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Yang R, Chu H, Yue H, Mishina Y, Zhang Z, Liu H, Li B. BMP signaling maintains auricular chondrocyte identity and prevents microtia development by inhibiting protein kinase A. eLife 2024; 12:RP91883. [PMID: 38690987 PMCID: PMC11062634 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Elastic cartilage constitutes a major component of the external ear, which functions to guide sound to the middle and inner ears. Defects in auricle development cause congenital microtia, which affects hearing and appearance in patients. Mutations in several genes have been implicated in microtia development, yet, the pathogenesis of this disorder remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that Prrx1 genetically marks auricular chondrocytes in adult mice. Interestingly, BMP-Smad1/5/9 signaling in chondrocytes is increasingly activated from the proximal to distal segments of the ear, which is associated with a decrease in chondrocyte regenerative activity. Ablation of Bmpr1a in auricular chondrocytes led to chondrocyte atrophy and microtia development at the distal part. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Bmpr1a deficiency caused a switch from the chondrogenic program to the osteogenic program, accompanied by enhanced protein kinase A activation, likely through increased expression of Adcy5/8. Inhibition of PKA blocked chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transformation and microtia development. Moreover, analysis of single-cell RNA-seq of human microtia samples uncovered enriched gene expression in the PKA pathway and chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transformation process. These findings suggest that auricle cartilage is actively maintained by BMP signaling, which maintains chondrocyte identity by suppressing osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hongshang Chu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hua Yue
- Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Baojie Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical TranslationShanghaiChina
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Wang X, Wu P, Fu Y, Yang R, Li C, Chen Y, He A, Chen X, Ma D, Ma J, Zhang T. The circular RNA expression profile of human auricle cartilage and the role of circCOL1A2 in isolated microtia. Cell Signal 2024; 115:111017. [PMID: 38123043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Microtia is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects worldwide, and its primary clinical manifestation is auricle deformity. Epigenetic factors are known to contribute to the etiology of microtia, yet the involvement of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in human auricle development and their association with microtia remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to analyze differentially expressed circRNAs and explore their functional implications in isolated microtia. By employing circRNA microarray analysis and bioinformatics approaches, we identified 340 differentially expressed circRNAs in auricle cartilage of patients with isolated microtia, comprising 152 upregulated and 188 downregulated circRNAs. A circRNA-mRNA co-expression network was constructed, followed by gene ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis. Subsequently, we selected four significantly upregulated circRNAs from the co-expression network based on their association with cartilage development and validated their expressions in 30 isolated microtia and 30 control clinical auricle cartilage samples. Among these circRNAs, circCOL1A2, the most significantly upregulated circRNA, was selected as a representative circRNA for investigating its role in isolated microtia. Overexpression of circCOL1A2 significantly inhibited chondrocyte proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Additionally, circCOL1A2 upregulated Dermatan Sulfate Epimerase Like (DSEL) expression by sponging miR-637 through the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism. Notably, the downregulation of DSEL attenuated the inhibitory effect of circCOL1A2 overexpression on cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation. Collectively, these findings highlight the involvement of circCOL1A2 in the pathogenesis of isolated microtia and emphasize the potential significance of dysregulated circRNAs in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Peixuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yaoyao Fu
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Run Yang
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Chenlong Li
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying Chen
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Aijuan He
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin Chen
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jing Ma
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- ENT Institute, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai 200031, China.
