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Campagnolo F, Aneggi E, Baratta W, Munir T, Zuccaccia D. Diffusion Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements on Cationic Gold (I) Complexes in Catalytic Conditions: Counterion and Solvent Effects. Molecules 2024; 29:3018. [PMID: 38998970 PMCID: PMC11243661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The amount of free ions, ion pairs, and higher aggregate of the possible species present in a solution during the gold(I)-catalyzed alkoxylation of unsaturated hydrocarbon, i.e., ISIP (inner sphere ion pair) [(NHC)AuX] and OSIP (outer sphere ion pairs) [(NHC)Au(TME)X] [NHC 1,3-bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene; TME = tetramethylethylene (2,3-bis methyl-butene); X- = Cl-, BF4-, OTf-; and OTs- BArF4- (ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)], has been determined. The 1H and 19F DOSY NMR measurements conducted in catalytic conditions indicate that the dissociation degree (α) of the equilibrium ion pair/free ions {[(NHC)Au(TME)X] [(NHC)Au(TME)]+ + X-} depends on the nature of the counterion (X-) when chloroform is the catalytic solvent: while the compounds containing OTs- and OTf- as the counterion gave a low α (which means a high number of ion pairs) of 0.13 and 0.24, respectively, the compounds containing BF4- and BArF4- showed higher α values of 0.36 and 0.32, respectively. These results experimentally confirm previous deductions based on catalytic and theoretical data: the lower the α value, the greater the catalytic activity because the anion that can activate methanol during a nucleophilic attack, although the lower propensity to activate methanol of BF4- and BArF4-, as suggested by the DFT calculations, cannot be completely overlooked. As for the effect of the solvent, α increases as the dielectric constant increases, as expected, and in particular, green solvents with high dielectric constants show a very high α (0.90, 0.84, 0.80, and 0.70 for propylene carbonate, γ-valerolactone, acetone, and methanol, respectively), thus confirming that the moderately high activity of NHC-Au-OTf in these solvents is due to the specific effect of polar functionalities (O-H, C=O, O-R) in activating methanol. Finally, the DOSY measurements conducted in p-Cymene show the formation of quadrupole species: under these conditions, the anion can better exercise its 'template' and 'activating' roles, giving the highest TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Campagnolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Sezione di Chimica, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aneggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Sezione di Chimica, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Walter Baratta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Sezione di Chimica, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Talha Munir
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Sezione di Chimica, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Daniele Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Sezione di Chimica, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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Dall’Anese A, Kulyabin PS, Uborsky DV, Vittoria A, Ehm C, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Voskoboynikov AZ, Busico V, Tensi L, Macchioni A, Zuccaccia C. Octahedral Zirconium Salan Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization: Substituent and Solvent Effects on Structure and Dynamics. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16021-16037. [PMID: 37725565 PMCID: PMC10548417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Group 4 metal-Salan olefin polymerization catalysts typically have relatively low activity, being slowed down by a pre-equilibrium favoring a non-polymerization active resting state identified as a mer-mer isomer (MM); formation of the polymerization active fac-fac species (FF) requires isomerization. We now show that the chemistry is more subtle than previously realized. Salan variations bearing large, flat substituents can achieve very high activity, and we ascribe this to the stabilization of the FF isomer, which becomes lower in energy than MM. Detailed in situ NMR studies of a fast (o-anthracenyl) and a slow (o-tBu) Salan precursors, suitably activated, indicate that preferred isomers in solution are different: the fast catalyst prefers FF while the slow catalyst prefers a highly distorted MM geometry. Crystal structures of the activated o-anthracenyl substituted complex with a moderately (chlorobenzene) and, more importantly, a weakly coordinating solvent (toluene) in the first coordination sphere emphasize that the active FF isomer is preferred, at least for the benzyl species. Site epimerization (SE) barriers for the fast catalyst (ΔS > 0, dissociative) and the slow catalyst (ΔS < 0, associative) in toluene corroborate the solvent role. Diagnostic NMe 13C chemical shift differences allow unambiguous detection of FF or MM geometries for seven activated catalysts in different solvents, highlighting the role of solvent coordination strength and bulkiness of the ortho-substituent on the isomer equilibrium. For the first time, active polymeryl species of Zr-Salan catalysts were speciated. The slow catalyst is effectively trapped in the inactive MM state, as previously suggested. Direct observation of fast catalysts is hampered by their high reactivity, but the product of the first 1-hexene insertion maintains its FF geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dall’Anese
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pavel S. Kulyabin
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry V. Uborsky
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Z. Voskoboynikov
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Tensi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via dell’Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- DPI, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Capacchione C, Grisi F, Lamberti M, Mazzeo M, Milani B, Milione S, Pappalardo D, Zuccaccia C, Pellecchia C. Metal Catalyzed Polymerization: From Stereoregular Poly(α‐olefins) to Tailor‐Made Biodegradable/Biorenewable Polymers and Copolymers. Eur J Inorg Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Capacchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Fabia Grisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Barbara Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università di Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Stefano Milione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Daniela Pappalardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Università del Sannio Via de Sanctis snc 82100 Benevento Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06132 Perugia Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Claudio Pellecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
