1
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Morano NC, Smith RS, Danelon V, Schreiner R, Patel U, Herrera NG, Smith C, Olson SM, Laerke MK, Celikgil A, Garforth SJ, Garrett-Thomson SC, Lee FS, Hempstead BL, Almo SC. Human immunomodulatory ligand B7-1 mediates synaptic remodeling via the p75 neurotrophin receptor. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e157002. [PMID: 36107635 PMCID: PMC9663165 DOI: 10.1172/jci157002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors, ligands, and adhesion molecules underlie development, circuit formation, and synaptic function of the central nervous system and represent important therapeutic targets for many neuropathologies. The functional contributions of interactions between cell surface proteins of neurons and nonneuronal cells have not been fully addressed. Using an unbiased protein-protein interaction screen, we showed that the human immunomodulatory ligand B7-1 (hB7-1) interacts with the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and that the B7-1:p75NTR interaction is a recent evolutionary adaptation present in humans and other primates, but absent in mice, rats, and other lower mammals. The surface of hB7-1 that engages p75NTR overlaps with the hB7-1 surface involved in CTLA-4/CD28 recognition, and these molecules directly compete for binding to p75NTR. Soluble or membrane-bound hB7-1 altered dendritic morphology of cultured hippocampal neurons, with loss of the postsynaptic protein PSD95 in a p75NTR-dependent manner. Abatacept, an FDA-approved therapeutic (CTLA-4-hFc fusion) inhibited these processes. In vivo injection of hB7-1 into the murine subiculum, a hippocampal region affected in Alzheimer's disease, resulted in p75NTR-dependent pruning of dendritic spines. Here, we report the biochemical interaction between B7-1 and p75NTR, describe biological effects on neuronal morphology, and identify a therapeutic opportunity for treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Morano
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roshelle S. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor Danelon
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ryan Schreiner
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Hartman Institute for Therapeutic Organ Regeneration, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Uttsav Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natalia G. Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carla Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven M. Olson
- Department of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle K. Laerke
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alev Celikgil
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott J. Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Francis S. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barbara L. Hempstead
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Chou TF, Liu W, Garrett-Thomson SC, Seo GY, Fedorov E, Ramagopal UA, Bonanno JB, Wang Q, Kim K, Garforth SJ, Kakugawa K, Cheroutre H, Kronenberg M, Almo SC. Structure guided engineering of selective HVEM mutants reveal distinct functions binding to LIGHT and BTLA/CD160. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.52.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
HVEM is a TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor contributing to a broad range of immune functions involving diverse cell types. It interacts with a TNF ligand, LIGHT, and immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily members BTLA and CD160. Assessing the functional impact of HVEM binding to specific ligands in different settings has been complicated by the multiple interactions of HVEM and HVEM binding partners. To dissect the molecular basis for multiple functions, we determined crystal structures that reveal the distinct HVEM surfaces that engage LIGHT or BTLA/CD160, including the human HVEM–LIGHT–CD160 ternary complex, with HVEM interacting simultaneously with both binding partners. Based on these structures, we generated mouse HVEM mutants that selectively recognized either the TNF or Ig ligands in vitro. Knockin mice expressing these muteins maintain expression of all the proteins in the HVEM network, yet they demonstrate selective functions for LIGHT in the clearance of bacteria in the intestine and for the Ig ligands in the amelioration of liver inflammation.
