1
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Kalabekova R, Quinn CM, Movellan KT, Gronenborn AM, Akke M, Polenova T. 19F Fast Magic-Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy on Microcrystalline Complexes of Fluorinated Ligands and the Carbohydrate Recognition Domain of Galectin-3. Biochemistry 2024; 63:2207-2216. [PMID: 39008798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Structural characterization of protein-ligand binding interfaces at atomic resolution is essential for improving the design of specific and potent inhibitors. Herein, we explored fast 19F- and 1H-detected magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy to investigate the interaction between two fluorinated ligand diastereomers with the microcrystalline galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain. The detailed environment around the fluorine atoms was mapped by 2D 13C-19F and 1H-19F dipolar correlation experiments and permitted characterization of the binding interface. Our results demonstrate that 19F MAS NMR is a powerful tool for detailed characterization of protein-ligand interfaces and protein interactions at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Kalabekova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kumar Tekwani Movellan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Mikael Akke
- Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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2
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Hanson GSM, Coxon CR. Fluorinated Tags to Study Protein Conformation and Interactions Using 19F NMR. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400195. [PMID: 38744671 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of fluorine atoms into a biomacromolecule provides a background-free and environmentally sensitive reporter of structure, conformation and interactions using 19F NMR. There are several methods to introduce the 19F reporter - either by synthetic incorporation via solid phase peptide synthesis; by suppressing the incorporation or biosynthesis of a natural amino acid and supplementing the growth media with a fluorinated counterpart during protein expression; and by genetic code expansion to add new amino acids to the amino acid alphabet. This review aims to discuss progress in the field of introducing fluorinated handles into biomolecules for NMR studies by post-translational bioconjugation or 'fluorine-tagging'. We will discuss the range of chemical tagging 'warheads' that have been used, explore the applications of fluorine tags, discuss ways to enhance reporter sensitivity and how the signal to noise ratios can be boosted. Finally, we consider some key challenges of the field and offer some ideas for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S M Hanson
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher R Coxon
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, EH9 3FJ, Edinburgh, UK
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3
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Kara H, Axer A, Muskett FW, Bueno-Alejo CJ, Paschalis V, Taladriz-Sender A, Tubasum S, Vega MS, Zhao Z, Clark AW, Hudson AJ, Eperon IC, Burley GA, Dominguez C. 2'- 19F labelling of ribose in RNAs: a tool to analyse RNA/protein interactions by NMR in physiological conditions. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1325041. [PMID: 38419689 PMCID: PMC10899400 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1325041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein-RNA interactions are central to numerous cellular processes. In this work, we present an easy and straightforward NMR-based approach to determine the RNA binding site of RNA binding proteins and to evaluate the binding of pairs of proteins to a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) under physiological conditions, in this case in nuclear extracts. By incorporation of a 19F atom on the ribose of different nucleotides along the ssRNA sequence, we show that, upon addition of an RNA binding protein, the intensity of the 19F NMR signal changes when the 19F atom is located near the protein binding site. Furthermore, we show that the addition of pairs of proteins to a ssRNA containing two 19F atoms at two different locations informs on their concurrent binding or competition. We demonstrate that such studies can be done in a nuclear extract that mimics the physiological environment in which these protein-ssRNA interactions occur. Finally, we demonstrate that a trifluoromethoxy group (-OCF3) incorporated in the 2'ribose position of ssRNA sequences increases the sensitivity of the NMR signal, leading to decreased measurement times, and reduces the issue of RNA degradation in cellular extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesna Kara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Axer
- WestCHEM and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick W Muskett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos J Bueno-Alejo
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Vasileios Paschalis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Taladriz-Sender
- WestCHEM and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sumera Tubasum
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Santana Vega
- Biomedical Engineering Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengyun Zhao
- WestCHEM and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair W Clark
- Biomedical Engineering Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Hudson
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian C Eperon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn A Burley
- WestCHEM and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Dominguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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4
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Vitali V, Torricella F, Massai L, Messori L, Banci L. Enlarging the scenario of site directed 19F labeling for NMR spectroscopy of biomolecules. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22017. [PMID: 38086881 PMCID: PMC10716153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of using selectively incorporated 19F nuclei for NMR spectroscopic studies has retrieved increasing interest in recent years. The high gyromagnetic ratio of 19F and its absence in native biomolecular systems make this nucleus an interesting alternative to standard 1H NMR spectroscopy. Here we show how we can attach a label, carrying a 19F atom, to protein tyrosines, through the use of a specific three component Mannich-type reaction. To validate the efficacy and the specificity of the approach, we tested it on two selected systems with the aid of ESI MS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vitali
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Torricella
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lara Massai
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lucia Banci
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Florence, Italy.
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5
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Prosser RS, Alonzi NA. Discerning conformational dynamics and binding kinetics of GPCRs by 19F NMR. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2023; 72:102377. [PMID: 37612172 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
19F NMR provides a way of monitoring conformational dynamics of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) from the perspective of an ensemble. While X-ray crystallography provides exquisitely resolved high-resolution structures of specific states, it generally does not recapitulate the true ensemble of functional states. Fluorine (19F) NMR provides a highly sensitive spectroscopic window into the conformational ensemble, generally permitting the direct quantification of resolvable states. Moreover, straightforward T1- and T2-based relaxation experiments allow for the study of fluctuations within a given state and exchange between states, on timescales spanning nanoseconds to seconds. Conveniently, most biological systems are free of fluorine. Thus, via fluorinated amino acid analogues or thiol-reactive fluorinated tags, F or CF3 reporters can be site specifically incorporated into proteins of interest. In this review, fluorine labeling protocols and 19F NMR experiments will be presented, from the perspective of small molecule NMR (i.e. drug or small molecule interactions with receptors) or macromolecular NMR (i.e. conformational dynamics of receptors and receptor-G-protein complexes).