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Sun P, Lu M, Wang C, Pan B, Jiang H. Clinical Observations of a Surgical Method Comprising a Combination of Cross Flap and Autologous Auricular Cartilage Transplantation in the Treatment of Type I to III Congenital Concha-Type Microtia. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2024; 103:NP60-NP66. [PMID: 34348512 DOI: 10.1177/01455613211038079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study attempted to investigate the clinical efficacy of a surgical method involving a combination of cross flap with autologous auricular cartilage transplantation in the treatment of type I to III congenital concha-type microtia. METHODS The present retrospective study was conducted on the clinical and postoperative data of 50 patients with unilateral type I to III concha-type microtia treated with a combination of cross flap and autologous auricular cartilage transplantation at the Plastic Surgery Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2018 to December 2021. RESULTS The postoperative perimeters of malformed ears were significantly larger than the preoperative perimeters (P < .05). Of the total, 2 patients exhibited incision dehiscence, 3 patients exhibited incision infection, 2 patients exhibited flap hematoma, and 1 patient exhibited ischemic necrosis at the flap tip. The satisfaction rate of the patients and their families was 100%. CONCLUSIONS The surgical method involving a combination of cross flap and autogenous auricular cartilage transplantation was effective in treating patients with type I to III congenital concha-type microtia, and therefore, this surgical approach can be applied widely to correct this deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Sun
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Changchen Wang
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Allen RS, Biswas SK, Seifert AW. Neural crest cells give rise to non-myogenic mesenchymal tissue in the adult murid ear pinna. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.06.552195. [PMID: 37609220 PMCID: PMC10441307 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.06.552195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite being a major target of reconstructive surgery, development of the external ear pinna remains poorly studied. As a craniofacial organ highly accessible to manipulation and highly conserved among mammals, the ear pinna represents a valuable model for the study of appendage development and wound healing in the craniofacial complex. Here we provide a cellular characterization of late gestational and postnatal ear pinna development in Mus musculus and Acomys cahirinus and demonstrate that ear pinna development is largely conserved between these species. Using Wnt1-cre;ROSAmT/mG mice we find that connective tissue fibroblasts, elastic cartilage, dermal papilla cells, dermal sheath cells, vasculature, and adipocytes in the adult pinna are derived from cranial crest. In contrast, we find that skeletal muscle and hair follicles are not derived from neural crest cells. Cellular analysis using the naturally occurring short ear mouse mutant shows that elastic cartilage does not develop properly in distal pinna due to impaired chondroprogenitor proliferation. Interestingly, while chondroprogenitors develop in a mostly continuous sheet, the boundaries of cartilage loss in the short ear mutant strongly correlate with locations of vasculature-conveying foramen. Concomitant with loss of elastic cartilage we report increased numbers of adipocytes, but this seems to be a state acquired in adulthood rather than a developmental abnormality. In addition, chondrogenesis remains impaired in the adult mid-distal ear pinna of these mutants. Together these data establish a developmental basis for the study of the ear pinna with intriguing insights into the development of elastic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S. Allen
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Shishir K. Biswas
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Ashley W. Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Luzzio A, Edie S, Palmer K, Caddle LB, Urban R, Goodwin LO, Welsh IC, Reinholdt LG, Bergstrom DE, Cox TC, Donahue LR, Murray SA. The spontaneous mouse mutant low set ears (Lse) is caused by tandem duplication of Fgf3 and Fgf4. Mamm Genome 2023:10.1007/s00335-023-09999-8. [PMID: 37341808 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-023-09999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The external ear develops from an organized convergence of ventrally migrating neural crest cells into the first and second branchial arches. Defects in external ear position are often symptomatic of complex syndromes such as Apert, Treacher-Collins, and Crouzon Syndrome. The low set ears (Lse) spontaneous mouse mutant is characterized by the dominant inheritance of a ventrally shifted external ear position and an abnormal external auditory meatus (EAM). We identified the causative mutation as a 148 Kb tandem duplication on Chromosome 7, which includes the entire coding sequences of Fgf3 and Fgf4. Duplications of FGF3 and FGF4 occur in 11q duplication syndrome in humans and are associated with craniofacial anomalies, among other features. Intercrosses of Lse-affected mice revealed perinatal lethality in homozygotes, and Lse/Lse embryos display additional phenotypes including polydactyly, abnormal eye morphology, and cleft secondary palate. The duplication results in increased Fgf3 and Fgf4 expression in the branchial arches and additional discrete domains in the developing embryo. This ectopic overexpression resulted in functional FGF signaling, demonstrated by increased Spry2 and Etv5 expression in overlapping domains of the developing arches. Finally, a genetic interaction between Fgf3/4 overexpression and Twist1, a regulator of skull suture development, resulted in perinatal lethality, cleft palate, and polydactyly in compound heterozygotes. These data indicate a role for Fgf3 and Fgf4 in external ear and palate development and provide a novel mouse model for further interrogation of the biological consequences of human FGF3/4 duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Edie
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Timothy C Cox
- Departments of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Risk Analysis of Otitis Externa (Swimmer’s Ear) in Children Pool Swimmers: A Case Study from Greece. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14131983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Otitis is an ear inflammation characterized by an accumulation of polluted fluids in the ear, inflating the drum, causing ear pain, and draining the mucous membrane (pus) into the ear canal if the drum is perforated. Swimmer’s otitis, also known as acute external otitis, is a medical condition that frequently affects competitive swimmers. The risk factor analysis study was based on data obtained between May 2018 and May 2019 from four public swimming pools in Patras, Achaia. A checklist was created to evaluate the pools’ operational conditions, and it included information on the pools’ sanitation as well as swimming pool hygiene guidelines. In addition, a questionnaire was devised to collect data on pool swimmers’ use of the pools. Microbiological testing of the pool water was done ahead of time, and data on external otitis cases from hospitals was gathered. Based on this information, a risk factor analysis was conducted. Gender, weight, and age do not appear to have an impact on the number of otitis media cases that occur because of swimming in the pools. There is also no statistically significant link between episodes and the frequency of otitis events in locker rooms, restrooms, or swimming pools. The frequency with which swimmers utilize the pool, rather than the pool’s microbial burden, is the most significant determinant in otitis episodes. Furthermore, there is no statistically significant link between chlorine odor and otitis episodes. Additionally, several abnormalities in the ear or the child’s history do not appear to affect otitis episodes. More research is needed to determine whether infections are linked to microbial load or if other factors are responsible for the emergence of waterborne infections.