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Tanaka R, Sogo K, Komaguchi K, Ae K, Nakayama Y, Shiono T. Impact of Methylaluminoxane Oxidation on Ethylene Polymerization Using Ni Catalysts. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tanaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kenji Sogo
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kenji Komaguchi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ae
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yuushou Nakayama
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shiono
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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Landrini M, De Paolis E, Macchioni A, Tensi L, Hrobárik P, Rocchigiani L. Ion pairing in cationic Au(I)(µ‐H)2WCp2 bimetallic dihydrides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Landrini
- University of Perugia: Universita degli Studi di Perugia Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology ITALY
| | - Elena De Paolis
- University of Perugia: Universita degli Studi di Perugia Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology ITALY
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- University of Perugia: Universita degli Studi di Perugia Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology ITALY
| | - Leonardo Tensi
- University of Perugia: Universita degli Studi di Perugia Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology ITALY
| | - Peter Hrobárik
- Comenius University in Bratislava Faculty of Natural Sciences: Univerzita Komenskeho v Bratislave Prirodovedecka fakulta Department of Inorganic Chemistry SLOVAKIA
| | - Luca Rocchigiani
- University of Perugia: Universita degli Studi di Perugia Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia ITALY
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6
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Wang Y. Olefin polymerization cocatalysts: Development, applications, and prospects. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Sian L, Dall’Anese A, Macchioni A, Tensi L, Busico V, Cipullo R, Goryunov GP, Uborsky D, Voskoboynikov AZ, Ehm C, Rocchigiani L, Zuccaccia C. Role of Solvent Coordination on the Structure and Dynamics of ansa-Zirconocenium Ion Pairs in Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sian
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Dall’Anese
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Tensi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Georgy P. Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Z. Voskoboynikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Rocchigiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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8
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Piovano A, Groppo E. Flexible ligands in heterogeneous catalysts for olefin polymerization: Insights from spectroscopy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Zaccaria F, Zuccaccia C, Macchioni A. Hemi-metallocene Ti(IV) η3-allyl-type complexes: Structure, dynamics in solution and exploration of reactivity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Kumawat J, Gupta VK. Catalyst Activation and Chain Transfer Agents in Metallocene Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization: A Computational Investigation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jugal Kumawat
- Polymer Synthesis & Catalysis Group, Reliance Research and Development Center Reliance Industries Limited, Ghansoli Navi Mumbai 400701 India
| | - Virendra Kumar Gupta
- Polymer Synthesis & Catalysis Group, Reliance Research and Development Center Reliance Industries Limited, Ghansoli Navi Mumbai 400701 India
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Wallace MA, Burkey AA, Sita LR. Phenyl-Terminated Polyolefins via Living Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization with ZnPh 2 as a Chain Transfer Agent. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wallace
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Aaron A. Burkey
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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12
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Wallace MA, Sita LR. Multi-State Living Degenerative and Chain Transfer Coordinative Polymerization of α-Olefins via Sub-Stoichiometric Activation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wallace
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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13
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Chain Transfer to Solvent and Monomer in Early Transition Metal Catalyzed Olefin Polymerization: Mechanisms and Implications for Catalysis. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Even after several decades of intense research, mechanistic studies of olefin polymerization by early transition metal catalysts continue to reveal unexpected elementary reaction steps. In this mini-review, the recent discovery of two unprecedented chain termination processes is summarized: chain transfer to solvent (CTS) and chain transfer to monomer (CTM), leading to benzyl/tolyl and allyl type chain ends, respectively. Although similar transfer reactions are well-known in radical polymerization, only very recently they have been observed also in olefin insertion polymerization catalysis. In the latter context, these processes were first identified in Ti-catalyzed propene and ethene polymerization; more recently, CTS was also reported in Sc-catalyzed styrene polymerization. In the Ti case, these processes represent a unique combination of insertion polymerization, organic radical chemistry and reactivity of a M(IV)/M(III) redox couple. In the Sc case, CTS occurs via a σ-bond metathesis reactivity, and it is associated with a significant boost of catalytic activity and/or with tuning of polystyrene molecular weight and tacticity. The mechanistic studies that led to the understanding of these chain transfer reactions are summarized, highlighting their relevance in olefin polymerization catalysis and beyond.
