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Ng-Nguyen D, Nguyen VAT. A cross-sectional study to quantify the prevalence of Toxocara canis in dogs in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:133. [PMID: 38358454 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Toxocara canis is a globally distributed zoonotic parasite. The parasite has recently become a concern for public health in Vietnam. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify and quantify the risk factors associated with T. canis infection in dogs in Dak Lak province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. The risk factors were identified using a mixed-effects logistic regression model and quantified using population attributable fractions. Examination of fecal samples collected from 1455 dogs using the sodium nitrate flotation technique showed 37.32% (95% CI: 34.83-39.86) of dogs infected with T. canis. The factors, including study location, multiple dogs living in a household, dog age, dog breed, and places keeping dogs were associated with a dog's likelihood of being T. canis infection. The household and individual dog levels contributed 17% and 82%, respectively, to the prevalence of T. canis in dogs. The adjusted population attributable fraction for confining dogs and raising an individual dog per household was 52% and 27%, respectively. The result of this study indicated that to minimize the burden of T. canis, intervention measures should target individual dogs and household levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Ng-Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak, Vietnam.
| | - Van Anh Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak, Vietnam
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Mendonça TO, Perin PP, Zanini DDS, de Souza HL, Pires PHK, Muniz IM, Tebaldi JH, Mathias LA, Bürger KP, Lux-Hoppe EG. Parasitosis in Pet Dogs from Rondônia, Amazon Biome, and Human Perception of Zoonoses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:138. [PMID: 38397629 PMCID: PMC10887970 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Zoonotic parasitic diseases in dogs are particularly concerning in regions with low human development indices due to inadequate sanitary services and insufficient environmental and health education. This study aimed to assess the parasitological status of dogs living in households and evaluate their owners' knowledge about zoonoses. A total of 183 dogs from Rolim de Moura, Rondônia State, were screened for the presence of ectoparasites, and 163 fecal samples were collected for analysis. The results showed that 74.23% (112/163) of the animals had at least one species of endoparasite. The most identified pathogens were Ancylostoma spp. (68.71%, 112/163), Trichuris vulpis (11.66%, 19/163), Toxocara canis (6.75%, 11/163), Cystoisospora canis (4.91%, 8/163), Dipylidium caninum (1.23%, 2/163), and Hammondia/Neospora (0.61%, 1/163). Ectoparasites were observed in 43.17% (79/183) of the evaluated animals, with Rhipicephalus sanguineus found in 31.15% (57/183) and Ctenocephalides felis felis in 20.77% (38/183). Only 11.48% (7/61) of the owners were familiar with the term "Zoonoses." However, a significant majority (83.61%, 51/61) believed that dogs can transmit diseases to humans. Our findings highlight the prevalence of parasites in the studied area and associated risk factors, underscoring the urgent need for educational interventions to raise awareness about these diseases and their risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Oliveira Mendonça
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (T.O.M.); (P.P.P.); (J.H.T.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Patricia Parreira Perin
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (T.O.M.); (P.P.P.); (J.H.T.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Dayane da Silva Zanini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil;
| | - Hortência Laporti de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho 76801-974, RO, Brazil; (H.L.d.S.); (P.H.K.P.); (I.M.M.)
| | - Paulo Henrique Kanopp Pires
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho 76801-974, RO, Brazil; (H.L.d.S.); (P.H.K.P.); (I.M.M.)
| | - Igor Mansur Muniz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho 76801-974, RO, Brazil; (H.L.d.S.); (P.H.K.P.); (I.M.M.)
| | - José Hairton Tebaldi
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (T.O.M.); (P.P.P.); (J.H.T.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Luís Antonio Mathias
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (T.O.M.); (P.P.P.); (J.H.T.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Karina Paes Bürger
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (T.O.M.); (P.P.P.); (J.H.T.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
| | - Estevam G. Lux-Hoppe
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Departament of Pathology, Reproduction, and One Health (DPRSU), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (T.O.M.); (P.P.P.); (J.H.T.); (L.A.M.); (K.P.B.)
