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Zhao W, Yao Y, Li Q, Xue Y, Gao X, Liu X, Zhang Q, Zheng J, Sun S. Molecular mechanism of co-stimulatory domains in promoting CAR-T cell anti-tumor efficacy. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 227:116439. [PMID: 39032532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells have been defined as 'living drug'. Adding a co-stimulatory domain (CSD) has enhanced the anti-hematological effects of CAR-T cells, thereby elevating their viability for medicinal applications. Various CSDs have helped prepare CAR-T cells to study anti-tumor efficacy. Previous studies have described and summarized the anti-tumor efficacy of CAR-T cells obtained from different CSDs. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which different CSDs affect CAR-T function have been rarely reported. The role of CSDs in T cells has been significantly studied, but whether they can play a unique role as a part of the CAR structure remains undetermined. Here, we summarized the effects of CSDs on CAR-T signaling pathways based on the limited references and speculated the possible mechanism depending on the specific characteristics of CAR-T cells. This review will help understand the molecular mechanism of CSDs in CAR-T cells that exert different anti-tumor effects while providing potential guidance for further interventions to enhance anti-tumor efficacy in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Zhao
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhou Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qihong Li
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoge Gao
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shishuo Sun
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Arifin MZ, Leitner J, Egan D, Waidhofer-Söllner P, Kolch W, Zhernovkov V, Steinberger P. BTLA and PD-1 signals attenuate TCR-mediated transcriptomic changes. iScience 2024; 27:110253. [PMID: 39021788 PMCID: PMC11253514 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell co-inhibitory immune checkpoints, such as PD-1 or BTLA, are bona fide targets in cancer therapy. We used a human T cell reporter line to measure transcriptomic changes mediated by PD-1- and BTLA-induced signaling. T cell receptor (TCR)-complex stimulation resulted in the upregulation of a large number of genes but also in repression of a similar number of genes. PD-1 and BTLA signals attenuated transcriptomic changes mediated by TCR-complex signaling: upregulated genes tended to be suppressed and the expression of a significant number of downregulated genes was higher during PD-1 or BTLA signaling. BTLA was a significantly stronger attenuator of TCR-complex-induced transcriptome changes than PD-1. A strong overlap between genes that were regulated indicated quantitative rather than qualitative differences between these receptors. In line with their function as attenuators of TCR-complex-mediated changes, we found strongly regulated genes to be prime targets of PD-1 and BTLA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zainul Arifin
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Judith Leitner
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Donagh Egan
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Petra Waidhofer-Söllner
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Vadim Zhernovkov
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Guruprasad P, Carturan A, Zhang Y, Cho JH, Kumashie KG, Patel RP, Kim KH, Lee JS, Lee Y, Kim JH, Chung J, Joshi A, Cohen I, Shestov M, Ghilardi G, Harris J, Pajarillo R, Angelos M, Lee YG, Liu S, Rodriguez J, Wang M, Ballard HJ, Gupta A, Ugwuanyi OH, Hong SJA, Bochi-Layec AC, Sauter CT, Chen L, Paruzzo L, Kammerman S, Shestova O, Liu D, Vella LA, Schuster SJ, Svoboda J, Porazzi P, Ruella M. The BTLA-HVEM axis restricts CAR T cell efficacy in cancer. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1020-1032. [PMID: 38831106 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapies is limited by immunosuppressive pressures in the tumor microenvironment. Here we show a predominant role for the interaction between BTLA on effector T cells and HVEM (TNFRSF14) on immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment cells, namely regulatory T cells. High BTLA expression in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells correlated with poor clinical response to treatment. Therefore, we deleted BTLA in CAR T cells and show improved tumor control and persistence in models of lymphoma and solid malignancies. Mechanistically, BTLA inhibits CAR T cells via recruitment of tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2, upon trans engagement with HVEM. BTLA knockout thus promotes CAR signaling and subsequently enhances effector function. Overall, these data indicate that the BTLA-HVEM axis is a crucial immune checkpoint in CAR T cell immunotherapy and warrants the use of strategies to overcome this barrier.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/genetics
- Mice
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Mice, Knockout
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneeth Guruprasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alberto Carturan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yunlin Zhang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Ruchi P Patel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- R&D Center, AbClon Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seo Lee
- R&D Center, AbClon Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Lee
- R&D Center, AbClon Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Junho Chung
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Akshita Joshi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ivan Cohen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maksim Shestov
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guido Ghilardi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jaryse Harris
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymone Pajarillo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mathew Angelos
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yong Gu Lee
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jesse Rodriguez
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Wang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hatcher J Ballard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aasha Gupta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ositadimma H Ugwuanyi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seok Jae Albert Hong
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Audrey C Bochi-Layec
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher T Sauter
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Linhui Chen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luca Paruzzo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shane Kammerman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olga Shestova
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Laura A Vella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen J Schuster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jakub Svoboda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Basingab FS, Alzahrani RA, Alrofaidi AA, Barefah AS, Hammad RM, Alahdal HM, Alrahimi JS, Zaher KA, Algiraigri AH, El-Daly MM, Alkarim SA, Aldahlawi AM. Herpesvirus Entry Mediator as an Immune Checkpoint Target and a Potential Prognostic Biomarker in Myeloid and Lymphoid Leukemia. Biomolecules 2024; 14:523. [PMID: 38785930 PMCID: PMC11117912 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) is a molecular switch that can modulate immune responses against cancer. The significance of HVEM as an immune checkpoint target and a potential prognostic biomarker in malignancies is still controversial. This study aims to determine whether HVEM is an immune checkpoint target with inhibitory effects on anti-tumor CD4+ T cell responses in vitro and whether HVEM gene expression is dysregulated in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). HVEM gene expression in tumor cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ALL patients and healthy controls was measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Tumor cells were left untreated (control) or were treated with an HVEM blocker before co-culturing with CD4+ T cells in vitro in a carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-dependent proliferation assay. HVEM expression was upregulated in the chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line (K562) (FC = 376.3, p = 0.086) compared with normal embryonic kidney cells (Hek293). CD4+ T cell proliferation was significantly increased in the HVEM blocker-treated K562 cells (p = 0.0033). Significant HVEM differences were detected in ALL PBMCs compared with the controls, and these were associated with newly diagnosed ALL (p = 0.0011) and relapsed/refractory (p = 0.0051) B cell ALL (p = 0.0039) patients. A significant differentiation between malignant ALL and the controls was observed in a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with AUC = 0.78 ± 0.092 (p = 0.014). These results indicate that HVEM is an inhibitory molecule that may serve as a target for immunotherapy and a potential ALL biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah S. Basingab