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Nakashima T, Nakayama Y, Shiono T, Tanaka R. Neutral, Noncoordinating, and Hydrocarbon-Soluble Protic Cocatalyst for Olefin Polymerization. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nakashima
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yuushou Nakayama
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shiono
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ryo Tanaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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15
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Kilpatrick AFR, Geddes HS, Turner ZR, Buffet JC, Goodwin AL, O'Hare D. Polymethylaluminoxane organic frameworks (sMAOF) – highly active supports for slurry phase ethylene polymerisation. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00767j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of modified solid polymethylaluminoxane (sMAO) catalyst supports have been developed for slurry phase ethylene polymerisation, using aryl di-ol modifier groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zoë R. Turner
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Jean-Charles Buffet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | | | - Dermot O'Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
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16
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Misawa N, Suzuki Y, Saha S, Koga N, Nagaoka M. Theoretical Elucidation of the Effect of Counteranions on the Olefin Polymerization Activity of (Pyridylamido)Hf(IV) Catalyst by QM and REMD Studies: MeB(C6F5)3– versus B(C6F5)4–. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Misawa
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Soumen Saha
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-CREST), Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Koga
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-CREST), Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Future Value Creation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagaoka
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-CREST), Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
- Future Value Creation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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17
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Salvadori E, Chiesa M, Buonerba A, Grassi A. Structure and dynamics of catalytically competent but labile paramagnetic metal-hydrides: the Ti(iii)-H in homogeneous olefin polymerization. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12436-12445. [PMID: 34123229 PMCID: PMC8162776 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04967k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal hydride complexes find widespread application in catalysis and their properties are often understood on the basis of the available crystal structures. However, some catalytically relevant metal hydrides are only spontaneously formed in situ, cannot be isolated in large quantities or crystallised and their structure is therefore ill defined. One such example is the paramagnetic Ti(iii)-hydride involved in homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysis, formed upon activation of CpTi(iv)Cl3 with modified methylalumoxane (MMAO). In this contribution, through a combined use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopies we identify the nature of the ligands, their bonding interaction and the extent of the spin distribution. From the data, an atomistic and electronic model is proposed, which supports the presence of a self-assembled ion pair between a cationic terminal Ti-hydride and an aluminate anion, with a hydrodynamic radius of ca. 16 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin Via Pietro Giuria 7 Torino 10125 Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin Via Pietro Giuria 7 Torino 10125 Italy
| | - Antonio Buonerba
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 I-84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Alfonso Grassi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 I-84084 Fisciano SA Italy
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18
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Joshi A, Zijlstra HS, Collins S, McIndoe JS. Catalyst Deactivation Processes during 1-Hexene Polymerization. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700
STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Harmen S. Zijlstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700
STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Scott Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700
STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - J. Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700
STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
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19
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Zaccaria F, Budzelaar PHM, Cipullo R, Zuccaccia C, Macchioni A, Busico V, Ehm C. Reactivity Trends of Lewis Acidic Sites in Methylaluminoxane and Some of Its Modifications. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5751-5759. [PMID: 32271565 PMCID: PMC7997381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The established model cluster (AlOMe)16(AlMe3)6 for methylaluminoxane (MAO) cocatalyst has been studied by density functional theory, aiming to rationalize the different behaviors of unmodified MAO and TMA-depleted MAO/BHT (TMA = trimethylaluminum; BHT = 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), highlighted in previous experimental studies. The tendency of the three model Lewis acidic sites A-C to release neutral Al fragments (i.e., AlMe2R; R = Me or bht) or transient aluminum cations (i.e., [AlMeR]+) has been investigated both in the absence and in the presence of neutral N-donors. Sites C are most likely responsible for the activation capabilities of TMA-rich MAO, but TMA depletion destabilizes them, possibly inducing structural rearrangements. The remaining sites A and B, albeit of lower Lewis acidity, should be still able to release cationic Al fragments when TMA-depleted modified MAOs are treated with N-donors (e.g. [AlMe(bht)]+ from MAO/BHT). These findings provide tentative interpretations for earlier observations of donor-dependent ionization tendencies of MAO and MAO/BHT and how TMA depleted MAOs can still be potent activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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20
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Tensi L, Froese RDJ, Kuhlman RL, Macchioni A, Zuccaccia C. Interception of Elusive Cationic Hf–Al and Hf–Zn Heterobimetallic Adducts with Mixed Alkyl Bridges Featuring Multiple Agostic Interactions. Chemistry 2020; 26:3758-3766. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Tensi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCCUniversità degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | | | | | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCCUniversità degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCCUniversità degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
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21
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Sian L, Macchioni A, Zuccaccia C. Understanding the Role of Metallocenium Ion-Pair Aggregates on the Rate of Olefin Insertion into the Metal–Carbon Bond. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sian
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia and CIRCC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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22
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Sian L, Guerriero A, Peruzzini M, Zuccaccia C, Gonsalvi L, Macchioni A. Diffusion NMR Studies on the Self-Aggregation of Ru-Arene CAP Complexes: Evidence for the Formation of H-Bonded Dicationic Species in Acetonitrile. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sian
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Guerriero
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Maurizio Peruzzini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Tecnologia dei Materiali (DSCTM), Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Gonsalvi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie and CIRCC, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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