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Prosser
- Chemistry Department, University of Toronto, CPS UTM, Davis Building, Rm 4052, 3359 Mississauga Rd North, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada; Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, CPS UTM, Davis Building, Rm 4052, 3359 Mississauga Rd North, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Nicholas A Alonzi
- Chemistry Department, University of Toronto, CPS UTM, Davis Building, Rm 4052, 3359 Mississauga Rd North, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
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6
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Miles SA, Nillama JA, Hunter L. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy: The Diverse Roles That Fluorine Can Play within Amino Acid Side Chains. Molecules 2023; 28:6192. [PMID: 37687021 PMCID: PMC10489206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Side chain-fluorinated amino acids are useful tools in medicinal chemistry and protein science. In this review, we outline some general strategies for incorporating fluorine atom(s) into amino acid side chains and for elaborating such building blocks into more complex fluorinated peptides and proteins. We then describe the diverse benefits that fluorine can offer when located within amino acid side chains, including enabling 19F NMR and 18F PET imaging applications, enhancing pharmacokinetic properties, controlling molecular conformation, and optimizing target-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke Hunter
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney 2052, Australia
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7
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Porat-Dahlerbruch G, Struppe J, Quinn CM, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. 19F fast MAS (60-111 kHz) dipolar and scalar based correlation spectroscopy of organic molecules and pharmaceutical formulations. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2022; 122:101831. [PMID: 36182713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2022.101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
19F magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for characterization of fluorinated solids. The recent development of 19F MAS NMR probes, operating at spinning frequencies of 60-111 kHz, enabled analysis of systems spanning from organic molecules to pharmaceutical formulations to biological assemblies, with unprecedented resolution. Herein, we systematically evaluate the benefits of high MAS frequencies (60-111 kHz) for 1D and 2D 19F-detected experiments in two pharmaceuticals, the antimalarial drug mefloquine and a formulation of the cholesterol-lowering drug atorvastatin calcium. We demonstrate that 1H decoupling is essential and that scalar-based, heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) correlation experiments become feasible and efficient at the MAS frequency of 100 kHz. This study opens doors for the applications of high frequency 19F MAS NMR to a wide range of problems in chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Porat-Dahlerbruch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, United States
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, 01821, United States
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, United States
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, United States; Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States; Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, United States; Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States; Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States.
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8
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Duan P, Dregni AJ, Hong M. Solid-State NMR 19F- 1H- 15N Correlation Experiments for Resonance Assignment and Distance Measurements of Multifluorinated Proteins. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7021-7032. [PMID: 36150071 PMCID: PMC10867861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several solid-state NMR techniques have been introduced recently to measure nanometer distances involving 19F, whose high gyromagnetic ratio makes it a potent nuclear spin for structural investigation. These solid-state NMR techniques either use 19F correlation with 1H or 13C to obtain qualitative interatomic contacts or use the rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) pulse sequence to measure quantitative distances. However, no NMR technique is yet available for disambiguating 1H-19F distances in multiply fluorinated proteins and protein-ligand complexes. Here, we introduce a three-dimensional (3D) 19F-15N-1H correlation experiment that resolves the distances of multiple fluorines to their adjacent amide protons. We show that optimal polarization transfer between 1H and 19F spins is achieved using an out-and-back 1H-19F REDOR sequence. We demonstrate this 3D correlation experiment on the model protein GB1 and apply it to the multidrug-resistance transporter, EmrE, complexed to a tetrafluorinated substrate. This technique should be useful for resolving and assigning distance constraints in multiply fluorinated proteins, leading to significant savings of time and precious samples compared to producing several singly fluorinated samples. Moreover, the method enables structural determination of protein-ligand complexes for ligands that contain multiple fluorines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Aurelio J. Dregni
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
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9
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Olson NM, Johnson JA, Peterson KE, Henisch SC, Marshall AP, Smanski MJ, Carlson EE, Pomerantz WC. Development of a single culture E. coli expression system for the enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated tyrosine and its incorporation into proteins. J Fluor Chem 2022; 261-262. [PMID: 37197608 PMCID: PMC10187777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current experiments that rely on biosynthetic metabolic protein labeling with 19F often require fluorinated amino acids, which in the case of 2- and 3-fluorotyrosine can be expensive. However, using these amino acids has provided valuable insight into protein dynamics, structure, and function. Here, we develop a new in-cell method for fluorinated tyrosine generation from readily available substituted phenols and subsequent metabolic labeling of proteins in a single bacterial expression culture. This approach uses a dual-gene plasmid encoding for a model protein BRD4(D1) and a tyrosine phenol lyase from Citrobacter freundii, which catalyzes the formation of tyrosine from phenol, pyruvate, and ammonium. Our system demonstrated both enzymatic fluorotyrosine production and expression of 19F-labeled proteins as analyzed by 19F NMR and LC-MS methods. Further optimization of our system should provide a cost-effective alternative to a variety of traditional protein-labeling strategies.
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10
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Sutherland M, Tran N, Hong M. Clustering of tetrameric influenza M2 peptides in lipid bilayers investigated by 19F solid-state NMR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183909. [PMID: 35276226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The influenza M2 protein forms a drug-targeted tetrameric proton channel to mediate virus uncoating, and carries out membrane scission to enable virus release. While the proton channel function of M2 has been extensively studied, the mechanism by which M2 catalyzes membrane scission is still not well understood. Previous fluorescence and electron microscopy studies indicated that M2 tetramers concentrate at the neck of the budding virus in the host plasma membrane. However, molecular evidence for this clustering is scarce. Here, we use 19F solid-state NMR to investigate M2 clustering in phospholipid bilayers. By mixing equimolar amounts of 4F-Phe47 labeled M2 peptide and CF3-Phe47 labeled M2 peptide and measuring F-CF3 cross peaks in 2D 19F19F correlation spectra, we show that M2 tetramers form nanometer-scale clusters in lipid bilayers. This clustering is stronger in cholesterol-containing membranes and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) membranes than in cholesterol-free phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol membranes. The observed correlation peaks indicate that Phe47 sidechains from different tetramers are less than ~2 nm apart. 1H19F correlation peaks between lipid chain protons and fluorinated Phe47 indicate that Phe47 is more deeply inserted into the lipid bilayer in the presence of cholesterol than in its absence, suggesting that Phe47 preferentially interacts with cholesterol. Static 31P NMR spectra indicate that M2 induces negative Gaussian curvature in the PE membrane. These results suggest that M2 tetramers cluster at cholesterol- and PE-rich regions of cell membranes to cause membrane curvature, which in turn can facilitate membrane scission in the last step of virus budding and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Sutherland
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Nhi Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America.
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11
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Nguyen A, Gemmecker G, Softley CA, Movsisyan LD, Pfaffeneder T, Heine A, Reuter K, Diederich F, Sattler M, Klebe G. 19F-NMR Unveils the Ligand-Induced Conformation of a Catalytically Inactive Twisted Homodimer of tRNA-Guanine Transglycosylase. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1745-1755. [PMID: 35763700 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the structural arrangements of protein oligomers can support the design of ligands that interfere with their function in order to develop new therapeutic concepts for disease treatment. Recent crystallographic studies have elucidated a novel twisted and functionally inactive form of the homodimeric enzyme tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (TGT), a putative target in the fight against shigellosis. Active-site ligands have been identified that stimulate the rearrangement of one monomeric subunit by 130° against the other one to form an inactive twisted homodimer state. To assess whether the crystallographic observations also reflect the conformation in solution and rule out effects from crystal packing, we performed 19F-NMR spectroscopy with the introduction of 5-fluorotryptophans at four sites in TGT. The inhibitor-induced conformation of TGT in solution was assessed based on 19F-NMR chemical shift perturbations. We investigated the effect of C(4) substituted lin-benzoguanine ligands and identified a correlation between dynamic protein rearrangements and ligand-binding features in the corresponding crystal structures. These involve the destabilization of a helix next to the active site and the integrity of a flexible loop-helix motif. Ligands that either completely lack an attached C(4) substituent or use it to stabilize the geometry of the functionally competent dimer state do not indicate the presence of the twisted dimer form in the NMR spectra. The perturbation of crucial structural motifs in the inhibitors correlates with an increasing formation of the inactive twisted dimer state, suggesting these ligands are able to shift a conformational equilibrium from active C2-symmetric to inactive twisted dimer conformations. These findings suggest a novel concept for the design of drug candidates for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nguyen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, Marburg D-35032, Germany
| | - Gerd Gemmecker
- Biomolecular NMR, Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching D-85747, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Charlotte A Softley
- Biomolecular NMR, Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching D-85747, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Levon D Movsisyan
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Toni Pfaffeneder
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Heine
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, Marburg D-35032, Germany
| | - Klaus Reuter
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, Marburg D-35032, Germany
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sattler
- Biomolecular NMR, Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching D-85747, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, Marburg D-35032, Germany
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12
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Wang J, Wu B, Zhang Y, Ge L, Wang J. Site-Specific 19F NMR Method for Detecting Arf6 GEF Activity. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8181-8186. [PMID: 35658403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of small GTPase (sGTPase) coordinate signal networks in normal cells and dysfunction in cancer. Therefore, effective monitoring of GEF activity is very important for studying the regulation of sGTPase signal transduction. In this study, we developed a 1D 19F NMR-based method for rapid detection of the GEF activity of sGTPases. The activity of Arf6GEF in vitro and cell lysate environment can be conveniently detected by tracking the conformational changes of the Arf6 switch region where a tfmF site-specific 19F labeling at Phe47 was introduced. This strategy could potentially be applied to monitor the conformational change of Arf6 or other sGTPase and detect the activities of sGTPase regulatory proteins in physiology and pathology environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China
| | - Youjia Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Liang Ge
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, P. R. China
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13
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Zhu W, Guseman AJ, Bhinderwala F, Lu M, Su XC, Gronenborn AM. Visualizing Proteins in Mammalian Cells by 19 F NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201097. [PMID: 35278268 PMCID: PMC9156538 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In-cell NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool to investigate protein behavior in physiologically relevant environments. Although proven valuable for disordered proteins, we show that in commonly used 1 H-15 N HSQC spectra of globular proteins, interactions with cellular components often broaden resonances beyond detection. This contrasts 19 F spectra in mammalian cells, in which signals are readily observed. Using several proteins, we demonstrate that surface charges and interaction with cellular binding partners modulate linewidths and resonance frequencies. Importantly, we establish that 19 F paramagnetic relaxation enhancements using stable, rigid Ln(III) chelate pendants, attached via non-reducible thioether bonds, provide an effective means to obtain accurate distances for assessing protein conformations in the cellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhu
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alex J Guseman
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Fatema Bhinderwala
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Manman Lu
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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14
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Xi Z, Ilina TV, Guerrero M, Fan L, Sluis‐Cremer N, Wang Y, Ishima R. Relative domain orientation of the L289K HIV-1 reverse transcriptase monomer. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4307. [PMID: 35481647 PMCID: PMC8996465 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) is a heterodimer comprised p66 and p51 subunits (p66/p51). Several single amino acid substitutions in RT, including L289K, decrease p66/p51 dimer affinity, and reduce enzymatic functioning. Here, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with proton paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE), 19 F site-specific NMR, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) were performed for the p66 monomer with the L289K mutation, p66L289K . NMR and SAXS experiments clearly elucidated that the thumb and RNH domains in the monomer do not rigidly interact with each other but are spatially close to the RNH domain. Based on this structural model of the monomer, p66L289K and p51 were predicted to form a heterodimer while p66 and p51L289K not. We tested this hypothesis by SEC analysis of p66 and p51 containing L289K in different combinations and clearly demonstrated that L289K substitution in the p51 subunit, but not in the p66 subunit, reduces p66/p51 formation. Based on the derived monomer model and the importance of the inter-subunit RNH-thumb domain interaction in p66/p51, validated by SEC, the mechanism of p66 homodimer formation was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyong Xi
- Department of Structural BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tatiana V. Ilina
- Department of Structural BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Michel Guerrero
- Department of Structural BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lixin Fan
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchSAXS Core Facility of the National Cancer InstituteFrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Nicolas Sluis‐Cremer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yun‐Xing Wang
- Protein‐Nucleic Acid Interaction Section, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Rieko Ishima
- Department of Structural BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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15
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Yang D, Gronenborn AM, Chong LT. Development and Validation of Fluorinated, Aromatic Amino Acid Parameters for Use with the AMBER ff15ipq Protein Force Field. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2286-2297. [PMID: 35352936 PMCID: PMC9014858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We developed force field parameters for fluorinated, aromatic amino acids enabling molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of fluorinated proteins. These parameters are tailored to the AMBER ff15ipq protein force field and enable the modeling of 4, 5, 6, and 7F-tryptophan, 3F- and 3,5F-tyrosine, and 4F- or 4-CF3-phenylalanine. The parameters include 181 unique atomic charges derived using the implicitly polarized charge (IPolQ) scheme in the presence of SPC/Eb explicit water molecules and 9 unique bond, angle, or torsion terms. Our simulations of benchmark peptides and proteins maintain expected conformational propensities on the μs time scale. In addition, we have developed an open-source Python program to calculate fluorine relaxation rates from MD simulations. The extracted relaxation rates from protein simulations are in good agreement with experimental values determined by 19F NMR. Collectively, our results illustrate the power and robustness of the IPolQ lineage of force fields for modeling the structure and dynamics of fluorine-containing proteins at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darian
T. Yang
- Molecular
Biophysics and Structural Biology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department
of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Angela M. Gronenborn
- Department
of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Lillian T. Chong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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16
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Gronenborn AM, Zhu W, Guseman AJ, Bhinderwala F, Lu M, Su XC. Visualizing Proteins in Mammalian Cells by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Gronenborn
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine Department of Structural Biology 3501 Fifth AvenueBiomedical Science Tower 3 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Wenkai Zhu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Structural Biology 3501 Fifth AvenueBiomedical Science Tower 3 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Alex J Guseman
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Structural Biology 3501 Fifth AvenueBiomedical Science Tower 3 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Fatema Bhinderwala
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Structural Biology UNITED STATES
| | - Manman Lu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Structural Biology 3501 Fifth AvenueBiomedical Science Tower 3 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Xun-Cheng Su
- Nankai University College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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17
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Duan P, Chen KJ, Wijegunawardena G, Dregni AJ, Wang HK, Wu H, Hong M. Binding Sites of a Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agent in Alzheimer's β-Amyloid Fibrils Studied Using 19F Solid-State NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1416-1430. [PMID: 35015530 PMCID: PMC8855532 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) is an important method for diagnosing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Many 11C- and 18F-labeled PET tracers show varying binding capacities, specificities, and affinities for their target proteins. The structural basis of these variations is poorly understood. Here we employ 19F and 13C solid-state NMR to investigate the binding sites of a PET ligand, flutemetamol, to the 40-residue Alzheimer's β-amyloid peptide (Aβ40). Analytical high-performance liquid chromatography and 19F NMR spectra show that flutemetamol binds the current Aβ40 fibril polymorph with a stoichiometry of one ligand per four to five peptides. Half of the ligands are tightly bound while the other half are loosely bound. 13C and 15N chemical shifts indicate that this Aβ40 polymorph has an immobilized N-terminus, a non-β-sheet His14, and a non-β-sheet C-terminus. We measured the proximity of the ligand fluorine to peptide residues using 19F-13C and 19F-1H rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) experiments. The spectra show that three segments in the peptide, 12VHH14, 18VFF20, and 39VV40, lie the closest to the ligand. REDOR-constrained docking simulations indicate that these three segments form multiple binding sites, and the ligand orientations and positions at these sites are similar across different Aβ polymorphs. Comparison of the flutemetamol-interacting residues in Aβ40 with the small-molecule binding sites in other amyloid proteins suggest that conjugated aromatic compounds preferentially bind β-sheet surface grooves lined by aromatic, polar, and charged residues. These motifs may explain the specificity of different PET tracers to different amyloid proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Kelly J. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Gayani Wijegunawardena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount St, Wichita, KS 67260, United States
| | - Aurelio J. Dregni
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Harrison K. Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Haifan Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount St, Wichita, KS 67260, United States
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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18
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Gronenborn AM. Small, but powerful and attractive: 19F in biomolecular NMR. Structure 2022; 30:6-14. [PMID: 34995480 PMCID: PMC8797020 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a versatile tool for probing structure, dynamics, folding, and interactions at atomic resolution. While naturally occurring magnetically active isotopes, such as 1H, 13C, or 15N, are most commonly used in biomolecular NMR, with 15N and 13C isotopic labeling routinely employed at the present time, 19F is a very attractive and sensitive alternative nucleus, which offers rich information on biomolecules in solution and in the solid state. This perspective summarizes the unique benefits of solution and solid-state 19F NMR spectroscopy for the study of biological systems. Particular focus is on the most recent studies and on future unique and important potential applications of fluorine NMR methodology.
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19
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Cui CY, Li B, Cheng D, Li XY, Chen JL, Chen YT, Su XC. Simultaneous Quantification of Biothiols and Deciphering Diverse GSH Stability in Different Live Cells by 19F-Tag. Anal Chem 2021; 94:901-908. [PMID: 34958555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GSH, Cys, Hcy, and H2S are important biothiols and play important roles in the living systems. Quantitative and simultaneous determination of these biothiols under physiological conditions is still a challenge. Herein, we developed an effective 19F-reactive tag that readily interacts with these four biothiols for the generation of stable thioether products that have distinguishable 19F-chemical shifts. These thioester compounds encode the characteristic fingerprint profiles of each biothiols, allowing one to simultaneously quantify and determine these biothiols by 1D 19F NMR spectroscopy. The intra-/extracellular GSH in live cells was assessed by the established strategy, and remarkable variations in the GSH stability were determined between the normal mammalian cells and cancer cells. It is notable that GSH hydrolyzes efficiently in the out-membrane of the cancer cells and the lysates. In contrast, GSH remains stable in the tested normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xia-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia-Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ya-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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20
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Gronenborn AM. Meet the IUPAB councilor - Angela M. Gronenborn. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:835-838. [PMID: 35059003 PMCID: PMC8724357 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As an incoming IUPAB Councilor, I have been asked to write a short commentary describing myself and my career in science. Throughout my scientific life, my interests have evolved from initially trying to understand the physical and chemical properties of small molecules toward unraveling biological systems. To that end, I now apply biophysical, biochemical and chemistry tools. Along my journey, I developed and applied nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy methods to figure out how proteins work at the atomic level and this voyage took me from Germany, where I earned degrees in Physics and Chemistry, to the UK and back to Germany, finally dropping anchor in the USA, where I have led research programs at both the National Institutes of Health and the University of Pittsburgh. I am now the UPMC Rosalind Franklin Professor and Chair of the Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, a Professor of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, and a Professor of Chemistry, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, and Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower 3, Room 1051, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
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21
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Orton HW, Qianzhu H, Abdelkader EH, Habel EI, Tan YJ, Frkic RL, Jackson CJ, Huber T, Otting G. Through-Space Scalar 19F- 19F Couplings between Fluorinated Noncanonical Amino Acids for the Detection of Specific Contacts in Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19587-19598. [PMID: 34780162 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine atoms are known to display scalar 19F-19F couplings in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra when they are sufficiently close in space for nonbonding orbitals to overlap. We show that fluorinated noncanonical amino acids positioned in the hydrophobic core or on the surface of a protein can be linked by scalar through-space 19F-19F (TSJFF) couplings even if the 19F spins are in the time average separated by more than the van der Waals distance. Using two different aromatic amino acids featuring CF3 groups, O-trifluoromethyl-tyrosine and 4-trifluoromethyl-phenylalanine, we show that 19F-19F TOCSY experiments are sufficiently sensitive to detect TSJFF couplings between 2.5 and 5 Hz in the 19 kDa protein PpiB measured on a two-channel 400 MHz NMR spectrometer with a regular room temperature probe. A quantitative J evolution experiment enables the measurement of TSJFF coupling constants that are up to five times smaller than the 19F NMR line width. In addition, a new aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase was identified for genetic encoding of N6-(trifluoroacetyl)-l-lysine (TFA-Lys) and 19F-19F TOCSY peaks were observed between two TFA-Lys residues incorporated into the proteins AncCDT-1 and mRFP despite high solvent exposure and flexibility of the TFA-Lys side chains. With the ready availability of systems for site-specific incorporation of fluorinated amino acids into proteins by genetic encoding, 19F-19F interactions offer a straightforward way to probe the spatial proximity of selected sites without any assignments of 1H NMR resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W Orton
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Haocheng Qianzhu
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Elwy H Abdelkader
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Edan I Habel
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yi Jiun Tan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Frkic
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Colin J Jackson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas Huber
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Gottfried Otting
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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22
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Sinnaeve D, Ben Bouzayene A, Ottoy E, Hofman GJ, Erdmann E, Linclau B, Kuprov I, Martins J, Torbeev V, Kieffer B. Fluorine NMR study of proline-rich sequences using fluoroprolines. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:795-813. [PMID: 37905223 PMCID: PMC10539733 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-795-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Proline homopolymer motifs are found in many proteins; their peculiar conformational and dynamic properties are often directly involved in those proteins' functions. However, the dynamics of proline homopolymers is hard to study by NMR due to a lack of amide protons and small chemical shift dispersion. Exploiting the spectroscopic properties of fluorinated prolines opens interesting perspectives to address these issues. Fluorinated prolines are already widely used in protein structure engineering - they introduce conformational and dynamical biases - but their use as 19 F NMR reporters of proline conformation has not yet been explored. In this work, we look at model peptides where Cγ -fluorinated prolines with opposite configurations of the chiral Cγ centre have been introduced at two positions in distinct polyproline segments. By looking at the effects of swapping these (4R )-fluoroproline and (4S )-fluoroproline within the polyproline segments, we were able to separate the intrinsic conformational properties of the polyproline sequence from the conformational alterations instilled by fluorination. We assess the fluoroproline 19 F relaxation properties, and we exploit the latter in elucidating binding kinetics to the SH3 (Src homology 3) domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Sinnaeve
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, U1167 – Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of
Aging-Related Diseases (RID-AGE), 59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, ERL9002 – Integrative Structural Biology, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Abir Ben Bouzayene
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, IGBMC, University of Strasbourg, Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404
Illkirch, France
| | - Emile Ottoy
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University,
Campus Sterre, S4, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gert-Jan Hofman
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University,
Campus Sterre, S4, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ,
United Kingdom
| | - Eva Erdmann
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, IGBMC, University of Strasbourg, Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404
Illkirch, France
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ,
United Kingdom
| | - Ilya Kuprov
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ,
United Kingdom
| | - José C. Martins
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University,
Campus Sterre, S4, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vladimir Torbeev
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS),
International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), University of Strasbourg,
CNRS UMR 7006, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Kieffer
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, IGBMC, University of Strasbourg, Inserm U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404
Illkirch, France
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23
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Buchholz CR, Pomerantz WCK. 19F NMR viewed through two different lenses: ligand-observed and protein-observed 19F NMR applications for fragment-based drug discovery. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1312-1330. [PMID: 34704040 PMCID: PMC8496043 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00085c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
19F NMR has emerged as a powerful tool in drug discovery, particularly in fragment-based screens. The favorable magnetic resonance properties of the fluorine-19 nucleus, the general absence of fluorine in biological settings, and its ready incorporation into both small molecules and biopolymers, has enabled multiple applications of 19F NMR using labeled small molecules and proteins in biophysical, biochemical, and cellular experiments. This review will cover developments in ligand-observed and protein-observed 19F NMR experiments tailored towards drug discovery with a focus on fragment screening. We also cover the key advances that have furthered the field in recent years, including quantitative, structural, and in-cell methodologies. Several case studies are described for each application to highlight areas for innovation and to further catalyze new NMR developments for using this versatile nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Buchholz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota 308 Harvard Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - William C K Pomerantz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota 308 Harvard Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
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24
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Quinn CM, Zadorozhnyi R, Struppe J, Sergeyev IV, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. Fast 19F Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for the Structural Characterization of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Blockbuster Drugs. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13029-13037. [PMID: 34517697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated drugs occupy a large and growing share of the pharmaceutical market. Here, we explore high-frequency, 60 to 111 kHz, 19F magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the structural characterization of fluorinated active pharmaceutical ingredients in commercial formulations of seven blockbuster drugs: Celebrex, Cipro, Crestor, Levaquin, Lipitor, Prozac, and Zyvox. 19F signals can be observed in a single scan, and spectra with high signal-to-noise ratios can be acquired in minutes. 19F spectral parameters, such as chemical shifts and line widths, are sensitive to both the nature of the fluorine moiety and the formulation. We anticipate that the fast 19F MAS NMR-based approach presented here will be valuable for the rapid analysis of fluorine-containing drugs in a wide variety of formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Roman Zadorozhnyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Ivan V Sergeyev
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States.,Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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25
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Guo C, Fritz MP, Struppe J, Wegner S, Stringer J, Sergeyev IV, Quinn CM, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. Fast 19F Magic Angle Spinning NMR Crystallography for Structural Characterization of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceutical Compounds. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8210-8218. [PMID: 34080855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing compounds comprise 20 to 30 percent of all commercial drugs, and the proportion of fluorinated pharmaceuticals is rapidly growing. While magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy is a popular technique for analysis of solid pharmaceutical compounds, fluorine has been underutilized as a structural probe so far. Here, we report a fast (40-60 kHz) MAS 19F NMR approach for structural characterization of fluorine-containing crystalline pharmaceutical compounds at natural abundance, using the antimalarial fluorine-containing drug mefloquine as an example. We demonstrate the utility of 2D 19F-13C and 19F-19F dipolar-coupling-based correlation experiments for 19F and 13C resonance frequency assignment, which permit identification of crystallographically inequivalent sites. The efficiency of 19F-13C cross-polarization and the effect of 1H and 19F decoupling on spectral resolution and sensitivity were evaluated in a broad range of experimental conditions. We further demonstrate a protocol for measuring accurate interfluorine distances based on 1D DANTE-RFDR experiments combined with multispin numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Matthew P Fritz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | | | - John Stringer
- PhoenixNMR, 510 E. 5th Street, Loveland, Colorado 80537, United States
| | - Ivan V Sergeyev
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States.,Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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26
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Large Multidomain Protein NMR: HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Precursor in Solution. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249545. [PMID: 33333923 PMCID: PMC7765405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NMR studies of large proteins, over 100 kDa, in solution are technically challenging and, therefore, of considerable interest in the biophysics field. The challenge arises because the molecular tumbling of a protein in solution considerably slows as molecular mass increases, reducing the ability to detect resonances. In fact, the typical 1H-13C or 1H-15N correlation spectrum of a large protein, using a 13C- or 15N-uniformly labeled protein, shows severe line-broadening and signal overlap. Selective isotope labeling of methyl groups is a useful strategy to reduce these issues, however, the reduction in the number of signals that goes hand-in-hand with such a strategy is, in turn, disadvantageous for characterizing the overall features of the protein. When domain motion exists in large proteins, the domain motion differently affects backbone amide signals and methyl groups. Thus, the use of multiple NMR probes, such as 1H, 19F, 13C, and 15N, is ideal to gain overall structural or dynamical information for large proteins. We discuss the utility of observing different NMR nuclei when characterizing a large protein, namely, the 66 kDa multi-domain HIV-1 reverse transcriptase that forms a homodimer in solution. Importantly, we present a biophysical approach, complemented by biochemical assays, to understand not only the homodimer, p66/p66, but also the conformational changes that contribute to its maturation to a heterodimer, p66/p51, upon HIV-1 protease cleavage.
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27
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Fuente-Gómez GJ, Kellum CL, Miranda AC, Duff MR, Howell EE. Differentiation of the binding of two ligands to a tetrameric protein with a single symmetric active site by 19 F NMR. Protein Sci 2020; 30:477-484. [PMID: 33269489 PMCID: PMC7784773 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
R67 dihydrofolate reductase (R67 DHFR) is a plasmid‐encoded enzyme that confers resistance to the antibacterial drug trimethoprim. R67 DHFR is a tetramer with a single active site that is unusual as both cofactor and substrate are recognized by symmetry‐related residues. Such promiscuity has limited our previous efforts to differentiate ligand binding by NMR. To address this problem, we incorporated fluorine at positions 4, 5, 6, or 7 of the indole rings of tryptophans 38 and 45 and characterized the spectra to determine which probe was optimal for studying ligand binding. Two resonances were observed for all apo proteins. Unexpectedly, the W45 resonance appeared broad, and truncation of the disordered N‐termini resulted in the appearance of one sharp W45 resonance. These results are consistent with interaction of the N‐terminus with W45. Binding of the cofactor broadened W38 for all fluorine probes, whereas substrate, dihydrofolate, binding resulted in the appearance of three new resonances for 4‐ and 5‐fluoroindole labeled protein and severe line broadening for 6‐ and 7‐fluoroindole R67 DHFR. W45 became slightly broader upon ligand binding. With only two peaks in the 19F NMR spectra, our data were able to differentiate cofactor and substrate binding to the single, symmetric active site of R67 DHFR and yield binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Fuente-Gómez
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Creighton L Kellum
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexis C Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael R Duff
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Howell
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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28
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Kalra P, McGraw L, Kimbrough JR, Pandey AK, Solberg J, Cui H, Divakaran A, John K, Hawkinson JE, Pomerantz WCK. Quantifying the Selectivity of Protein-Protein and Small Molecule Interactions with Fluorinated Tandem Bromodomain Reader Proteins. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:3038-3049. [PMID: 33138352 PMCID: PMC8185897 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multidomain bromodomain-containing proteins regulate gene expression via chromatin binding, interactions with the transcriptional machinery, and by recruiting enzymatic activity. Selective inhibition of members of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family is important to understand their role in disease and gene regulation, although due to the similar binding sites of BET bromodomains, selective inhibitor discovery has been challenging. To support the bromodomain inhibitor discovery process, here we report the first application of protein-observed fluorine (PrOF) NMR to the tandem bromodomains of BRD4 and BRDT to quantify the selectivity of their interactions with acetylated histones as well as small molecules. We further determine the selectivity profile of a new class of ligands, 1,4-acylthiazepanes, and find them to have ≥3-10-fold selectivity for the C-terminal bromodomain of both BRD4 and BRDT. Given the speed and lower protein concentration required over traditional protein-observed NMR methods, we envision that these fluorinated tandem proteins may find use in fragment screening and evaluating nucleosome and transcription factor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakriti Kalra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Logan McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jennifer R Kimbrough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anil K Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jonathan Solberg
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Huarui Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anand Divakaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kristen John
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Jon E Hawkinson
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William C K Pomerantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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29
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Exploring IDP-Ligand Interactions: tau K18 as A Test Case. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155257. [PMID: 32722166 PMCID: PMC7432903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have emerged as a biologically important class of proteins, many of which are of therapeutic relevance. Here, we investigated the interactions between a model IDP system, tau K18, and nine literature compounds that have been reported as having an effect on tau in order to identify a robust IDP–ligand system for the optimization of a range of biophysical methods. We used NMR, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) methods to investigate the binding of these compounds to tau K18; only one showed unambiguous interaction with tau K18. Several near neighbors of this compound were synthesized and their interactions with tau K18 characterized using additional NMR methods, including 1D ligand-observed NMR, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and 19F NMR. This study demonstrates that it is possible to detect and characterize IDP–ligand interactions using biophysical methods. However, care must be taken to account for possible artefacts, particularly the impact of compound solubility and where the protein has to be immobilized.
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30
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Shanina E, Siebs E, Zhang H, Varón Silva D, Joachim I, Titz A, Rademacher C. Protein-observed 19F NMR of LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Glycobiology 2020; 31:159-165. [PMID: 32573695 PMCID: PMC7874386 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate-binding protein LecA (PA-IL) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa plays an important role in the formation of biofilms in chronic infections. Development of inhibitors to disrupt LecA-mediated biofilms is desired but it is limited to carbohydrate-based ligands. Moreover, discovery of drug-like ligands for LecA is challenging because of its weak affinities. Therefore, we established a protein-observed 19F (PrOF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to probe ligand binding to LecA. LecA was labeled with 5-fluoroindole to incorporate 5-fluorotryptophanes and the resonances were assigned by site-directed mutagenesis. This incorporation did not disrupt LecA preference for natural ligands, Ca2+ and d-galactose. Following NMR perturbation of W42, which is located in the carbohydrate-binding region of LecA, allowed to monitor binding of low-affinity ligands such as N-acetyl d-galactosamine (d-GalNAc, Kd = 780 ± 97 μM). Moreover, PrOF NMR titration with glycomimetic of LecA p-nitrophenyl β-d-galactoside (pNPGal, Kd = 54 ± 6 μM) demonstrated a 6-fold improved binding of d-Gal proving this approach to be valuable for ligand design in future drug discovery campaigns that aim to generate inhibitors of LecA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shanina
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.,Free University of Berlin, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eike Siebs
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hengxi Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.,Free University of Berlin, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Varón Silva
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.,Free University of Berlin, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Joachim
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.,Free University of Berlin, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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31
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Shcherbakov AA, Roos M, Kwon B, Hong M. Two-dimensional 19F- 13C correlation NMR for 19F resonance assignment of fluorinated proteins. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2020; 74:193-204. [PMID: 32088840 PMCID: PMC7445029 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-020-00306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
19F solid-state NMR is an excellent approach for measuring long-range distances for structure determination and for studying molecular motion. For multi-fluorinated proteins, assignment of 19F chemical shifts has been traditionally carried out using mutagenesis. Here we show 2D 19F-13C correlation experiments that allow efficient assignment of the 19F chemical shifts. We have compared several rotational-echo double-resonance-based pulse sequences and 19F-13C cross polarization (CP) for 2D 19F-13C correlation. We found that direct transferred-echo double-resonance (TEDOR) transfer from 19F to 13C and vice versa outperforms out-and-back coherence transfer schemes. 19F detection gives twofold higher sensitivity over 13C detection for the 2D correlation experiment. At MAS frequencies of 25-35 kHz, double-quantum 19F-13C CP has higher coherence transfer efficiencies than zero-quantum CP. The most efficient TEDOR transfer experiment has higher sensitivity than the most efficient double-quantum CP experiment. We demonstrate these 2D 19F-13C correlation experiments on the model compounds t-Boc-4F-phenylalanine and GB1. Application of the 2D 19F-13C TEDOR correlation experiment to the tetrameric influenza BM2 transmembrane peptide shows intermolecular 13C-19F cross peaks that indicate that the BM2 tetramers cluster in the lipid bilayer in an antiparallel fashion. This clustering may be relevant for the virus budding function of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Shcherbakov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthias Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Byungsu Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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32
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Edwards JM, Harris P, Bukrinski JT, Golovanov AP. Use of 19 F Differential Labelling for the Simultaneous Detection and Monitoring of Three Individual Proteins in a Serum Environment. Chempluschem 2020; 84:443-446. [PMID: 31943902 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein behavior in complex mixtures, such as biological fluids, is often modeled by simplified buffer systems in solution. Here we have used the recently described differential 19 F labelling approach (with NMR detection) to monitor and compare the solution behaviour of three proteins at once: human serum albumin (HSA), transferrin (TrF), and immunoglobulin G (IgG), both in serum and in buffer. We demonstrate that monitoring three proteins simultaneously and independently in biological fluid is possible, and that the presence of other endogenous components greatly changes the association characteristics of these proteins. For example, in the simplified model buffer system, all three proteins diffuse at a similar rate, while in serum HSA diffuses around three times faster than TrF, and four times faster than IgG. This 19 F NMR approach allows characterization of the behaviour of complex multiprotein systems in their native environment, e. g., in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Edwards
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Pernille Harris
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Building 207, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Alexander P Golovanov
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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33
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Fritz M, Kraus J, Quinn CM, Yap GPA, Struppe J, Sergeyev IV, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. Measurement of Accurate Interfluorine Distances in Crystalline Organic Solids: A High-Frequency Magic Angle Spinning NMR Approach. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10680-10690. [PMID: 31682453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Long-range interatomic distance restraints are critical for the determination of molecular structures by NMR spectroscopy, both in solution and in the solid state. Fluorine is a powerful NMR probe in a wide variety of contexts, owing to its favorable magnetic properties, ease of incorporation into biological molecules, and ubiquitous use in synthetic organic molecules designed for diverse applications. Because of the large gyromagnetic ratio of the 100% naturally abundant 19F isotope, interfluorine distances as long as 20 Å are accessible in magic-angle spinning (MAS) dipolar recoupling experiments. Herein, we present an approach for the determination of accurate interfluorine distances in multispin systems, using the finite pulse radio frequency driven recoupling (fpRFDR) at high MAS frequencies of 40-60 kHz. We use a series of crystalline "molecular ruler" solids, difluorobenzoic acids and 7F-L-tryptophan, for which the intra- and intermolecular interfluorine distances are known. We describe the optimal experimental conditions for accurate distance determinations, including the choice of a phase cycle, the relative advantages of selective inversion one-dimensional versus two-dimensional correlation experiments, and the appropriate numerical simulation protocols. An optimal strategy for the analysis of RFDR exchange curves in organic solids with extended spin interaction networks is presented, which, even in the absence of crystal structures, can be potentially incorporated into NMR structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Fritz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Jodi Kraus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker Biospin Corporation , 15 Fortune Drive , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | - Ivan V Sergeyev
- Bruker Biospin Corporation , 15 Fortune Drive , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States.,Department of Structural Biology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
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34
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Abstract
Inhibitor discovery for protein-protein interactions has proven difficult due to the large protein surface areas and dynamic interfaces involved. This is particularly the case when targeting transcription-factor-protein interactions. To address this challenge, structural biology approaches for ligand discovery using X-ray crystallography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have had a significant impact on advancing small molecule inhibitors into the clinic, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved drug, Venetoclax. Inspired by the protein-observed NMR approach using 1H-15N-HSQC NMR which detects chemical shift perturbations of 15N-labeled amides, we have applied a complementary protein-observed 19F NMR approach using 19F-labeled side-chains that are enriched at protein-protein-interaction interfaces. This protein-observed 19F NMR assay is abbreviated PrOF NMR to distinguish the experiment from the more commonly employed ligand-observed 19F NMR methods. In this Account, we describe our efforts using PrOF NMR as a ligand discovery tool, particularly for fragment-based ligand discovery (FBLD). We metabolically label the aromatic amino acids on proteins due to the enrichment of aromatic residues at protein interfaces. We choose the 19F nucleus due to its high signal sensitivity and the hyperresponsiveness of 19F to changes in chemical environment. Simultaneous labeling with two different types of fluorinated aromatic amino acids for PrOF NMR has also been achieved. We first describe the technical aspects of considering the application of PrOF NMR for characterizing native protein-protein interactions and for ligand screening. Several test cases are further described with a focus on a transcription factor coactivator interaction with the KIX domain of CBP/p300 and two epigenetic regulatory domains, the bromodomains of BRD4 and BPTF. Through these case studies, we highlight medicinal chemistry applications in FBLD, selectivity screens, structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, and ligand deconstruction approaches. These studies have led to the discovery of some of the first inhibitors for BPTF and a novel inhibitor class for the N-terminal bromodomain of BRD4. The speed, ease of interpretation, and relatively low concentration of protein needed for NMR-based binding experiments affords a rapid, structural biology-based method to discover and characterize both native and new ligands for bromodomains, and it may find utility in the study of additional epigenetic proteins and transcription-factor-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Divakaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven E. Kirberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William C. K. Pomerantz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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35
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Acevedo LA, Korson NE, