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Aqilah Zahirah Norazmi N, Hafizah Mukhtar N, Ravindar L, Suhaily Saaidin A, Huda Abd Karim N, Hamizah Ali A, Kartini Agustar H, Ismail N, Yee Ling L, Ebihara M, Izzaty Hassan N. Exploring antimalarial potential: Conjugating organometallic moieties with organic fragments for enhanced efficacy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 149:107510. [PMID: 38833991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
In the search for novel ligands with efficacy against various diseases, particularly parasitic diseases, molecular hybridization of organometallic units into biologically active scaffolds has been hailed as an appealing strategy in medicinal chemistry. The conjugation to organometallic fragments can be achieved by an appropriate linker or by directly coordinating the existing drugs to a metal. The success of Ferroquine (FQ, SR97193), an effective chloroquine-ferrocene conjugate currently undergoing the patient-exploratory phase as a combination therapy with the novel triaminopyrimidine ZY-19489 for malaria, has sparked intense interest in organometallic compound drug discovery. We present the evolution of organometallic antimalarial agents over the last decade, focusing on the parent moiety's class and the type of organometallics involved. Four main organometallic antimalarial compounds have been chosen based on conjugated organic moieties: existing antimalarial drugs, other clinical drugs, hybrid drugs, and promising scaffolds of thiosemicarbazones, benzimidazoles, and chalcones, in particular. The presented insights contribute to the ongoing discourse on organometallic compound drug development for malaria diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aqilah Zahirah Norazmi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hafizah Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lekkala Ravindar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aimi Suhaily Saaidin
- Center of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 43800 Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda Abd Karim
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amatul Hamizah Ali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hani Kartini Agustar
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norzila Ismail
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicinal Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Lau Yee Ling
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Masahiro Ebihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Tremblay T, Bergeron C, Gagnon D, Bérubé C, Voyer N, Richard D, Giguère D. Squaramide Tethered Clindamycin, Chloroquine, and Mortiamide Hybrids: Design, Synthesis, and Antimalarial Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:217-222. [PMID: 36793432 PMCID: PMC9923836 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the major health problems in the world. In this work, a series of squaramide tethered chloroquine, clindamycin, and mortiamide D hybrids have been synthesized to assess their in vitro antiplasmodial activity against 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and Dd2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The most active compound, a simple chloroquine analogue, displayed low nanomolar IC50 value against both strains (3 nM for 3D7 strain and 18 nM for Dd2 strain). Moreover, all molecular hybrids incorporating the hydroxychloroquine scaffold showed the most potent activities, exemplified with a chloroquine dimer, IC50 = 31 nM and 81 nM against 3D7 and Dd2 strains, respectively. These results highlight the first time use of clindamycin and mortiamide D as antimalarial molecular hybrids and establish these valuable hits for future optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tremblay
- Département
de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Catherine Bergeron
- Département
de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dominic Gagnon
- Centre
de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Department of Microbiology,
Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Christopher Bérubé
- Département
de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Normand Voyer
- Département
de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dave Richard
- Centre
de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Department of Microbiology,
Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Denis Giguère
- Département
de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Singh L, Singh K. Ivermectin: A Promising Therapeutic for Fighting Malaria. Current Status and Perspective. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9711-9731. [PMID: 34242031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Finding new chemotherapeutic interventions to treat malaria through repurposing of time-tested drugs and rigorous design of new drugs using tools of rational drug design remains one of the most sought strategies at the disposal of medicinal chemists. Ivermectin, a semisynthetic derivative of avermectin B1, is among the efficacious drugs used in mass drug administration drives employed against onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and several other parasitic diseases in humans. In this review, we present the prowess of ivermectin, a potent endectocide, in the control of malaria through vector control to reduce parasite transmission combined with efficacious chemoprevention to reduce malaria-related fatalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovepreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, India
| | - Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143 005, India
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Singh L, Fontinha D, Francisco D, Mendes AM, Prudêncio M, Singh K. Molecular Design and Synthesis of Ivermectin Hybrids Targeting Hepatic and Erythrocytic Stages of Plasmodium Parasites. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1750-1762. [PMID: 32011136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin is a powerful endectocide, which reduces the incidence of vector-borne diseases. Besides its strong insecticidal effect on mosquito vectors of the disease, ivermectin inhibits Plasmodium falciparum sporogonic and blood stage development and impairs Plasmodium berghei development inside hepatocytes, both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we present the first report on structural modification of ivermectin to produce dual-action molecular hybrids with good structure-dependent in vitro activity against both the hepatic and erythrocytic stages of P. berghei and P. falciparum infection, suggesting inclusion of ivermectin antimalarial hybrids in malaria control strategies. The most active hybrid displayed over threefold and 10-fold higher in vitro activity than ivermectin against hepatic and blood stage infections, respectively. Although an overwhelming insecticidal effect against Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes in laboratory conditions was not noticed, in silico docking analysis supports allosteric binding to glutamate-gated chloride channels similar to ivermectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovepreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143 005 , India
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , Lisboa 1649-028 , Portugal
| | - Denise Francisco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , Lisboa 1649-028 , Portugal
| | - Antonio M Mendes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , Lisboa 1649-028 , Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , Lisboa 1649-028 , Portugal
| | - Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143 005 , India
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