.H.); (J.S.); (P.S.S.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: (P.J.H.S.); (R.B.M.)
| | - Robert A. Koeppe
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (R.A.K.); (X.S.); (M.E.R.); (A.R.S.); (B.D.H.); (J.S.); (P.S.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (R.A.K.); (X.S.); (M.E.R.); (A.R.S.); (B.D.H.); (J.S.); (P.S.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Melissa E. Rodnick
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (R.A.K.); (X.S.); (M.E.R.); (A.R.S.); (B.D.H.); (J.S.); (P.S.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Alexandra R. Sowa
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (R.A.K.); (X.S.); (M.E.R.); (A.R.S.); (B.D.H.); (J.S.); (P.S.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Bradford D. Henderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (R.A.K.); (X.S.); (M.E.R.); (A.R.S.); (B.D.H.); (J.S.); (P.S.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Jenelle Stauff
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (R.A.K.); (X.S.); (M.E.R.); (A.R.S.); (B.D.H.); (J.S.); (P.S.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Phillip S. Sherman
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (R.A.K.); (X.S.); (M.E.R.); (A.R.S.); (B.D.H.); (J.S.); (P.S.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Janna Arteaga
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (R.A.K.); (X.S.); (M.E.R.); (A.R.S.); (B.D.H.); (J.S.); (P.S.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Dennis J. Carlo
- Adamis Pharmaceuticals, 11682 El Camino Real, Suite # 300, San Diego, CA 92130, USA;
| | - Ronald B. Moss
- Adamis Pharmaceuticals, 11682 El Camino Real, Suite # 300, San Diego, CA 92130, USA;
- Correspondence: (P.J.H.S.); (R.B.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wilde M, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Tagliabracci A, Busardò FP, Auwärter V, Solimini R. Metabolic Pathways and Potencies of New Fentanyl Analogs. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:238. [PMID: 31024296 PMCID: PMC6461066 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to now, little is known about the metabolic pathways of new fentanyl analogs that have recently emerged on the drug markets worldwide with high potential for producing addiction and severe adverse effects including coma and death. For some of the compounds, limited information on the metabolism has been published, however, for others so far no information is available. Considering the well characterized metabolism of the pharmaceutically used opioid fentanyl and the so far available data, the metabolism of the new fentanyl analogs can be anticipated to generally involve reactions like hydrolysis, hydroxylation (and further oxidation steps), N- and O-dealkylation and O-methylation. Furthermore, phase II metabolic reactions can be expected comprising glucuronide or sulfate conjugate formation. When analyzing blood and urine samples of acute intoxication cases or fatalities, the presence of metabolites can be crucial for confirmation of the uptake of such compounds and further interpretation. Here we present a review on the metabolic profiles of new fentanyl analogs responsible for a growing number of severe and fatal intoxications in the United States, Europe, Canada, Australia, and Japan in the last years, as assessed by a systematic search of the scientific literature and official reports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Wilde
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Tagliabracci
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence SBSP, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence SBSP, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Renata Solimini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee YW, Kim YJ, Kim JM, Bae JH, Choi CY. Efficacy and Safety of Transdermal Fentanyl in the Control of Postoperative Pain After Photorefractive Keratectomy. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:783-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2013.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Woo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Jae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Mo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Bae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|