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem A. Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha A. Alrofaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Barefah
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan M. Hammad
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadil M. Alahdal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princes Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jehan S. Alrahimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kawther A. Zaher
- Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H. Algiraigri
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai M. El-Daly
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alkarim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Embryonic Stem Cells Research Unit and Embryonic and Cancer Stem Cells Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia M. Aldahlawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
- Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Zou F, Zhang ZH, Zou SS, Zhuang ZB, Ji Q, Chang R, Cao JH, Wang B. LncRNA MIR210HG promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells by inhibiting the transcription of SH3GL3. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2023; 39:1166-1177. [PMID: 37916731 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LCa), the most frequent malignancy worldwide, causes millions of mortalities each year. Overexpression of the long noncoding RNA MIR210HG in LCa has been established; however, a more comprehensive investigation into its biological role within LCa is imperative. This study aimed to validate the MIR210H levels in LCa tissues and cells. The expression of indicated genes was evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and/or Western blotting. The viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of LCa cells were measured using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), colony formation, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. The methylation levels of LCa cells were determined via methylation-specific PCR; additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation or RNA immunoprecipitation assays were performed to determine the targeting relationship between DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and the SH3-domain containing CRB2 like 3 (SH3GL3) promoters and the interaction between DNMT1 and MIR210HG, respectively. Our findings revealed the upregulation of MIR210HG, coupled with a diminished expression of SH3GL3 in LCa tissues and cells. Knockdown of MIR210HG or overexpression of SH3GL3 suppressed the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities of the cells. DNMT1 bound to the SH3GL3 promoter region, and MIR210HG inhibited the transcription of SH3GL3 by recruiting DNMT1. These findings indicate that MIR210HG facilitates LCa cell growth and metastasis by repressing SH3GL3 transcription via the recruitment of DNMT1 to the SH3GL3 promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zou
- Guangzhou Liwan Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Bao Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ji
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Rui Chang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Huan Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Bu Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, P.R. China
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6
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Sordo-Bahamonde C, Lorenzo-Herrero S, Granda-Díaz R, Martínez-Pérez A, Aguilar-García C, Rodrigo JP, García-Pedrero JM, Gonzalez S. Beyond the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 era: promising role of the BTLA/HVEM axis as a future target for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:142. [PMID: 37649037 PMCID: PMC10466776 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent introduction of monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints to harness antitumor immunity has revolutionized the cancer treatment landscape. The therapeutic success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based therapies mainly relies on PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 blockade. However, the limited overall responses and lack of reliable predictive biomarkers of patient´s response are major pitfalls limiting immunotherapy success. Hence, this reflects the compelling need of unveiling novel targets for immunotherapy that allow to expand the spectrum of ICB-based strategies to achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy and benefit for cancer patients. This review thoroughly dissects current molecular and functional knowledge of BTLA/HVEM axis and the future perspectives to become a target for cancer immunotherapy. BTLA/HVEM dysregulation is commonly found and linked to poor prognosis in solid and hematological malignancies. Moreover, circulating BTLA has been revealed as a blood-based predictive biomarker of immunotherapy response in various cancers. On this basis, BTLA/HVEM axis emerges as a novel promising target for cancer immunotherapy. This prompted rapid development and clinical testing of the anti-BTLA blocking antibody Tifcemalimab/icatolimab as the first BTLA-targeted therapy in various ongoing phase I clinical trials with encouraging results on preliminary efficacy and safety profile as monotherapy and combined with other anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that the intricate signaling network constituted by BTLA/HVEM/CD160/LIGHT involved in immune response regulation, tumor development and tumor microenvironment could limit therapeutic success. Therefore, in-depth functional characterization in different cancer settings is highly recommended for adequate design and implementation of BTLA-targeted therapies to guarantee the best clinical outcomes to benefit cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sordo-Bahamonde
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Seila Lorenzo-Herrero
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rocío Granda-Díaz
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Martínez-Pérez
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Candelaria Aguilar-García
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana M García-Pedrero
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Segundo Gonzalez
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
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Shuptrine CW, Perez VM, Selitsky SR, Schreiber TH, Fromm G. Shining a LIGHT on myeloid cell targeted immunotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2023; 187:147-160. [PMID: 37167762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite over a decade of clinical trials combining inhibition of emerging checkpoints with a PD-1/L1 inhibitor backbone, meaningful survival benefits have not been shown in PD-1/L1 inhibitor resistant or refractory solid tumours, particularly tumours dominated by a myelosuppressive microenvironment. Achieving durable anti-tumour immunity will therefore likely require combination of adaptive and innate immune stimulation, myeloid repolarisation, enhanced APC activation and antigen processing/presentation, lifting of the CD47/SIRPα (Cluster of Differentiation 47/signal regulatory protein alpha) 'do not eat me' signal, provision of an apoptotic 'pro-eat me' or 'find me' signal, and blockade of immune checkpoints. The importance of effectively targeting mLILRB2 and SIRPAyeloid cells to achieve improved response rates has recently been emphasised, given myeloid cells are abundant in the tumour microenvironment of most solid tumours. TNFSF14, or LIGHT, is a tumour necrosis superfamily ligand with a broad range of adaptive and innate immune activities, including (1) myeloid cell activation through Lymphotoxin Beta Receptor (LTβR), (2) T/NK (T cell and natural killer cell) induced anti-tumour immune activity through Herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), (3) potentiation of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine secretion through LTβR on tumour stromal cells, (4) direct induction of tumour cell apoptosis in vitro, and (5) the reorganisation of lymphatic tissue architecture, including within the tumour microenvironment (TME), by promoting high endothelial venule (HEV) formation and induction of tertiary lymphoid structures. LTBR (Lymphotoxin beta receptor) and HVEM rank highly amongst a range of costimulatory receptors in solid tumours, which raises interest in considering how LIGHT-mediated costimulation may be distinct from a growing list of immunotherapy targets which have failed to provide survival benefit as monotherapy or in combination with PD-1 inhibitors, particularly in the checkpoint acquired resistant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey W Shuptrine
- Shattuck Labs Inc., Austin, TX, USA; Shattuck Labs Inc., Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Taylor H Schreiber
- Shattuck Labs Inc., Austin, TX, USA; Shattuck Labs Inc., Durham, NC, USA
| | - George Fromm
- Shattuck Labs Inc., Austin, TX, USA; Shattuck Labs Inc., Durham, NC, USA.