Supported grants from NIH (S10 OD020068, P30CA023100, P30 DK120515, S10RR027366, U01 AI125955, P01 DK46763), U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-98CH10886, DE-AC02-06CH11357), National Center for Research Resources (P41RR012408), National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P41GM103473), Albert Einstein Cancer Center (P30CA013330), Eli Lilly Company, Albert Einstein Macromolecular Therapeutics Development Facility, Price Family Foundation, Albert Einstein Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Pamela and Edward S. Pantzer, and Academia Sinica, Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weifeng Liu
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | | | | | - Elena Fedorov
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hilde Cheroutre
- 1La Jolla Institute for Immunology
- 3RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- 1La Jolla Institute for Immunology
- 4Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego
| | - Steven C. Almo
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
- 5Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
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3
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Korman AJ, Garrett-Thomson SC, Lonberg N. Author Correction: The foundations of immune checkpoint blockade and the ipilimumab approval decennial. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:163. [PMID: 35031767 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Korman AJ, Garrett-Thomson SC, Lonberg N. The foundations of immune checkpoint blockade and the ipilimumab approval decennial. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:509-528. [PMID: 34937915 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunity, and the potential for cancer immunotherapy, have been topics of scientific discussion and experimentation for over a hundred years. Several successful cancer immunotherapies - such as IL-2 and interferon-α (IFNα) - have appeared over the past 30 years. However, it is only in the past decade that immunotherapy has made a broad impact on patient survival in multiple high-incidence cancer indications. The emergence of immunotherapy as a new pillar of cancer treatment (adding to surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and targeted therapies) is due to the success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) drugs, the first of which - ipilimumab - was approved in 2011. ICB drugs block receptors and ligands involved in pathways that attenuate T cell activation - such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death 1 (PD1) and its ligand, PDL1 - and prevent, or reverse, acquired peripheral tolerance to tumour antigens. In this Review we mark the tenth anniversary of the approval of ipilimumab and discuss the foundational scientific history of ICB, together with the history of the discovery, development and elucidation of the mechanism of action of the first generation of drugs targeting the CTLA4 and PD1 pathways.
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5
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Liu W, Chou TF, Garrett-Thomson SC, Seo GY, Fedorov E, Ramagopal UA, Bonanno JB, Wang Q, Kim K, Garforth SJ, Kakugawa K, Cheroutre H, Kronenberg M, Almo SC. HVEM structures and mutants reveal distinct functions of binding to LIGHT and BTLA/CD160. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20211112. [PMID: 34709351 PMCID: PMC8558838 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HVEM is a TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor contributing to a broad range of immune functions involving diverse cell types. It interacts with a TNF ligand, LIGHT, and immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily members BTLA and CD160. Assessing the functional impact of HVEM binding to specific ligands in different settings has been complicated by the multiple interactions of HVEM and HVEM binding partners. To dissect the molecular basis for multiple functions, we determined crystal structures that reveal the distinct HVEM surfaces that engage LIGHT or BTLA/CD160, including the human HVEM-LIGHT-CD160 ternary complex, with HVEM interacting simultaneously with both binding partners. Based on these structures, we generated mouse HVEM mutants that selectively recognized either the TNF or Ig ligands in vitro. Knockin mice expressing these muteins maintain expression of all the proteins in the HVEM network, yet they demonstrate selective functions for LIGHT in the clearance of bacteria in the intestine and for the Ig ligands in the amelioration of liver inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Drosophila/cytology
- Drosophila/genetics
- Female
- GPI-Linked Proteins/chemistry
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry
- Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism
- Mutation
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/chemistry
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14/metabolism
- Yersinia Infections/genetics
- Yersinia Infections/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | | | - Elena Fedorov
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Udupi A. Ramagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jeffrey B. Bonanno
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Kenneth Kim
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Scott J. Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Kiyokazu Kakugawa
- Laboratory for Immune Crosstalk, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Laboratory for Immune Crosstalk, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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6