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[Genetic characteristics of microtia-associated syndromes in neonates]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2022; 24:614-619. [PMID: 35762425 PMCID: PMC9250400 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2203008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Microtia is the second most common maxillofacial birth defect in neonates and has an prevalence rate of 3.06/10 000 in China, and 20%-60% of microtia cases is associated with a certain type of syndrome. This article elaborates on the clinical phenotypes and genetic characteristics of three microtia-associated syndromes (MASs) with high prevalence, high incidence rate of ear deformity, and definite genetic etiology, i.e., oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum, branchio-oto-renal spectrum disorder, and Treacher-Collins syndrome, and summarizes another three common MASs, so as to provide a reference for the genetic diagnosis of neonatal MAS.
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8
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Morphometric study of the human malleus during prenatal development. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 156:111113. [PMID: 35314375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Establish normal reference values for the human malleus during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, and describe its growth dynamics and ossification process. METHODS Thirty spontaneously aborted human fetuses, 12-36 weeks of age, were examined. Temporal bones were obtained en bloc and processed using the skeletal clearing and staining technique. Each malleus was obtained by microdissection. Measurements of anatomical points of the malleus were performed. Ossification was recorded. Statistics were applied. RESULTS Sixty mallei were obtained. At the end of development, the following measurements were obtained in millimeters: head length, 2.87 (2.30-3.44); neck length, 1.15 (0.92-1.38); manubrium length, 4.45 (3.75-5.16); total length, 8.51 (8.02-8.99); neck width, 1.33 (0.70-1.97); manubrium width, 0.84 (0.82-0.86); and Meckel cartilage width, 0.43 (0.06-0.95). The angle of the longitudinal axis of the malleus was 160° (156-164°). The ossification process of the malleus followed a stereotyped pattern that began at week 16, at the level of the neck, with a single center that expanded to the head and then to the manubrium. Toward the end of development, only the umbo remained cartilaginous. There were no sex-based differences in human malleus size during prenatal development. From the beginning of the second trimester of pregnancy, the longitudinal axis of the malleus acquires dimensions comparable to adults. CONCLUSION The study of the malleus development provides clues that would explain some anomalies in its development, and can influence decision-making during the placement and design of prostheses in the malleus.
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Langlie J, Finberg A, Bencie NB, Mittal J, Omidian H, Omidi Y, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Recent advancements in cell-based models for auditory disorders. BIOIMPACTS 2022; 12:155-169. [PMID: 35411298 PMCID: PMC8905588 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2022.23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Cell-based models play an important role in understanding the pathophysiology and etiology of auditory disorders. For the auditory system, models have primarily focused on restoring inner and outer hair cells. However, they have largely underrepresented the surrounding structures and cells that support the function of the hair cells.
Methods: In this article, we will review recent advancements in the evolution of cell-based models of auditory disorders in their progression towards three dimensional (3D) models and organoids that more closely mimic the pathophysiology in vivo.
Results: With the elucidation of the molecular targets and transcription factors required to generate diverse cell lines of the components of inner ear, research is starting to progress from two dimensional (2D) models to a greater 3D approach. Of note, the 3D models of the inner ear, including organoids, are relatively new and emerging in the field. As 3D models of the inner ear continue to evolve in complexity, their role in modeling disease will grow as they bridge the gap between cell culture and in vivo models.