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8
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Ramachandran M, Vaccaro A, van de Walle T, Georganaki M, Lugano R, Vemuri K, Kourougkiaouri D, Vazaios K, Hedlund M, Tsaridou G, Uhrbom L, Pietilä I, Martikainen M, van Hooren L, Olsson Bontell T, Jakola AS, Yu D, Westermark B, Essand M, Dimberg A. Tailoring vascular phenotype through AAV therapy promotes anti-tumor immunity in glioma. Cancer Cell 2023:S1535-6108(23)00136-8. [PMID: 37172581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are aggressive brain tumors that are largely immunotherapy resistant. This is associated with immunosuppression and a dysfunctional tumor vasculature, which hinder T cell infiltration. LIGHT/TNFSF14 can induce high endothelial venules (HEVs) and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), suggesting that its therapeutic expression could promote T cell recruitment. Here, we use a brain endothelial cell-targeted adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to express LIGHT in the glioma vasculature (AAV-LIGHT). We found that systemic AAV-LIGHT treatment induces tumor-associated HEVs and T cell-rich TLS, prolonging survival in αPD-1-resistant murine glioma. AAV-LIGHT treatment reduces T cell exhaustion and promotes TCF1+CD8+ stem-like T cells, which reside in TLS and intratumoral antigen-presenting niches. Tumor regression upon AAV-LIGHT therapy correlates with tumor-specific cytotoxic/memory T cell responses. Our work reveals that altering vascular phenotype through vessel-targeted expression of LIGHT promotes efficient anti-tumor T cell responses and prolongs survival in glioma. These findings have broader implications for treatment of other immunotherapy-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Ramachandran
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alessandra Vaccaro
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tiarne van de Walle
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Georganaki
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roberta Lugano
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kalyani Vemuri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Despoina Kourougkiaouri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Vazaios
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Hedlund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georgia Tsaridou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lene Uhrbom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ilkka Pietilä
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miika Martikainen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luuk van Hooren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olsson Bontell
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Asgeir S Jakola
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Westermark
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sordo-Bahamonde C, Lorenzo-Herrero S, Martínez-Pérez A, Gonzalez-Rodriguez AP, Payer ÁR, González-García E, Aguilar-García C, González-Rodríguez S, López-Soto A, García-Torre A, Gonzalez S. BTLA dysregulation correlates with poor outcome and diminished T cell-mediated antitumor responses in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023:10.1007/s00262-023-03435-1. [PMID: 37041226 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) progressively develop marked immunosuppression, dampening innate and adaptive-driven antitumor responses. However, the underlying mechanisms promoting immune exhaustion are largely unknown. Herein, we provide new insights into the role of BTLA/HVEM axis promoting defects in T cell-mediated responses against leukemic cells. Increased expression of BTLA, an inhibitory immune checkpoint, was detected on the surface of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes in patients with CLL. Moreover, high levels of BTLA on CD4 + T cells correlated with diminished time to treatment. Signaling through BTLA activation led to decreased IL-2 and IFN-γ production ex vivo, whereas BTLA/HVEM binding disruption enhanced IFN-γ + CD8 + T lymphocytes. Accordingly, BTLA blockade in combination with bispecific anti-CD3/anti-CD19 antibody promoted CD8 + T cell-mediated anti-leukemic responses. Finally, treatment with an anti-BLTA blocking monoclonal antibody alone or in combination with ibrutinib-induced leukemic cell depletion in vitro. Altogether, our data reveal that BTLA dysregulation has a prognostic role and is limiting T cell-driven antitumor responses, thus providing new insights about immune exhaustion in patients with CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sordo-Bahamonde
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Seila Lorenzo-Herrero
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alejandra Martínez-Pérez
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana P Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ángel R Payer
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Esther González-García
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital de Cabueñes, 33203, Gijón, Spain
| | - Candelaria Aguilar-García
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sara González-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, PharmacologyOviedo, Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Soto
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alejandra García-Torre
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Segundo Gonzalez
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain.
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10
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Shi H, Duan J, Chen Z, Huang M, Han W, Kong R, Guan X, Qi Z, Zheng S, Lu M. A prognostic gene signature for gastric cancer and the immune infiltration-associated mechanism underlying the signature gene, PLG. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:995-1010. [PMID: 36376702 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-03003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, gastric cancer (GC) is a common and lethal solid malignant tumor. Identifying the molecular signature and its functions can provide mechanistic insights into GC development and new methods for targeted therapy. METHODS Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and prognostic genes (from univariate Cox regression analysis) were overlapped to obtain prognostic DEGs. Subsequently, molecular modules and the functions of these prognostic DEGs were identified by Metascape and Gene Ontology (GO)/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)/Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) enrichment analyses, respectively. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of up- and down-regulated prognostic DEGs in GC were analyzed using the MCC algorithm of the Cytohubba plug-in in Cytoscape. The prognostic gene signature was defined on hub genes of the PPI networks by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-Cox regression analysis. Furthermore, the expressional level of PLG in our clinical GC samples was validated by quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Subsequently, the PLG expression-correlation analysis was performed to assess the role of PLG in GC progression. Immune infiltration analysis was performed by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) to assess the inhibitory effect of PLG on immune infiltration. RESULTS Firstly, Up- and down-regulated prognostic DEGs and hub genes in protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks in GC were identified. A prognostic five-gene signature (i.e., PLG, SPARC, FGB, SERPINE1, and KLHL41) was identified. Among the five genes, the relationship between plasminogen (PLG) and GC remains largely unclear. Moreover, the functions of PLG-correlated genes in GC, like 'fibrinolysis', 'hemostasis', 'ion channel complex', and 'transporter complex' were identified. In addition, PLG expression correlated negatively with the infiltration of almost all immune cell types. Interestingly, the expression of PLG was significantly and highly correlated with that of CD160, an immune checkpoint inhibitor. CONCLUSION Our findings defined a new five-gene signature for predicting GC prognosis, but more validation is required to assess the effects and mechanism of the five genes, especially PLG, for the development of new GC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Mei Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jiangling Duan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Mei Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Zhangming Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengqi Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenxiu Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Mei Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiuyin Guan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Mei Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Qi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Mei Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218, Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Mei Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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11
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del Rio ML, de Juan CYD, Roncador G, Caleiras E, Álvarez-Esteban R, Pérez-Simón JA, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI. Genetic deletion of HVEM in a leukemia B cell line promotes a preferential increase of PD-1 - stem cell-like T cells over PD-1 + T cells curbing tumor progression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1113858. [PMID: 37033927 PMCID: PMC10076739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A high frequency of mutations affecting the gene encoding Herpes Virus Entry Mediator (HVEM, TNFRSF14) is a common clinical finding in a wide variety of human tumors, including those of hematological origin. METHODS We have addressed how HVEM expression on A20 leukemia cells influences tumor survival and its involvement in the modulation of the anti-tumor immune responses in a parental into F1 mouse tumor model of hybrid resistance by knocking-out HVEM expression. HVEM WT or HVEM KO leukemia cells were then injected intravenously into semiallogeneic F1 recipients and the extent of tumor dissemination was evaluated. RESULTS The loss of HVEM expression on A20 leukemia cells led to a significant increase of lymphoid and myeloid tumor cell infiltration curbing tumor progression. NK cells and to a lesser extent NKT cells and monocytes were the predominant innate populations contributing to the global increase of immune infiltrates in HVEM KO tumors compared to that present in HVEM KO tumors. In the overall increase of the adaptive T cell immune infiltrates, the stem cell-like PD-1- T cells progenitors and the effector T cell populations derived from them were more prominently present than terminally differentiated PD-1+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the PD-1- T cell subpopulation is likely to be a more relevant contributor to tumor rejection than the PD-1+ T cell subpopulation. These findings highlight the role of co-inhibitory signals delivered by HVEM upon engagement of BTLA on T cells and NK cells, placing HVEM/BTLA interaction in the spotlight as a novel immune checkpoint for the reinforcement of the anti-tumor responses in malignancies of hematopoietic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa del Rio
- Transplantation Immunobiology and Immunotherapy Section, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Carla Yago-Diez de Juan
- Transplantation Immunobiology and Immunotherapy Section, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Giovanna Roncador
- Monoclonal Antibodies Unit, National Center for Cancer Research (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Caleiras
- Histopathology Core Unit, National Center for Cancer Research (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Álvarez-Esteban
- Section of Statistics and Operational Research, Department of Economy and Statistics, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pérez-Simón
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio / Institute of Biomedicine (IBIS / CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose-Ignacio Rodriguez-Barbosa
- Transplantation Immunobiology and Immunotherapy Section, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
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12
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Jiang F, Jiang S, Cao D, Mao M, Xiang Y. Immunologic Signatures across Molecular Subtypes and Potential Biomarkers for Sub-Stratification in Endometrial Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021791. [PMID: 36675305 PMCID: PMC9861911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Current molecular classification approaches for endometrial cancer (EC) often employ multiple testing platforms. Some subtypes still lack univocal prognostic significance, highlighting the need for risk sub-stratification. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is associated with tumor progression and prognosis. We sought to investigate the feasibility of classifying EC via DNA sequencing and interrogate immunologic signatures and prognostic markers across and within subtypes, respectively. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedding (FFPE) samples from 50 EC patients underwent targeted DNA and RNA sequencing, and multiplex immunofluorescence assay for TIME. DNA sequencing classified 10%, 20%, 52%, and 18% of patients into the subtype of POLE-mutant, microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H), TP53-wt, and TP53-mutant. POLE-mutant tumors expressed the highest T-effector and IFN-γ signature and the lowest innate anti-PD-1 resistance signature among subtypes. TP53-wt revealed a converse enrichment trend for these immunologic signatures. Survival analyses using the Cancer Genome Atlas Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma (TCGA-UCEC) dataset identified associations of CCR5 (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.71, p = 0.035), TNFRSF14 (HR = 0.58, p = 0.028), and IL-10 (HR = 2.5, p = 0.012) with overall survival within MSI-H, TP53-mutant, and TP53-wt subtype, respectively. A TIME comparison between the sub-stratified subgroups of our cohort revealed upregulated tumor infiltration of immune cells in the low-risk subgroups. Our study demonstrates that targeted DNA sequencing is an effective one-stop strategy to classify EC. Immunomodulatory genes may serve as prognostic markers within subtypes.