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Herrera N, Morano NC, Celikgil A, Georgiev GI, Malonis RJ, Lee JH, Tong K, Vergnolle O, Massimi AB, Yen LY, Noble AJ, Kopylov M, Bonanno JB, Garrett-Thomson SC, Hayes DB, Bortz RH, Wirchnianski AS, Florez C, Laudermilch E, Haslwanter D, Fels JM, Dieterle ME, Jangra RK, Barnhill J, Mengotto A, Kimmel D, Daily JP, Pirofski LA, Chandran K, Brenowitz M, Garforth SJ, Eng ET, Lai JR, Almo SC. Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 S Protein: Biophysical, Biochemical, Structural, and Antigenic Analysis. ACS Omega 2021; 6:85-102. [PMID: 33458462 PMCID: PMC7771249 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global health crisis caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and there is a critical need to produce large quantities of high-quality SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein for use in both clinical and basic science settings. To address this need, we have evaluated the expression and purification of two previously reported S protein constructs in Expi293F and ExpiCHO-S cells, two different cell lines selected for increased protein expression. We show that ExpiCHO-S cells produce enhanced yields of both SARS-CoV-2 S proteins. Biochemical, biophysical, and structural (cryo-EM) characterizations of the SARS-CoV-2 S proteins produced in both cell lines demonstrate that the reported purification strategy yields high-quality S protein (nonaggregated, uniform material with appropriate biochemical and biophysical properties), and analysis of 20 deposited S protein cryo-EM structures reveals conformation plasticity in the region composed of amino acids 614-642 and 828-854. Importantly, we show that multiple preparations of these two recombinant S proteins from either cell line exhibit identical behavior in two different serology assays. We also evaluate the specificity of S protein-mediated host cell binding by examining interactions with proposed binding partners in the human secretome and report no novel binding partners and notably fail to validate the Spike:CD147 interaction. In addition, the antigenicity of these proteins is demonstrated by standard ELISAs and in a flexible protein microarray format. Collectively, we establish an array of metrics for ensuring the production of high-quality S protein to support clinical, biological, biochemical, structural, and mechanistic studies to combat the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia
G. Herrera
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Nicholas C. Morano
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Alev Celikgil
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - George I. Georgiev
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Ryan J. Malonis
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - James H. Lee
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Karen Tong
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Olivia Vergnolle
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Aldo B. Massimi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Laura Y. Yen
- National
Resource for Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Ave., New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alex J. Noble
- National
Resource for Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Ave., New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mykhailo Kopylov
- National
Resource for Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Ave., New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Bonanno
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Sarah C. Garrett-Thomson
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - David B. Hayes
- International
Solidarity of Scientists LLC, 9 Chuck Wagon Lane, Danbury, Connecticut 06810, United States
| | - Robert H. Bortz
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Ariel S. Wirchnianski
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Catalina Florez
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry and Life Science, United States
Military Academy at West Point, 646 Swift Road, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Ethan Laudermilch
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - J. Maximilian Fels
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - M. Eugenia Dieterle
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Jason Barnhill
- Department
of Chemistry and Life Science, United States
Military Academy at West Point, 646 Swift Road, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Amanda Mengotto
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York 10461, United States
| | - Duncan Kimmel
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York 10461, United States
| | - Johanna P. Daily
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York 10461, United States
| | - Liise-anne Pirofski
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York 10461, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Michael Brenowitz
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Scott J. Garforth
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Edward T. Eng
- National
Resource for Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Ave., New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jonathan R. Lai
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College
of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, United
States
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7
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Shrestha R, Garrett-Thomson SC, Liu W, Almo SC, Fiser A. Redesigning HVEM Interface for Selective Binding to LIGHT, BTLA, and CD160. Structure 2020; 28:1197-1205.e2. [PMID: 32795404 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) regulates positive and negative signals for T cell activation through co-signaling pathways. Dysfunction of the HVEM co-signaling network is associated with multiple pathologies related to autoimmunity, infectious disease, and cancer, making the associated molecules biologically and therapeutically attractive targets. HVEM interacts with three ligands from two different superfamilies using two different binding interfaces. The engagement with ligands CD160 and B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), members of immunoglobulin superfamily, is associated with inhibitory signals, whereas inflammatory responses are regulated through the interaction with LIGHT from the TNF superfamily. We computationally redesigned the HVEM recognition interfaces using a residue-specific pharmacophore approach, ProtLID, to achieve switchable-binding specificity. In subsequent cell-based binding assays the new interfaces, designed with only single or double mutations, exhibited selective binding to only one or two out of the three cognate ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojan Shrestha
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sarah C Garrett-Thomson
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Weifeng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Andras Fiser
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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8
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Herrera NG, Morano NC, Celikgil A, Georgiev GI, Malonis RJ, Lee JH, Tong K, Vergnolle O, Massimi AB, Yen LY, Noble AJ, Kopylov M, Bonanno JB, Garrett-Thomson SC, Hayes DB, Bortz RH, Wirchnianski AS, Florez C, Laudermilch E, Haslwanter D, Fels JM, Dieterle ME, Jangra RK, Barnhill J, Mengotto A, Kimmel D, Daily JP, Pirofski LA, Chandran K, Brenowitz M, Garforth SJ, Eng ET, Lai JR, Almo SC. Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 S Protein: Biophysical, Biochemical, Structural, and Antigenic Analysis. bioRxiv 2020:2020.06.14.150607. [PMID: 32587972 PMCID: PMC7310628 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.14.150607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) is a global health crisis caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ), and there is a critical need to produce large quantities of high-quality SARS-CoV-2 Spike ( S ) protein for use in both clinical and basic science settings. To address this need, we have evaluated the expression and purification of two previously reported S protein constructs in Expi293F ™ and ExpiCHO-S ™ cells, two different cell lines selected for increased expression of secreted glycoproteins. We show that ExpiCHO-S ™ cells produce enhanced yields of both SARS-CoV-2 S proteins. Biochemical, biophysical, and structural ( cryo-EM ) characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 S proteins produced in both cell lines demonstrate that the reported purification strategy yields high quality S protein (non-aggregated, uniform material with appropriate biochemical and biophysical properties). Importantly, we show that multiple preparations of these two recombinant S proteins from either cell line exhibit identical behavior in two different serology assays. We also evaluate the specificity of S protein-mediated host cell binding by examining interactions with proposed binding partners in the human secretome. In addition, the antigenicity of these proteins is demonstrated by standard ELISAs, and in a flexible protein microarray format. Collectively, we establish an array of metrics for ensuring the production of high-quality S protein to support clinical, biological, biochemical, structural and mechanistic studies to combat the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia G. Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Morano
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Alev Celikgil
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - George I. Georgiev
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ryan J. Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - James H. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Karen Tong
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Olivia Vergnolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Aldo B. Massimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Laura Y. Yen
- National Resource for Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Alex J. Noble
- National Resource for Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Mykhailo Kopylov
- National Resource for Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Bonanno
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Sarah C. Garrett-Thomson
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - David B. Hayes
- Intl Solidarity of Scientists LLC, 9 Chuck Wagon Ln, Danbury, CT 06810, USA
| | - Robert H. Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ariel S. Wirchnianski
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Catalina Florez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy at West Point, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Ethan Laudermilch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - J. Maximilian Fels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - M. Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jason Barnhill
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy at West Point, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Amanda Mengotto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Duncan Kimmel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Johanna P. Daily
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Liise-anne Pirofski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael Brenowitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Scott J. Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Edward T. Eng
- National Resource for Molecular Microscopy, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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9
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Smith EL, Harrington K, Staehr M, Masakayan R, Jones J, Long TJ, Ng KY, Ghoddusi M, Purdon TJ, Wang X, Do T, Pham MT, Brown JM, De Larrea CF, Olson E, Peguero E, Wang P, Liu H, Xu Y, Garrett-Thomson SC, Almo SC, Wendel HG, Riviere I, Liu C, Sather B, Brentjens RJ. GPRC5D is a target for the immunotherapy of multiple myeloma with rationally designed CAR T cells. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/485/eaau7746. [PMID: 30918115 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau7746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early clinical results of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy targeting B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) for multiple myeloma (MM) appear promising, but relapses associated with residual low-to-negative BCMA-expressing MM cells have been reported, necessitating identification of additional targets. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor, class C group 5 member D (GPRC5D), normally expressed only in the hair follicle, was previously identified as expressed by mRNA in marrow aspirates from patients with MM, but confirmation of protein expression remained elusive. Using quantitative immunofluorescence, we determined that GPRC5D protein is expressed on CD138+ MM cells from primary marrow samples with a distribution that was similar to, but independent of, BCMA. Panning a human B cell-derived phage display library identified seven GPRC5D-specific single-chain variable fragments (scFvs). Incorporation of these into multiple CAR formats yielded 42 different constructs, which were screened for antigen-specific and antigen-independent (tonic) signaling using a Nur77-based reporter system. Nur77 reporter screen results were confirmed in vivo using a marrow-tropic MM xenograft in mice. CAR T cells incorporating GPRC5D-targeted scFv clone 109 eradicated MM and enabled long-term survival, including in a BCMA antigen escape model. GPRC5D(109) is specific for GPRC5D and resulted in MM cell line and primary MM cytotoxicity, cytokine release, and in vivo activity comparable to anti-BCMA CAR T cells. Murine and cynomolgus cross-reactive CAR T cells did not cause alopecia or other signs of GPRC5D-mediated toxicity in these species. Thus, GPRC5D(109) CAR T cell therapy shows potential for the treatment of advanced MM irrespective of previous BCMA-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Smith
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kim Harrington
- Juno Therapeutics, A Celgene Company, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mette Staehr