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Dias-Correia TP, Neves LBD, Bittencourt-Oliveira F, Giglio GCB, Pereira TC, Almeida FBD, Rodrigues-Silva R. Diversity of helminths with zoonotic potential and molecular characterization of Toxocara canis infecting domestic dogs from locations of Amazon and Atlantic Forest Brazilian biomes. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e012723. [PMID: 38055439 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The coproparasitological examination of dogs (n=278) from two Brazilian biomes (Amazon [AZ] and Atlantic Forest [AF]) by centrifugal flotation demonstrated positivity values of 54.2% (AF) and 48.5% (AZ). The most prevalent parasites in AF were hookworms (81.0% - 47/58), Toxocara sp. (17.3% - 10/58) and Trichuris vulpis (12.1% - 7/58); while in AZ they were hookworms (86.7% - 72/83), Toxocara sp. (18.1% - 15/83), Dipylidium caninum (13.3% - 11/83) and T. vulpis (10.8% - 9/83). PCR was performed using the partial mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (pcox1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (pnad1) in 25 fecal samples positive for Toxocara sp. eggs and found one sample positive for pcox1 and six positives for pnad1. The sequencing of these samples was unsuccessful due to the difficulties inherent in copro-PCR+sequencing. The sequencing of 14 samples of T. canis adult helminths retrieved 11 sequences of 414 bp for pcox1 and nine sequences of 358 bp for pnad1. The phylogenetic trees of these sequences confirmed the species T. canis. Intraspecific genetic variation was only observed for pnad1. This is the second study involving molecular analysis of T. canis in dogs from Brazil and adds new information through the use of pnad1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Pedro Dias-Correia
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leandro Batista das Neves
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gabriella Cristina Balzana Giglio
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Thiago Cordeiro Pereira
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Barbosa de Almeida
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rosângela Rodrigues-Silva
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose - LRNH, Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia - LPIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Silva WI, Lima EF, Silva JO, Alves MDM, Alves CLP, Silva ALP, Lima JA, Feitosa TF, Vilela VLR. Endoparasites in domestic cats (Felis catus) in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e012123. [PMID: 38018630 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of endoparasites in domestic cats (Felis catus) in the city of Sousa, state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. A total of 207 samples of fresh feces were randomly collected from domestic and semi-domiciled cats. The samples were analyzed by simple centrifugation and centrifuge-flotation in sucrose solution for the diagnosis of helminth eggs and enteric protozoan oocysts and cysts. Epidemiological information was obtained to determine risk factors related to infections. Among the samples collected, 81.6% (169/207; 95% CI: 77.4-83.8) were positive for at least one parasite genus. Ancylostoma spp. was the most prevalent, at 67.1% (139/207), followed by Taenia spp. at 28.5% (59/207), and Spirometra spp. and Platynosomum sp., both at 17.3% (36/207). The variables associated with helminth infection were a historic lack of deworming (Odds ratio = 12.25) and the presence of dry fur (Odds ratio = 2.15). No risk factors were observed for enteric protozoa infection. This study demonstrated a high prevalence of endoparasites in domestic cats in the city of Sousa, state of Paraíba, and associated risk factors, thus establishing an overview of the main helminths and protozoa that affect cats in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welitânia Inácia Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Saúde Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | - Estefany Ferreira Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba - IFPB, Sousa, PB, Brasil
| | - Jordania Oliveira Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba - IFPB, Sousa, PB, Brasil
| | - Mariana de Melo Alves
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba - IFPB, Sousa, PB, Brasil
| | | | - Ana Luzia Peixoto Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba - IFPB, Sousa, PB, Brasil
| | - Jeizom Abrantes Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba - IFPB, Sousa, PB, Brasil
| | - Thais Ferreira Feitosa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba - IFPB, Sousa, PB, Brasil
| | - Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Saúde Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba - IFPB, Sousa, PB, Brasil
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Moreira RMP, Aires CG, Alves-Sobrinho AV, Moraes IDS, Moreira CN, Amaral AVCD, Saturnino KC, Braga ÍA, Pacheco RDC, Ramos DGDS. Gastrointestinal parasites of wild carnivores from conservation institutions in the Cerrado of Goiás, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e004823. [PMID: 37222392 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Increased interaction between wild and urban environments owing to human population growth, increased anthropization of biomes, and habitat loss for wild animals increases the spread of infectious and parasitic agents. The present study reports on the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in carnivorous mammals at two conservation institutions in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Fecal samples from 39 adult carnivores were collected after spontaneous defecation and analyzed by flotation and sedimentation. The structure and management data of each institution were recorded. Parasitism prevalence, binomial confidence intervals (CI) at 95%, variables associated with the presence of contact animals, size of the enclosure and type of food were recorded. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the samples analyzed was 71.8% (CI 55.1-83.0; 28/39). Ancylostomatidae, Toxocara spp., Toxascaris leonina, Strongyloides spp., Calodium hepaticum, and Trematoda eggs, and Cystoisospora spp. oocysts were detected. Environmental conditions were not correlated with parasitism prevalence; however, the parasites found could be managed, considering their biology, such as controlling synanthropic and domestic animals in captivity, feeding with healthy feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Mendes Pires Moreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Caroline Genestreti Aires
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Análises Clínicas Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Ana Vitória Alves-Sobrinho
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Análises Clínicas Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Iago de Sá Moraes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Cecília Nunes Moreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Andréia Vitor Couto do Amaral