Conclusion: Using 3D cell models to understand the etiology and molecular mechanisms underlying auditory disorders holds great potential for developing more targeted and effective novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Langlie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ariel Finberg
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nathalie B. Bencie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Hossein Omidian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Adrien A. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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10
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Correction of congenital cleft ear lobes: optimal outcome with simple surgical approach. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2022; 21:466-468. [DOI: 10.1007/s12663-021-01678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Jamieson SE, Fakiola M, Tang D, Scaman E, Syn G, Francis RW, Coates HL, Anderson D, Lassmann T, Cordell HJ, Blackwell JM. Common and Rare Genetic Variants That Could Contribute to Severe Otitis Media in an Australian Aboriginal Population. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:1860-1870. [PMID: 33693626 PMCID: PMC8599203 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our goal was to identify genetic risk factors for severe otitis media (OM) in Aboriginal Australians. METHODS Illumina® Omni2.5 BeadChip and imputed data were compared between 21 children with severe OM (multiple episodes chronic suppurative OM and/or perforations or tympanic sclerosis) and 370 individuals without this phenotype, followed by FUnctional Mapping and Annotation (FUMA). Exome data filtered for common (EXaC_all ≥ 0.1) putative deleterious variants influencing protein coding (CADD-scaled scores ≥15] were used to compare 15 severe OM cases with 9 mild cases (single episode of acute OM recorded over ≥3 consecutive years). Rare (ExAC_all ≤ 0.01) such variants were filtered for those present only in severe OM. Enrichr was used to determine enrichment of genes contributing to pathways/processes relevant to OM. RESULTS FUMA analysis identified 2 plausible genetic risk loci for severe OM: NR3C1 (Pimputed_1000G = 3.62 × 10-6) encoding the glucocorticoid receptor, and NREP (Pimputed_1000G = 3.67 × 10-6) encoding neuronal regeneration-related protein. Exome analysis showed: (i) association of severe OM with variants influencing protein coding (CADD-scaled ≥ 15) in a gene-set (GRXCR1, CDH23, LRP2, FAT4, ARSA, EYA4) enriched for Mammalian Phenotype Level 4 abnormal hair cell stereociliary bundle morphology and related phenotypes; (ii) rare variants influencing protein coding only seen in severe OM provided gene-sets enriched for "abnormal ear" (LMNA, CDH23, LRP2, MYO7A, FGFR1), integrin interactions, transforming growth factor signaling, and cell projection phenotypes including hair cell stereociliary bundles and cilium assembly. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights interacting genes and pathways related to cilium structure and function that may contribute to extreme susceptibility to OM in Aboriginal Australian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra E Jamieson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | | | - Dave Tang
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Elizabeth Scaman
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Genevieve Syn
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Richard W Francis
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Harvey L Coates
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Timo Lassmann
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Heather J Cordell
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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Correlations Between Mandible Condylar Structures and External Ear Deformities in Hemifacial Microsomia With Three-Dimensional Analysis. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:1154-1158. [PMID: 34743153 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore correlations between mandible and ear deformities and quantitative volumetric relations between condylar structures and external ear in hemifacial microsomia. The authors reconstructed three-dimensional craniofacial models from 212 patients with unilateral hemifacial microsomia (the unaffected side as the controls). Patients were evaluated by Pruzansky-Kaban and Marx classification, and divided into 3 age groups (0-6, 7-12, and >12 years old). The mandible condylar structures, including condyle and the condylar skeletal unit, were selected (except the classification of the mandibular or ear deformities (M3)). Along with the external ear (except the classification of the mandibular or ear deformities (E4)), their volumes were measured and analyzed. Spearman correlation coefficient analysis was applied. There was a positive correlation between the mandible and ear deformities (r = 0.301, P < 0.001). Either between the condyle and external ear (P = 0.071-0.493) or between the condylar unit and external ear (P = 0.080-0.488), there were no volumetric relations on the affected side, whereas on the unaffected side were (r = 0.492-0.929 for condyle, r = 0.443-0.929 for the condylar unit, P < 0.05). In most cases, the condylar structures of the classification of the mandibular or ear deformities (M2b) were significantly smaller than the classification of the mandibular or ear deformities (M2a). Results suggested deformities of mandibular condylar structures and ear did not correlate, although deformities of mandible and ear did. The condylar deformity might develop independently from microtia and be more severe within relatively more abnormal temporomandibular joints.
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Glaser DH, Zarbo AJ, Shwayder TA, Torok KS. An erythematous patch on the ear and face of a young boy. Pediatr Dermatol 2021; 38:e45-e47. [PMID: 34931356 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Glaser
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Allison J Zarbo
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tor A Shwayder
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn S Torok
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Hearing Function: Identification of New Candidate Genes Further Explaining the Complexity of This Sensory Ability. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081228. [PMID: 34440402 PMCID: PMC8394865 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the knowledge of the genetic determinants behind the modulation of hearing ability is relatively limited. To investigate this trait, we performed Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) meta-analysis using genotype and audiometric data (hearing thresholds at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz, and pure-tone averages of thresholds at low, medium, and high frequencies) collected in nine cohorts from Europe, South-Eastern USA, Caucasus, and Central Asia, for an overall number of ~9000 subjects. Three hundred seventy-five genes across all nine analyses were tagged by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reaching a suggestive p-value (p < 10−5). Amongst these, 15 were successfully replicated using a gene-based approach in the independent Italian Salus in the Apulia cohort (n = 1774) at the nominal significance threshold (p < 0.05). In addition, the expression level of the replicated genes was assessed in published human and mouse inner ear datasets. Considering expression patterns in humans and mice, eleven genes were considered particularly promising candidates for the hearing function: BNIP3L, ELP5, MAP3K20, MATN2, MTMR7, MYO1E, PCNT, R3HDM1, SLC9A9, TGFB2, and YTHDC2. These findings represent a further contribution to our understanding of the genetic basis of hearing function and its related diseases.