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Reed Masakayan
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jon Jones
- Juno Therapeutics, A Celgene Company, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas J Long
- Juno Therapeutics, A Celgene Company, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Khong Y Ng
- Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Majid Ghoddusi
- Juno Therapeutics, A Celgene Company, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Terence J Purdon
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xiuyan Wang
- Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Trevor Do
- Juno Therapeutics, A Celgene Company, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Minh Thu Pham
- Juno Therapeutics, A Celgene Company, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessica M Brown
- Juno Therapeutics, A Celgene Company, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Carlos Fernandez De Larrea
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Amyloidosis and Myeloma Unit, Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Olson
- Juno Therapeutics, A Celgene Company, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Pei Wang
- Eureka Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Eureka Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Yiyang Xu
- Eureka Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Isabelle Riviere
- Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cheng Liu
- Eureka Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Blythe Sather
- Juno Therapeutics, A Celgene Company, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Renier J Brentjens
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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10
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Garrett-Thomson SC, Almo S. Development of high-throughput methods used to identify and characterize novel interactions within the human secretome with focus on the Ig and TNF receptor superfamilies. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.131.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
While it is estimated that roughly 15% of the human genome encodes secreted proteins, many remain “orphans” with no known ligand or are poorly characterized. Even for those with known ligands, new binding partners continue to be identified that fundamentally reshape our understanding of their role in specific biological processes and diseases (i.e. PD-L1:B7-1, ICOS-L:CD28, PD-L2:RGMb). This highlights the need for systematic screening efforts to identify such interactions, broadening our general knowledge while also providing potential new targets for therapeutic intervention. To this end we have developed a set of novel technologies using both cell microarray and high-throughput flow cytometry techniques to screen for novel extracellular protein: protein interactions. Initially we focused on screening for interactions within the Ig and TNF receptor superfamilies, two protein families that are the central underpinning of our immune response but for which much is still unknown. We have generated two expression-validated libraries for cell-based screening, a 366 member Type I expression library of Ig and TNF receptor proteins and a ~3800 member full-length human plasma membrane protein library encompassing much of the human membrane proteome. Through rounds of screening we identified novel interactions for B7-1 (CD80), ICOS-L, TrkA and TrkC. The identified interactions were validated biochemically and are being characterized for their biological significance. Additionally we are using these technologies to characterize the binding interfaces of both known and newly discovered protein complexes as well as to screen for potential off-target interactions of protein-based therapeutics.
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11
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Smith EL, Staehr M, Masakayan R, Tatake IJ, Purdon TJ, Wang X, Wang P, Liu H, Xu Y, Garrett-Thomson SC, Almo SC, Riviere I, Liu C, Brentjens RJ. Development and Evaluation of an Optimal Human Single-Chain Variable Fragment-Derived BCMA-Targeted CAR T Cell Vector. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1447-1456. [PMID: 29678657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) has recently been identified as an important multiple myeloma (MM)-specific target for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. In CAR T cell therapy targeting CD19 for lymphoma, host immune anti-murine CAR responses limited the efficacy of repeat dosing and possibly long-term persistence. This clinically relevant concern can be addressed by generating a CAR incorporating a human single-chain variable fragment (scFv). We screened a human B cell-derived scFv phage display library and identified a panel of BCMA-specific clones from which human CARs were engineered. Despite a narrow range of affinity for BCMA, dramatic differences in CAR T cell expansion were observed between unique scFvs in a repeat antigen stimulation assay. These results were confirmed by screening in a MM xenograft model, where only the top preforming CARs from the repeat antigen stimulation assay eradicated disease and prolonged survival. The results of this screening identified a highly effective CAR T cell therapy with properties, including rapid in vivo expansion (>10,000-fold, day 6), eradication of large tumor burden, and durable protection to tumor re-challenge. We generated a bicistronic construct including a second-generation CAR and a truncated-epithelial growth factor receptor marker. CAR T cell vectors stemming from this work are under clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Smith
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Myeloma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mette Staehr
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reed Masakayan
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ishan J Tatake
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terence J Purdon
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiuyan Wang
- Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Eureka Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Eureka Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Yiyang Xu
- Eureka Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Isabelle Riviere
- Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheng Liu
- Eureka Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Renier J Brentjens
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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