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13
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Anticancer natural products targeting immune checkpoint protein network. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1008-1032. [PMID: 34838956 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Normal cells express surface proteins that bind to immune checkpoint proteins on immune cells to turn them off, whereby the immune system does not attack normal healthy cells. Cancer cells can also utilize this same protective mechanism by expressing surface proteins that can interact with checkpoint proteins on immune cells to overcome the immune surveillance. Immunotherapy is making the best use of the body's own immune system to reinforce anti-tumor responses. The most generally used immunotherapy is the control of immune checkpoints including the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell deathreceptor 1 (PD-1), or programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1). In spite of the clinical effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the overall response rate still remains low. Therefore, there have been considerable efforts in searching for alternative immune checkpoint proteins that may work as new therapeutic targets for treatment of cancer. Recent studies have identified several additional novel immune checkpoint targets, including lymphocyte activation gene-3, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3, T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif domain, V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation, B7 homolog 3 protein, B and T cell lymphocyte attenuator, and inducible T cell COStimulator. Natural compounds, especially those present in medicinal or dietary plants, have been investigated for their anti-tumor effects in various in vitro and in vivo models. Some phytochemicals exert anti-tumor activities based on immunoregulatioby blocking interaction between proteins involved in immune checkpoint signal transduction or regulating their expression/activity. Recently, synergistic anti-cancer effects of diverse phytochemicals with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 or anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody drugs have been continuously reported. Considering an increasing attention to noteworthy therapeutic effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the cancer therapy, this review focuses on regulatory effects of selected phytochemicals on immune checkpoint protein network and their combinational effectiveness with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting tumor cells.
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Panel Sequencing of Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215274. [DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Primary cutaneous follicular B-cell lymphoma (PCFBCL) represents an indolent subtype of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, being clinically characterized by slowly growing tumors of the skin and common cutaneous relapses, while only exhibiting a low propensity for systemic dissemination or fatal outcome. Up to now, only few studies have investigated underlying molecular alterations of PCFBCL with respect to somatic mutations. Objectives: Our aim was to gain deeper insight into the pathogenesis of PCFBCL and to delineate discriminatory molecular features of this lymphoma subtype. Methods: We performed hybridization-based panel sequencing of 40 lymphoma-associated genes of 10 cases of well-characterized PCFBCL. In addition, we included two further ambiguous cases of atypical B-cell-rich lymphoid infiltrate/B-cell lymphoma of the skin for which definite subtype attribution had not been possible by routine investigations. Results: In 10 out of 12 analyzed cases, we identified genetic alterations within 15 of the selected 40 target genes. The most frequently detected alterations in PCFBCL affected the TNFRSF14, CREBBP, STAT6 and TP53 genes. Our analysis unrevealed novel mutations of the BCL2 gene in PCFBCL. All patients exhibited an indolent clinical course. Both the included arbitrary cases of atypical B-cell-rich cutaneous infiltrates showed somatic mutations within the FAS gene. As these mutations have previously been designated as subtype-specific recurrent alterations in primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (PCMZL), we finally favored the diagnosis of PCMZL in these two cases based on these molecular findings. Conclusions: To conclude, our molecular data support that PCFBCL shows distinct somatic mutations which may aid to differentiate PCFBCL from pseudo-lymphoma as well as from other indolent and aggressive cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. While the detected genetic alterations of PCFBCL did not turn out to harbor any prognostic value in our cohort, our molecular data may add adjunctive discriminatory features for diagnostic purposes on a molecular level.
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15
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Kuzevanova A, Apanovich N, Mansorunov D, Korotaeva A, Karpukhin A. The Features of Checkpoint Receptor—Ligand Interaction in Cancer and the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Their Inhibition. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092081. [PMID: 36140182 PMCID: PMC9495440 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, certain problems have been identified in cancer immunotherapy using the inhibition of immune checkpoints (ICs). Despite the excellent effect of cancer therapy in some cases when blocking the PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) ligand and the immune cell receptors PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) and CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) with antibodies, the proportion of patients responding to such therapy is still far from desirable. This situation has stimulated the exploration of additional receptors and ligands as targets for immunotherapy. In our article, based on the analysis of the available data, the TIM-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3), LAG-3 (lymphocyte-activation gene 3), TIGIT (T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domains), VISTA (V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation), and BTLA (B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator) receptors and their ligands are comprehensively considered. Data on the relationship between receptor expression and the clinical characteristics of tumors are presented and are analyzed together with the results of preclinical and clinical studies on the therapeutic efficacy of their blocking. Such a comprehensive analysis makes it possible to assess the prospects of receptors of this series as targets for anticancer therapy. The expression of the LAG-3 receptor shows the most unambiguous relationship with the clinical characteristics of cancer. Its inhibition is the most effective of the analyzed series in terms of the antitumor response. The expression of TIGIT and BTLA correlates well with clinical characteristics and demonstrates antitumor efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies, which indicates their high promise as targets for anticancer therapy. At the same time, the relationship of VISTA and TIM-3 expression with the clinical characteristics of the tumor is contradictory, and the results on the antitumor effectiveness of their inhibition are inconsistent.
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16
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Battin C, Leitner J, Waidhofer-Söllner P, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Olive D, Steinberger P. BTLA inhibition has a dominant role in the cis-complex of BTLA and HVEM. Front Immunol 2022; 13:956694. [PMID: 36081508 PMCID: PMC9446882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The engagement of the herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM, TNFRSF14) by the B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) represents a unique interaction between an activating receptor of the TNFR-superfamily and an inhibitory receptor of the Ig-superfamily. BTLA and HVEM have both been implicated in the regulation of human T cell responses, but their role is complex and incompletely understood. Here, we have used T cell reporter systems to dissect the complex interplay of HVEM with BTLA and its additional ligands LIGHT and CD160. Co-expression with LIGHT or CD160, but not with BTLA, induced strong constitutive signaling via HVEM. In line with earlier reports, we observed that in cis interaction of BTLA and HVEM prevented HVEM co-stimulation by ligands on surrounding cells. Intriguingly, our data indicate that BTLA mediated inhibition is not impaired in this heterodimeric complex, suggesting a dominant role of BTLA co-inhibition. Stimulation of primary human T cells in presence of HVEM ligands indicated a weak costimulatory capacity of HVEM potentially owed to its in cis engagement by BTLA. Furthermore, experiments with T cell reporter cells and primary T cells demonstrate that HVEM antibodies can augment T cell responses by concomitantly acting as checkpoint inhibitors and co-stimulation agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Battin
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Waidhofer-Söllner
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Daniel Olive
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7258; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Ware CF, Croft M, Neil GA. Realigning the LIGHT signaling network to control dysregulated inflammation. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213236. [PMID: 35604387 PMCID: PMC9130030 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding the physiologic functions of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) of ligands, receptors, and signaling networks are providing deeper insight into pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases and cancer. LIGHT (TNFSF14) has emerged as an important modulator of critical innate and adaptive immune responses. LIGHT and its signaling receptors, herpesvirus entry mediator (TNFRSF14), and lymphotoxin β receptor, form an immune regulatory network with two co-receptors of herpesvirus entry mediator, checkpoint inhibitor B and T lymphocyte attenuator, and CD160. Deciphering the fundamental features of this network reveals new understanding to guide therapeutic development. Accumulating evidence from infectious diseases points to the dysregulation of the LIGHT network as a disease-driving mechanism in autoimmune and inflammatory reactions in barrier organs, including coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia and inflammatory bowel diseases. Recent clinical results warrant further investigation of the LIGHT regulatory network and application of target-modifying therapeutics for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl F Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
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18
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PNMZL and PTFL: morphological variants with a common molecular profile - a unifying hypothesis. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4661-4674. [PMID: 35609565 PMCID: PMC9631662 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PNMZL has a molecular landscape characterized by low genomic complexity and frequent MAP2K1, TNFRSF14, and IRF8 alterations. The histologic and molecular features of PNMZL and PTFL suggest that they represent a morphologic spectrum of the same biologic entity.
Pediatric nodal marginal zone lymphoma (PNMZL) is an uncommon B-cell neoplasm affecting mainly male children and young adults. This indolent lymphoma has distinct characteristics that differ from those of conventional nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL). Clinically, it exhibits overlapping features with pediatric-type follicular lymphoma (PTFL). To explore the differences between PNMZL and adult NMZL and its relationship to PTFL, a series of 45 PNMZL cases were characterized morphologically and genetically by using an integrated approach; this approach included whole-exome sequencing in a subset of cases, targeted next-generation sequencing, and copy number and DNA methylation arrays. Fourteen cases (31%) were diagnosed as PNMZL, and 31 cases (69%) showed overlapping histologic features between PNMZL and PTFL, including a minor component of residual serpiginous germinal centers reminiscent of PTFL and a dominant interfollicular B-cell component characteristic of PNMZL. All cases displayed low genomic complexity (1.2 alterations per case) with recurrent 1p36/TNFRSF14 copy number–neutral loss of heterozygosity alterations and copy number loss (11%). Similar to PTFL, the most frequently mutated genes in PNMZL were MAP2K1 (42%), TNFRSF14 (36%), and IRF8 (34%). DNA methylation analysis revealed no major differences between PTFL and PNMZL. Genetic alterations typically seen in conventional NMZL were absent in PNMZL. In summary, overlapping clinical, morphologic, and molecular findings (including low genetic complexity; recurrent alterations in MAP2K1, TNFRSF14, and IRF8; and similar methylation profiles) indicate that PNMZL and PTFL are likely part of a single disease with variation in the histologic spectrum. The term “pediatric-type follicular lymphoma with and without marginal zone differentiation” is suggested.
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19
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HSV-1 Infection of Epithelial Dendritic Cells Is a Critical Strategy for Interfering with Antiviral Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051046. [PMID: 35632787 PMCID: PMC9147763 DOI: 10.3390/v14051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), an α subgroup member of the human herpesvirus family, infects cells via the binding of its various envelope glycoproteins to cellular membrane receptors, one of which is herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), expressed on dendritic cells. Here, HVEM gene-deficient mice were used to investigate the immunologic effect elicited by the HSV-1 infection of dendritic cells. Dendritic cells expressing the surface marker CD11c showed an abnormal biological phenotype, including the altered transcription of various immune signaling molecules and inflammatory factors associated with innate immunity after viral replication. Furthermore, the viral infection of dendritic cells interfered with dendritic cell function in the lymph nodes, where these cells normally play roles in activating the T-cell response. Additionally, the mild clinicopathological manifestations observed during the acute phase of HSV-1 infection were associated with viral replication in dendritic cells.
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20
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Stienne C, Virgen-Slane R, Elmén L, Veny M, Huang S, Nguyen J, Chappell E, Balmert MO, Shui JW, Hurchla MA, Kronenberg M, Peterson SN, Murphy KM, Ware CF, Šedý JR. Btla signaling in conventional and regulatory lymphocytes coordinately tempers humoral immunity in the intestinal mucosa. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110553. [PMID: 35320716 PMCID: PMC9032671 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Btla inhibitory receptor limits innate and adaptive immune responses, both preventing the development of autoimmune disease and restraining anti-viral and anti-tumor responses. It remains unclear how the functions of Btla in diverse lymphocytes contribute to immunoregulation. Here, we show that Btla inhibits activation of genes regulating metabolism and cytokine signaling, including Il6 and Hif1a, indicating a regulatory role in humoral immunity. Within mucosal Peyer's patches, we find T-cell-expressed Btla-regulated Tfh cells, while Btla in T or B cells regulates GC B cell numbers. Treg-expressed Btla is required for cell-intrinsic Treg homeostasis that subsequently controls GC B cells. Loss of Btla in lymphocytes results in increased IgA bound to intestinal bacteria, correlating with altered microbial homeostasis and elevations in commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Together our studies provide important insights into how Btla functions as a checkpoint in diverse conventional and regulatory lymphocyte subsets to influence systemic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Stienne
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard Virgen-Slane
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa Elmén
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marisol Veny
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sarah Huang
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer Nguyen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chappell
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mary Olivia Balmert
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jr-Wen Shui
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michelle A Hurchla
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Scott N Peterson
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carl F Ware
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - John R Šedý
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Liu W, Chou TF, Garrett-Thomson SC, Seo GY, Fedorov E, Ramagopal UA, Bonanno JB, Wang Q, Kim K, Garforth SJ, Kakugawa K, Cheroutre H, Kronenberg M, Almo SC. HVEM structures and mutants reveal distinct functions of binding to LIGHT and BTLA/CD160. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20211112. [PMID: 34709351 PMCID: PMC8558838 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HVEM is a TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor contributing to a broad range of immune functions involving diverse cell types. It interacts with a TNF ligand, LIGHT, and immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily members BTLA and CD160. Assessing the functional impact of HVEM binding to specific ligands in different settings has been complicated by the multiple interactions of HVEM and HVEM binding partners. To dissect the molecular basis for multiple functions, we determined crystal structures that reveal the distinct HVEM surfaces that engage LIGHT or BTLA/CD160, including the human HVEM-LIGHT-CD160 ternary complex, with HVEM interacting simultaneously with both binding partners. Based on these structures, we generated mouse HVEM mutants that selectively recognized either the TNF or Ig ligands in vitro. Knockin mice expressing these muteins maintain expression of all the proteins in the HVEM network, yet they demonstrate selective functions for LIGHT in the clearance of bacteria in the intestine and for the Ig ligands in the amelioration of liver inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Drosophila/cytology
- Drosophila/genetics
- Female
- GPI-Linked Proteins/chemistry
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry
- Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism
- Mutation
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/chemistry
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/metabolism
- Yersinia Infections/genetics
- Yersinia Infections/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | | | - Elena Fedorov
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Udupi A. Ramagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jeffrey B. Bonanno
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Kenneth Kim
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Scott J. Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Kiyokazu Kakugawa
- Laboratory for Immune Crosstalk, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Laboratory for Immune Crosstalk, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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22
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Zheng M, Hu Y, Gou R, Li S, Nie X, Li X, Lin B. Development of a seven-gene tumor immune microenvironment prognostic signature for high-risk grade III endometrial cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 22:294-306. [PMID: 34553020 PMCID: PMC8426172 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma locally infiltrates numerous immune cells and other tumor immune microenvironment components. These cells are involved in malignant tumor growth and proliferation and the process of resistance toward immunotherapies. Here, we aimed to develop a tumor immune microenvironment-related prognostic signature for high-risk grade III endometrial carcinoma based on The Cancer Genome Atlas. The signature was systematically correlated with immune infiltration characteristics of the tumor microenvironment. The seven-gene Riskscore signature was robust and performed well in training, testing, and Gene Expression Omnibus-independent cohorts. A nomogram comprising the gene signature accurately predicted patient prognosis, with our model performing better than other endometrial cancer-related signatures. Analysis of the IMvigor210 immunotherapy cohort revealed that subgroups with a low Riskscore had a better prognosis than subgroups with a high Riskscore. Subgroups with a low Riskscore exhibited immune cell infiltration and inflammatory profiles, whereas subgroups with a high Riskscore experienced progressive disease. The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that risk score, neoantigen, and tumor mutation burden models together accurately predicted treatment response. Taken together, we developed a tumor microenvironment-based seven-gene prognostic stratification system to predict the prognosis of patients with high-risk endometrial cancer and guide more effective immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, China.,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Yuexin Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, China.,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rui Gou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, China.,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, China
| | - Siting Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, China.,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xin Nie
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, China.,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, China.,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning 110004, China.,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, China
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23
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Catafal-Tardos E, Baglioni MV, Bekiaris V. Inhibiting the Unconventionals: Importance of Immune Checkpoint Receptors in γδ T, MAIT, and NKT Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184647. [PMID: 34572874 PMCID: PMC8467786 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary All conventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells transiently express immune checkpoint/inhibitory receptors (ICRs) following activation as a means to counter-regulate overactivation. However, tumors promote chronic ICR expression rendering T cells chronically unresponsive or “exhausted”. Checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) therapy targets and blocks ICRs, restoring T cell activation and anti-tumor immunity. However, CPI therapy often fails, partly because of the tumor’s many abilities to inhibit MHC-driven T cell responses. In this regard, our immune system contains an arsenal of unconventional non-MHC-restricted T cells, whose importance in anti-tumor immunity is rapidly gaining momentum. There is currently little knowledge as to whether unconventional T cells can get exhausted and how CPI therapy affects them. In this article we review the current understanding of the role of ICRs in unconventional T cell biology and discuss the importance of targeting these unique immune cell populations for CPI therapy. Abstract In recent years, checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) therapy has shown promising clinical responses across a broad range of cancers. However, many patients remain unresponsive and there is need for improvement. CPI therapy relies on antibody-mediated neutralization of immune inhibitory or checkpoint receptors (ICRs) that constitutively suppress leukocytes. In this regard, the clinical outcome of CPI therapy has primarily been attributed to modulating classical MHC-restricted αβ T cell responses, yet, it will inevitably target most lymphoid (and many myeloid) populations. As such, unconventional non-MHC-restricted gamma delta (γδ) T, mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) and natural killer T (NKT) cells express ICRs at steady-state and after activation and may thus be affected by CPI therapies. To which extent, however, remains unclear. These unconventional T cells are polyfunctional innate-like lymphocytes that play a key role in tumor immune surveillance and have a plethora of protective and pathogenic immune responses. The robust anti-tumor potential of γδ T, MAIT, and NKT cells has been established in a variety of preclinical cancer models and in clinical reports. In contrast, recent studies have documented a pro-tumor effect of innate-like T cell subsets that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms that regulate such T cells and their response to CPI is critical in designing effective cancer immunotherapies that favor anti-tumor immunity. In this Review, we will discuss the current understanding regarding the role of immune checkpoint regulation in γδ T, MAIT, and NKT cells and its importance in anti-cancer immunity.
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24
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Li C, Zhang M, Guan X, Hu H, Fu M, Liu Y, Hu Q. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Glycoprotein D Inhibits NF-κB Activation by Interacting with p65. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2852-2861. [PMID: 34049972 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, and immune responses. HSV type 2 (HSV-2) is one of the most predominant sexually transmitted pathogens worldwide, and its infection increases the risk of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition and transmission. HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD), highly homologous to HSV-1 gD, is essential for viral adhesion, fusion, entry, and spread. It is known that HSV-1 gD can bind herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) to trigger NF-κB activation and thereby facilitate viral replication at the early stage of infection. In this study, we found that purified HSV-2 gD triggered NF-κB activation at the early stage of infection, whereas ectopic expression of HSV-2 gD significantly downregulated TNF-α-induced NF-κB activity as well as TNF-α-induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression. Mechanistically, HSV-2 gD inhibited NF-κB, but not IFN-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), activation and suppressed NF-κB activation mediated by overexpression of TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), IκB kinase α (IKKα), IKKβ, or p65. Coimmunoprecipitation and binding kinetic analyses demonstrated that HSV-2 gD directly bound to the NF-κB subunit p65 and abolished the nuclear translocation of p65 upon TNF-α stimulation. Mutational analyses further revealed that HSV-2 gD interacted with the region spanning aa 19-187 of p65. Findings in this study together demonstrate that HSV-2 gD interacts with p65 to regulate p65 subcellular localization and thereby prevents NF-κB-dependent gene expression, which may contribute to HSV-2 immune evasion and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Xinmeng Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Yalan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China;
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; .,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhu XL, Wang ZZ, Bai H, Zhang JJ, Hao CY, Duan HB. A Novel Immune-Related Prognostic Biomarker and Target Associated With Malignant Progression of Glioma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:643159. [PMID: 33937046 PMCID: PMC8085360 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.643159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is one of the most common malignancies in the central nervous system and has limited effective therapeutic options. Therefore, we sought to identify a suitable target for immunotherapy. Materials and Methods We screened prognostic genes for glioma in the CGGA database and GSE43378 dataset using survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, independent prognostic analysis, and clinical correlation analysis. The results were intersected with immune genes from the ImmPort database through Venn diagrams to obtain likely target genes. The target genes were validated as prognostically relevant immune genes for glioma using survival, ROC curve, independent prognostic, and clinical correlation analyses in samples from the CGGA database and GSE43378 dataset, respectively. We also constructed a nomogram using statistically significant glioma prognostic factors in the CGGA samples and verified their sensitivity and specificity with ROC curves. The functions, pathways, and co-expression-related genes for the glioma target genes were assessed using PPI networks, enrichment analysis, and correlation analysis. The correlation between target gene expression and immune cell infiltration in glioma and the relationship with the survival of glioma patients were investigated using the TIMER database. Finally, target gene expression in normal brain, low-grade glioma, and high-grade glioma tissues was detected using immunohistochemical staining. Results We identified TNFRSF12A as the target gene. Satisfactory results from survival, ROC curve, independent prognosis, and clinical correlation analyses in the CGGA and GSE43378 samples verified that TNFRSF12A was significantly associated with the prognosis of glioma patients. A nomogram was constructed using glioma prognostic correlates, including TNFRSF12A expression, primary-recurrent-secondary (PRS) type, grade, age, chemotherapy, IDH mutation, and 1p19q co-deletion in CGGA samples with an AUC value of 0.860, which illustrated the accuracy of the prognosis prediction. The results of the TIMER analysis validated the significant correlation of TNFRSF12A with immune cell infiltration and glioma survival. The immunohistochemical staining results verified the progressive up-regulation of TNFRSF12A expression in normal brain, low-grade glioma, and high-grade glioma tissues. Conclusion We concluded that TNFRSF12A was a viable prognostic biomarker and a potential immunotherapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chun-Yan Hao
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hu-Bin Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Lvliang People's Hospital, Lvliang, China
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BTLA/HVEM Axis Induces NK Cell Immunosuppression and Poor Outcome in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081766. [PMID: 33917094 PMCID: PMC8067870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) represents the most frequent B cell malignancy in Western countries and still remains as an incurable disease. Despite recent advances in targeted therapies including ibrutinib, idelalisib or venetoclax, resistance mechanisms have been described and patients develop a progressive immunosuppression. Since immune checkpoint blockade has demonstrated to reinvigorate T and NK cell-mediated anti-tumor responses, the aim of this work was to elucidate whether this immunosuppression relies, at least in part, in BTLA/HVEM axis in patients with CLL. Our results demonstrate that BTLA and HVEM expression is deeply dysregulated on leukemic and NK cells and correlates with poor outcome. Moreover, soluble BTLA levels correlated with adverse cytogenetics and shorter time to treatment. BTLA blockade restored, at least in part, NK cell-mediated responses in patients with CLL. Altogether, our results provide the rationale to further investigate the role of BTLA/HVEM axis in the pathogenesis of CLL. Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by progressive immunosuppression and diminished cancer immunosurveillance. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based therapies, a major breakthrough against cancer, have emerged as a powerful tool to reinvigorate antitumor responses. Herein, we analyzed the role of the novel inhibitory checkpoint BTLA and its ligand, HVEM, in the regulation of leukemic and natural killer (NK) cells in CLL. Flow cytometry analyses showed that BTLA expression is upregulated on leukemic cells and NK cells from patients with CLL, whereas HVEM is downregulated only in leukemic cells, especially in patients with advanced Rai-Binet stage. In silico analysis revealed that increased HVEM, but not BTLA, mRNA expression in leukemic cells correlated with diminished overall survival. Further, soluble BTLA (sBTLA) was found to be increased in the sera of patients with CLL and highly correlated with poor prognostic markers and shorter time to treatment. BTLA blockade with an anti-BTLA monoclonal antibody depleted leukemic cells and boosted NK cell-mediated responses ex vivo by increasing their IFN-γ production, cytotoxic capability, and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). In agreement with an inhibitory role of BTLA in NK cells, surface BTLA expression on NK cells was associated with poor outcome in patients with CLL. Overall, this study is the first to bring to light a role of BTLA/HVEM in the suppression of NK cell-mediated immune responses in CLL and its impact on patient’s prognosis, suggesting that BTLA/HVEM axis may be a potential therapeutic target in this disease.
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Myxoma Virus Expressing LIGHT (TNFSF14) Pre-Loaded into Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is Effective Treatment for Murine Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061394. [PMID: 33808692 PMCID: PMC8003548 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a weakly immunogenic fatal neoplasm. Oncolytic viruses with dual anti-cancer properties-oncolytic and immune response-boosting effects-have great potential for PDAC management. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) of mesenchymal origin were infected ex vivo with recombinant myxoma virus (MYXV), which encodes murine LIGHT, also called tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 (TNFSF14). The viability and proliferation of ADSCs were not remarkably decreased (1-2 days) following MYXV infection, in sharp contrast to cells of pancreatic carcinoma lines studied, which were rapidly killed by the infection. Comparison of the intraperitoneal (IP) vs. the intravenous (IV) route of ADSC/MYXV administration revealed more pancreas-targeted distribution of the virus when ADSCs were delivered IP to mice bearing orthotopically injected PDAC. The biodistribution, tumor burden reduction and anti-tumor adaptive immune response were examined. Bioluminescence data, used to assess the presence of the luciferase-tagged virus after IP injection, indicated enhanced trafficking into the pancreata of mice bearing orthotopically-induced PDAC, as compared to tumor-free animals, resulting in extended survival of the treated PDAC-seeded animals and in the boosted expression of key adaptive immune response markers. We conclude that ADSCs pre-loaded with transgene-armed MYXV and administered IP allow for the effective ferrying of the oncolytic virus to sites of PDAC and mediate improved tumor regression.
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Wang Q, Ye Y, Yu H, Lin SH, Tu H, Liang D, Chang DW, Huang M, Wu X. Immune checkpoint-related serum proteins and genetic variants predict outcomes of localized prostate cancer, a cohort study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:701-712. [PMID: 32909077 PMCID: PMC7907032 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical predictors and biological mechanisms for localized prostate cancer (PCa) outcomes remain mostly unknown. We aim to evaluate the role of serum immune-checkpoint-related (ICK) proteins and genetic variations in predicting outcomes of localized PCa. METHODS We profiled the serum levels of 14 ICK-related proteins (BTLA, GITR, HVEM, IDO, LAG-3, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, Tim-3, CD28, CD80, 4-1BB, CD27, and CTLA-4) in 190 patients with localized PCa. The genotypes of 97 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 19 ICK-related genes were analyzed in an extended population (N = 1762). Meta-data from ArrayExpress and TCGA was employed to validate and to probe functional data. Patients were enrolled and tumor aggressiveness, biochemical recurrence (BCR), and progression information were obtained. Statistical analyses were performed analyzing associations between serum biomarkers, genotypes, mRNA and outcomes. RESULTS We showed that serum (s)BTLA and sTIM3 levels were associated with PCa aggressiveness (P < 0.05). sCD28, sCD80, sCTLA4, sGITR, sHVEM and sIDO correlated with both BCR and progression risks (all P < 0.05). We further identified ICK variants were significantly associated with aggressiveness, BCR and progression. Among them, 4 SNPs located in CD80 (rs7628626, rs12695388, rs491407, rs6804441) were not only associated with BCR and progression risk, but also correlated with sCD80 level (P < 0.01). rs491407 was further validated in an independent cohort. The CD80 mRNA expression was associated with BCR (HR, 1.85, 95% CI 1.06-3.22, P = 0.03) in meta-analysis of validation cohorts. CONCLUSION We highlight the prognostic value of serum ICK-related proteins for predicting aggressiveness, BCR and progression of PCa. The genetic variations and mRNA expression in CD80 could be predictors and potential targets of localized PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchuan Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shu-Hong Lin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Huakang Tu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David W Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maosheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics, Bioinformatics and Big Data, The Second Affiliated Hospital and School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Ma B, Meng H, Tian Y, Wang Y, Song T, Zhang T, Wu Q, Cui Y, Li H, Zhang W, Li Q. High expression of HVEM is associated with improved prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:69. [PMID: 33365080 PMCID: PMC7716701 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) displays dual signals in T-cell activation according to the ligands and intracytoplasmic effectors it interacts with. High HVEM expression may play an immunosuppressive role in several malignancies. The present study investigated the clinical impact of HVEM on intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), including its prognostic value, and association with clinicopathological features and immune status. The clinical data of 102 consecutive patients with ICC who underwent surgical treatment from January 2012 to December 2017 were collected. The expression of HVEM and different types of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were investigated in ICC tissue samples by immunohistochemical staining. HVEM expression was detected in the tumor tissues of 92 (90.2%) patients with ICC. Patients with high HVEM expression were more likely to have increased peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) concentrations (P=0.031), decreased CEA (P=0.036), low TNM stage (P=0.043) and high frequencies of small-duct histological type (P=0.021) and BAP1 retained expression (P=0.010). Survival analysis showed that high HVEM expression was a favorable independent predictor of overall postoperative survival (P=0.034, hazard ratio=0.486, 95% confidence interval=0.249–0.945). In addition, no significant association of HVEM expression with CD4+ (P=0.512), CD8+ (P=0.750) or CD45RO+ (P=0.078) TILs was identified in the ICC tissues. These results indicate that HVEM may serve as a favorable prognostic marker for ICC. Furthermore, co-stimulatory signals from HVEM may play a dominant role in the progression of ICCs, which can be explained by an increase in the number of PBLs rather than a change in the number of TILs. However, the function of the HVEM network in ICC progression is complex and requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqi Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Meng
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Senior Ward, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Tianqiang Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Ti Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Huikai Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
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Li W, Xia Y, Yang J, Guo H, Sun G, Sanyal AJ, Shah VH, Lou Y, Zheng X, Chalasani N, Yu Q. Immune Checkpoint Axes Are Dysregulated in Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:588-605. [PMID: 32258953 PMCID: PMC7109345 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a severe inflammatory liver disease that develops in some heavy drinkers. The immune system in patients with AH is hyperactive and yet dysfunctional. Here, we investigated whether this immune-dysregulated state is related to the alcoholic impact on immune checkpoints (ICPs). We used multiplex immunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify plasma levels of 18 soluble ICPs (sICPs) from 81 patients with AH, 65 heavy drinkers without liver diseases (HDCs), and 39 healthy controls (HCs) at baseline, 33 patients with AH and 32 HDCs at 6-month follow-up, and 18 patients with AH and 29 HDCs at 12-month follow-up. We demonstrated that baseline levels of 6 sICPs (soluble T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 [sTIM-3], soluble cluster of differentiation [sCD]27, sCD40, soluble Toll-like receptor-2 [sTLR-2], soluble herpesvirus entry mediator [sHVEM], and soluble lymphotoxin-like inducible protein that competes with glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry on T cells [sLIGHT]) were up-regulated, while 11 sICPs (soluble B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator [sBTLA], sCD160, soluble cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 [sCTLA-4], soluble lymphocyte-activation gene 3 [sLAG-3], soluble programmed death 1 [sPD-1], sPD ligand 1 [sPD-L1], sCD28, soluble glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein [sGITR], sGITR ligand [sGITRL], sCD80, and inducible T-cell costimulator [sICOS]) were down-regulated in patients with AH compared to HDCs. The up-regulated sICPs except sLIGHT and down-regulated sCD80, sCD160, sCTLA-4, and sLAG-3 correlated positively or negatively with AH disease severity, bacterial translocation, and inflammatory factors. At follow-up, abstinent patients with AH still had higher levels of several sICPs compared to HDCs. We also compared expression of 10 membrane-bound ICPs (mICPs) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with AH and HCs by flow cytometry and found that several mICPs were dysregulated on blood cells from patients with AH. The function and regulation of sICPs and mICPs were studied using PBMCs from patients with AH and HCs. Recombinant sHVEM affected tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon-γ production by T cells from patients with AH and HCs. Conclusion: Both sICPs and mICPs were dysregulated in patients with AH, and alcohol abstinence did not fully reverse these abnormalities. The HVEM axis plays a role in regulating T-cell function in patients with AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
- Department of Clinical Laboratorythe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- School of Laboratory MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
- School of Laboratory MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
| | - Guoqing Sun
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVA
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Yongliang Lou
- School of Laboratory MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xiaoqun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratorythe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- School of Laboratory MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
| | - Qigui Yu
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN
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Dobosz P, Stempor PA, Roszik J, Herman A, Layani A, Berger R, Avni D, Sidi Y, Leibowitz-Amit R. Checkpoint Genes at the Cancer Side of the Immunological Synapse in Bladder Cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:193-200. [PMID: 31869744 PMCID: PMC6931203 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer therapy, but not all cancers respond to the currently available drugs, and even within cancers considered responsive to such modality, response rates range between 15 and 40%, depending on the cancer type, the line of treatment, and yet unknown clinical/molecular factors. Coordinated expression of checkpoint proteins was shown to occur on T cells, probably allowing fine-tuning of the signal transmitted to the cell. We performed a bioinformatic analysis of the expression of putative checkpoint mRNAs at the cancer side of the immunological synapse from the bladder cancer tumorgenome atlas (TCGA) database. Fifteen mRNAs, corresponding to both coinhibitory and costimulatory checkpoints, were shown to be expressed above a designated threshold. Of these, seven mRNAs were found to be coexpressed: CD277, PD-1L, CD48, CD86, galectin-9, TNFRSF14 (HVEM), and CD40. The expression of 2 of these mRNAs-BTN3A1 (CD277) and TNFRSF14 (HVEM)-was positively correlated with overall survival in the TCGA database. All these seven mRNA share putative binding sites of a few transcription factors (TFs). Of these, the expression of the TF BACH-2 was positively correlated with the expression of checkpoint mRNAs from the network. This suggests a joint transcriptional regulation on the expression of checkpoint mRNAs at the bladder tumor side of the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dobosz
- Oncology Institute and Cancer Research Centre, Sheba Medical Centre Hospital, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Przemysław A Stempor
- School of Life Sciences, Gurdon Institute, Department of Genetics, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, UK; The Wellcome Trust/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, USA
| | - Amir Herman
- Orthopedic Department, Assuta Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Adi Layani
- Oncology Institute and Cancer Research Centre, Sheba Medical Centre Hospital, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Raanan Berger
- Oncology Institute and Cancer Research Centre, Sheba Medical Centre Hospital, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Oncology Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dror Avni
- Oncology Institute and Cancer Research Centre, Sheba Medical Centre Hospital, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yechezkel Sidi
- Oncology Institute and Cancer Research Centre, Sheba Medical Centre Hospital, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Oncology Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Raya Leibowitz-Amit
- Oncology Institute and Cancer Research Centre, Sheba Medical Centre Hospital, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Oncology Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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