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Klaus Casaro Saturnino
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
- Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Ísis Assis Braga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Análises Clínicas Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
- Unidade Básica das Biociências, Centro Universitário de Mineiros, Mineiros, GO, Brasil
| | - Richard de Campos Pacheco
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Dirceu Guilherme de Souza Ramos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociência Animal, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia e Análises Clínicas Veterinária, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
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Mengarda AC, Silva TC, Silva AS, Roquini DB, Fernandes JPS, de Moraes J. Toward anthelmintic drug candidates for toxocariasis: Challenges and recent developments. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115268. [PMID: 36921525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by parasitic helminths rank among the most prevalent infections of humans and animals. Toxocariasis, caused by nematodes of the genus Toxocara, is one of the most widespread and economically important zoonotic parasitic infections that humans share with dogs and cats. Despite the completion of the Toxocara canis draft genome project, which has been an important step towards advancing the understanding of this parasite and the search for drug targets, the treatment of toxocariasis has been dependent on a limited set of drugs, necessitating the search for novel anthelmintic agents, specially against Toxocara larvae in tissues. Given that research, development, and innovation are crucial to finding appropriate solutions in the fight against helminthiasis, this paper reviews the progress made in the discovery of anthelmintic drug candidates for toxocariasis. The main compounds reported in the recent years regards on analogues of albendazole, reactive quinone derivatives and natural produts and its analogues. Nanoparticles and formulations were also reviewed. The in vitro and/or in vivo anthelmintic properties of such alternatives are herein discussed as well as the opportunities and challenges for treatment of human toxocariasis. The performed review clarify that the scarcity of validated molecular targets and limited chemical space explored are the main bottlenecks for advancing in the field of anti-Toxocara agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Mengarda
- Research Center on Neglected Diseases, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina 229, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tais C Silva
- Research Center on Neglected Diseases, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina 229, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aline S Silva
- Research Center on Neglected Diseases, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina 229, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniel B Roquini
- Research Center on Neglected Diseases, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina 229, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
| | - João Paulo S Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, campus Diadema, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | - Josué de Moraes
- Research Center on Neglected Diseases, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina 229, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
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Dantas-Torres F, Ketzis J, Mihalca AD, Baneth G, Otranto D, Tort GP, Watanabe M, Linh BK, Inpankaew T, Jimenez Castro PD, Borrás P, Arumugam S, Penzhorn BL, Ybañez AP, Irwin P, Traub RJ. TroCCAP recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of parasitic infections in dogs and cats in the tropics. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109167. [PMID: 32580071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Tropical Council for Companion Animal Parasites Ltd. (TroCCAP) is a not-for-profit organisation whose mission is to independently inform, guide and make best-practice recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and control of companion animal parasites in the tropics and sub-tropics, with the aim of protecting animal and human health. In line with this primary mission, TroCCAP recently developed guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and control of feline and canine parasites in the tropics. The development of these guidelines required unique and complex considerations to be addressed, often inapplicable to developed nations. Much of the tropics encompass middle-to-low income countries in which poor standards of environmental hygiene and large populations of stray dogs and cats coexist. In these regions, a range of parasites pose a high risk to companion animals, which ultimately may place their owners at risk of acquiring parasitic zoonoses. These considerations led to the development of unique recommendations with regard, for example, to deworming and endoparasite testing intervals for the control of both global and 'region-specific' parasites in the tropics. Moreover, the 'off-' or 'extra'-label use of drugs for the treatment and control of parasitic infections is common practice in many tropical countries and many generic products lack manufacturers' information on efficacy, safety, and quality control. Recommendations and advice concerning the use of such drugs and protocols are also addressed in these guidelines. The formation of these guidelines is an important first step towards improving the education of veterinarians specifically regarding best-practice for the diagnosis, treatment and control of canine and feline parasites in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil.
| | - Jennifer Ketzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Andrei D Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy; Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Gabriela Perez Tort
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Malaika Watanabe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bui Khanh Linh
- Department of Parasitology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pablo D Jimenez Castro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, United States; Grupo de Parasitologia Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pablo Borrás
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sangaran Arumugam
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Chennai, India
| | - Barend L Penzhorn
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Adrian Patalinghug Ybañez
- Institute of Molecular Parasitology and Vector-borne Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cebu Technological University, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Peter Irwin
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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