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Epidemiological Analysis and the Nomogram for Possible Risk Factors for Severe Microtia. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:e184-e189. [PMID: 33705069 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtia is a severe congenital malformation of the external ear. This study aimed to explore the epidemiologic characteristics and the possible risk factors in patients with severe microtia in China, and integrate significant variables into a predictive nomogram. METHODS A total of 965 patients with microtia were included. This retrospective case study was conducted from July 2014 to July 2019 at Plastic Surgery Hospital in China. The detailed questionnaires concerning potential risk factors were completed and data were gathered. Chi-Square and Fisher tests were used to analyze the variables, and a multivariate logistic regression model was used to select variables related to severe microtia, and then construct a nomogram. The nomogram model was evaluated by the concordance index (C-index), calibration plot, and receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) curve. Bootstraps with 1000 resamples were applied to these analyses. RESULTS Of the 965 microtia patients, 629 (65.2%) were male and 867 (89.8%) were sporadic. The cases were observed more commonly in unilateral (83.1%) and right-sided (52.0%). And multiple malformations were observed in 392 (40.6%) cases. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that maternal age, miscarriage frequency, virus infection, anemia, using progesterone, paternal alcohol intake, and topography of living areas were associated with a higher risk of severe microtia. All the significant variables were combined into a predictive nomogram (C-index = 0.755,95% CI = 0.703-0.807). Higher prediction accuracy (adjusted C-index = 0.749) was further verified via bootstrap validation. The calibration plot showed good performance, and the ROCs curve analysis demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS Most microtia patients are male, sporadic, and accompanied by other malformations, which are similar to the phenotypic analysis results of other studies. A nomogram predicting severe microtia was constructed to provide scientific guidance for individualized prevention in clinical practice.
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Tang S, Yonezawa T, Maeda Y, Ono M, Maeba T, Miyoshi T, Momota R, Tomono Y, Oohashi T. Lack of collagen α6(IV) chain in mice does not cause severe-to-profound hearing loss or cochlear malformation, a distinct phenotype from nonsyndromic hearing loss with COL4A6 missense mutation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249909. [PMID: 33848312 PMCID: PMC8043391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hearing loss affects 1 in every 1000 births, with genetic mutations contributing to more than 50% of all cases. X-linked nonsyndromic hereditary hearing loss is associated with six loci (DFNX1-6) and five genes. Recently, the missense mutation (c.1771G>A, p.Gly591Ser) in COL4A6, encoding the basement membrane (BM) collagen α6(IV) chain, was shown to be associated with X-linked congenital nonsyndromic hearing loss with cochlear malformation. However, the mechanism by which the COL4A6 mutation impacts hereditary hearing loss has not yet been elucidated. Herein, we investigated Col4a6 knockout (KO) effects on hearing function and cochlear formation in mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that the collagen α6(IV) chain was distributed throughout the mouse cochlea within subepithelial BMs underlying the interdental cells, inner sulcus cells, basilar membrane, outer sulcus cells, root cells, Reissner's membrane, and perivascular BMs in the spiral limbus, spiral ligament, and stria vascularis. However, the click-evoked auditory brainstem response analysis did not show significant changes in the hearing threshold of Col4a6 KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice with the same genetic background. In addition, the cochlear structures of Col4a6 KO mice did not exhibit morphological alterations, according to the results of high-resolution micro-computed tomography and histology. Hence, loss of Col4a6 gene expression in mice showed normal click ABR thresholds and normal cochlear formation, which differs from humans with the COL4A6 missense mutation c.1771G>A, p.Gly591Ser. Therefore, the deleterious effects in the auditory system caused by the missense mutation in COL4A6 are likely due to the dominant-negative effects of the α6(IV) chain and/or α5α6α5(IV) heterotrimer with an aberrant structure that would not occur in cases with loss of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Tang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yonezawa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yukihide Maeda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ono
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Miyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Momota
- Department of Human Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tomono
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, Shigei Medical Research Institute, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Oohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Milmoe NJ, Tucker AS. Craniofacial transitions: the role of EMT and MET during head development. Development 2021; 148:148/4/dev196030. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.196030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Within the developing head, tissues undergo cell-fate transitions to shape the forming structures. This starts with the neural crest, which undergoes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to form, amongst other tissues, many of the skeletal tissues of the head. In the eye and ear, these neural crest cells then transform back into an epithelium, via mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), highlighting the flexibility of this population. Elsewhere in the head, the epithelium loses its integrity and transforms into mesenchyme. Here, we review these craniofacial transitions, looking at why they happen, the factors that trigger them, and the cell and molecular changes they involve. We also discuss the consequences of aberrant EMT and MET in the head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Milmoe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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18
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Nuñez-Castruita A, López-Serna N. Prenatal development of the human tympanic ring: a morphometric study with clinical correlations. Surg Radiol Anat 2021; 43:1187-1194. [PMID: 33398517 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-020-02654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish normal reference values for the human Tympanic Ring (TR) during prenatal development, and to describe and interpret its growth dynamics. METHODS Fifty spontaneously aborted human fetuses aged 12-37 weeks with normal external characteristics were evaluated. The parameters measured in the TR were the cephalocaudal and dorsoventral axes, total area, thickness, height, and length and angle of the notch of Rivinus (NR). Data were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS The following values were obtained at the end of fetal development: cephalocaudal and dorsoventral axes, 10.03 and 8.3 mm, respectively; ratio between the two axes, 120%; total area, 65.63 mm2; height and thickness, 0.88 mm and 1.10 mm, respectively; and length and angle of the NR, 4.66 mm and 26.2 degrees, respectively. There were variations in the length of the dorsoventral axis throughout fetal development that affected all other parameters, except for the cephalocaudal axis. There were no sex-based differences in TR size. CONCLUSION The prenatal development of the TR is dynamic as evidenced by the size variations noted throughout fetal development. Notwithstanding, this structure is a reliable and sensitive marker of developmental abnormalities of the external and middle ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Nuñez-Castruita
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño S/N, Col. Mitras Centro., C.P. 64460, Monterrey, NL, México.
| | - Norberto López-Serna
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Av. Francisco I. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño S/N, Col. Mitras Centro., C.P. 64460, Monterrey, NL, México
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19
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Huang J, Zuo N, Wu C, Chen P, Ma J, Wang C, Li W, Liu S. Role of the periotic mesenchyme in the development of sensory cells in early mouse cochlea. J Otol 2020; 15:138-143. [PMID: 33293914 PMCID: PMC7691837 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of the periotic mesenchyme (POM) in the development of sensory cells of developing auditory epithelium. Methods Developing auditory epithelium with or without periotic mesenchyme was isolated from mice at embryonic days 11.5 (E11.5), E12.5 and E13.5, respectively, and cultured in vitro to an equivalent of E18.5’s epithelium in vivo. Then, the explants were co-stained with antibodies targeting myosin VIIA, Sox2 and BrdU. Results More hair cells in E11.5 + 7 DIV, E12.5 + 6 DIV and E13.5 + 5 DIV auditory epithelia were found upon culture with POM (225.90 ± 62.44, 476.94 ± 100.81, and 1386.60 ± 202.38, respectively) compared with the non-POM group (68.17 ± 23.74, 205.00 ± 44.23, and 1266.80 ± 38.84, respectively). Moreover, regardless of developmental stage, the mesenchymal tissue increased the amount of cochlear sensory cells as well as the ratio of differentiated hair cells to total sensory cells. Conclusions The periotic mesenchyme promotes the development of cochlear sensory cells, and its effect depends on the developmental stage of the auditory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiang Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Na Zuo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Peipei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of NHFPC, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
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20
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Zhang HS, Chen SJ, Zeng HC, Xiong H, Lin JF, Xu YD, Zhao HY, Zheng YQ. Characteristics of 43 multiple auricular deformity case families and auricle morphology in 463 microtia patients in South China. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:496. [PMID: 32395540 PMCID: PMC7210143 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Earlier studies have suggested that microtia is a genetic disease with a worldwide incidence of microtia is between 0.83/10,000 and 17.40/10,000. For microtia, auricle morphology is the most crucial characteristic. However, no studies have been performed to characterize the genetic similarity of microtia and auricle morphology similarity. For the sporadic patients, the relationship between the gestational age of parents and the incidence of microtia is unclear. To obtain the characteristics of auricular deformity multiple case family (AD-MCF) and clarify the relationship between genetic similarity and auricle morphology similarity in AD-MCF. Methods This study included 463 AD patients who were diagnosed by Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, from 2013 to 2019. Among these patients, 116 are from 43 MCF and the other 347 patients are sporadic. For the patients from families, the disease status of the four generations of immediate family members and the family tree map were collected to analyze the similarity of auricle shape in family members. A score evaluated the similarity of auricle shape according to the structure of the residual ear and the similarity in the morphology of each auricle. Moreover, the population distribution of AD and the gestational age of patients were further analyzed. Results From 2013 to 2019, a total of 463 patients were diagnosed as microtia in our hospital. There were 427 patients with unilateral disease and 36 patients with bilateral disease. Among them, 116 patients were from 34 families and 9 de novo families. The total scores of patients in different genetic difference levels were compared and were found significantly different (P<0.001). Moreover, 58.14% of families were consistent with the law of chromosomal recessive genetic diseases. Importantly, we found that the gestational age of father in microtia de novo families is 30.94±0.75, and mother in de novo is 28.39±0.73 that is significantly higher than the gestational ages of parents from microtia families with P value =0.0001. Conclusions The auricle similarity between family members is positively related to the genetic distance between family members. The microtia patients are potentially associated with the gestational ages of parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Song Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Department of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Sui-Jun Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Department of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hai-Cang Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Department of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Department of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jun-Feng Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Department of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yao-Dong Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Department of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hui-Ying Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yi-Qing Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Department of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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21
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de Groot SC, Sliedregt K, van Benthem PPG, Rivolta MN, Huisman MA. Building an Artificial Stem Cell Niche: Prerequisites for Future 3D-Formation of Inner Ear Structures-Toward 3D Inner Ear Biotechnology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:408-426. [PMID: 30635991 PMCID: PMC7065153 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in stem cells for the purpose of regenerative medicine to deliver a wide range of therapies to treat many diseases. However, two‐dimensional cultures of stem cells are of limited use when studying the mechanism of pathogenesis of diseases and the feasibility of a treatment. Therefore, research is focusing on the strengths of stem cells in the three‐dimensional (3D) structures mimicking organs, that is, organoids, or organ‐on‐chip, for modeling human biology and disease. As 3D technology advances, it is necessary to know which signals stem cells need to multiply and differentiate into complex structures. This holds especially true for the complex 3D structure of the inner ear. Recent work suggests that although other factors play a role, the extracellular matrix (ECM), including its topography, is crucial to mimic a stem cell niche in vitro and to drive stem cells toward the formation of the tissue of interest. Technological developments have led to the investigation of biomaterials that closely resemble the native ECM. In the fast forward moving research of organoids and organs‐on‐chip, the inner ear has hardly received attention. This review aims to provide an overview, by describing the general context in which cells, matrix and morphogens cooperate in order to build a tissue, to facilitate research in 3D inner ear technology. Anat Rec, 303:408–426, 2020. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Sliedregt
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul G van Benthem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcelo N Rivolta
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Margriet A Huisman
- Hair Science Institute, Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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22
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Wang P, Wang Y, Fan X, Liu Y, Fan Y, Liu T, Chen C, Zhang S, Chen X. Identification of sequence variants associated with severe microtia-astresia by targeted sequencing. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:28. [PMID: 30691450 PMCID: PMC6348636 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microtia-atresia is characterized by abnormalities of the auricle (microtia) and aplasia or hypoplasia of the external auditory canal, often associated with middle ear abnormalities. To date, no causal genetic mutations or genes have been identified in microtia-atresia patients. Methods We designed a panel of 131 genes associated with external/middle or inner ear deformity. Targeted genomic capturing combined with next-generation sequencing (NGS) was utilized to screen for mutations in 40 severe microtia-atresia patients. Mutations detected by NGS were filtered and validated. And then mutations were divided into three categories—rare or novel variants, low-frequency variants and common variants—based on their frequency in the public database. The rare or novel mutations were prioritized by pathogenicity analysis. For the low-frequency variants and common variants, we used association studies to explore risk factors of severe microtia-atresia. Results Sixty-five rare heterozygous mutations of 42 genes were identified in 27 (67.5%) severe microtia-atresia patients. Association studies to determine genes that were potentially pathogenic found that PLEC, USH2A, FREM2, DCHS1, GLI3, POMT1 and GBA genes were significantly associated with severe microtia-atresia. Of these, DCHS1 was strongly suggested to cause severe microtia-atresia as it was identified by both low-frequency and common variants association studies. A rare mutation (c.481C > T, p.R161C) in DCHS1 identified in one individual may be deleterious and may cause severe microtia-atresia. Conclusion We identified several genes that were significantly associated with severe microtia-atresia. The findings provide new insights into genetic background of external ear deformities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-019-0475-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yibei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chongjian Chen
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
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The Key Transcription Factor Expression in the Developing Vestibular and Auditory Sensory Organs: A Comprehensive Comparison of Spatial and Temporal Patterns. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:7513258. [PMID: 30410537 PMCID: PMC6205106 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7513258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inner ear formation requires that a series of cell fate decisions and morphogenetic events occur in a precise temporal and spatial pattern. Previous studies have shown that transcription factors, including Pax2, Sox2, and Prox1, play important roles during the inner ear development. However, the temporospatial expression patterns among these transcription factors are poorly understood. In the current study, we present a comprehensive description of the temporal and spatial expression profiles of Pax2, Sox2, and Prox1 during auditory and vestibular sensory organ development in mice. Using immunohistochemical analyses, we show that Sox2 and Pax2 are both expressed in the prosensory cells (the developing hair cells), but Sox2 is later restricted to only the supporting cells of the organ of Corti. In the vestibular sensory organ, however, the Pax2 expression is localized in hair cells at postnatal day 7, while Sox2 is still expressed in both the hair cells and supporting cells at that time. Prox1 was transiently expressed in the presumptive hair cells and developing supporting cells, and lower Prox1 expression was observed in the vestibular sensory organ compared to the organ of Corti. The different expression patterns of these transcription factors in the developing auditory and vestibular sensory organs suggest that they play different roles in the development of the sensory epithelia and might help to shape the respective sensory structures.
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Furutera T, Takechi M, Kitazawa T, Takei J, Yamada T, Vu Hoang T, Rijli FM, Kurihara H, Kuratani S, Iseki S. Differing contributions of the first and second pharyngeal arches to tympanic membrane formation in the mouse and chick. Development 2017; 144:3315-3324. [PMID: 28807901 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have proposed that independent origins of the tympanic membrane (TM), consisting of the external auditory meatus (EAM) and first pharyngeal pouch, are linked with distinctive middle ear structures in terms of dorsal-ventral patterning of the pharyngeal arches during amniote evolution. However, previous studies have suggested that the first pharyngeal arch (PA1) is crucial for TM formation in both mouse and chick. In this study, we compare TM formation along the anterior-posterior axis in these animals using Hoxa2 expression as a marker of the second pharyngeal arch (PA2). In chick, the EAM begins to invaginate at the surface ectoderm of PA2, not at the first pharyngeal cleft, and the entire TM forms in PA2. Chick-quail chimera that have lost PA2 and duplicated PA1 suggest that TM formation is achieved by developmental interaction between a portion of the EAM and the columella auris in PA2, and that PA1 also contributes to formation of the remaining part of the EAM. By contrast, in mouse, TM formation is highly associated with an interdependent relationship between the EAM and tympanic ring in PA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Furutera
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Masaki Takechi
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Taro Kitazawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Affiliated to the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Junko Takei
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takahiko Yamada
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Tri Vu Hoang
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Affiliated to the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.,Institute for Biology and Mathematics of Dynamical Cell Processes (iBMath), The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8914, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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25
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Luo W, Yi H, Taylor J, Li JD, Chi F, Todd NW, Lin X, Ren D, Chen P. Cilia distribution and polarity in the epithelial lining of the mouse middle ear cavity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45870. [PMID: 28358397 PMCID: PMC5372464 DOI: 10.1038/srep45870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The middle ear conducts sound to the cochlea for hearing. Otitis media (OM) is the most common illness in childhood. Moreover, chronic OM with effusion (COME) is the leading cause of conductive hearing loss. Clinically, COME is highly associated with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, implicating significant contributions of cilia dysfunction to COME. The understanding of middle ear cilia properties that are critical to OM susceptibility, however, is limited. Here, we confirmed the presence of a ciliated region near the Eustachian tube orifice at the ventral region of the middle ear cavity, consisting mostly of a lumen layer of multi-ciliated and a layer of Keratin-5-positive basal cells. We also found that the motile cilia are polarized coordinately and display a planar cell polarity. Surprisingly, we also found a region of multi-ciliated cells that line the posterior dorsal pole of the middle ear cavity which was previously thought to contain only non-ciliated cells. Our study provided a more complete understanding of cilia distribution and revealed for the first time coordinated polarity of cilia in the epithelium of the mammalian middle ear, thus illustrating novel structural features that are likely critical for middle ear functions and related to OM susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Luo
- Department of Cell Biology Emory University, Atlanta, USA.,Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hong Yi
- Electronic Microscopy Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jeannette Taylor
- Electronic Microscopy Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institution for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Fanglu Chi
- Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - N Wendell Todd
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Dongdong Ren
- Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology Emory University, Atlanta, USA
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26
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Mateo Sánchez S, Freeman SD, Delacroix L, Malgrange B. The role of post-translational modifications in hearing and deafness. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3521-33. [PMID: 27147466 PMCID: PMC11108544 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key molecular events that modify proteins after their synthesis and modulate their ultimate functional properties by affecting their stability, localisation, interaction potential or activity. These chemical changes expand the size of the proteome adding diversity to the molecular pathways governing the biological outcome of cells. PTMs are, thus, crucial in regulating a variety of cellular processes such as apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation and have been shown to be instrumental during embryonic development. In addition, alterations in protein PTMs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including deafness. In this review, we summarize the recent progress made in understanding the roles of PTMs during cochlear development, with particular emphasis on the enzymes driving protein phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation. We also discuss how these enzymes may contribute to hearing impairment and deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Mateo Sánchez
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate 15, Tour 4, 1er étage, Bât. B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephen D Freeman
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate 15, Tour 4, 1er étage, Bât. B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Delacroix
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate 15, Tour 4, 1er étage, Bât. B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate 15, Tour 4, 1er étage, Bât. B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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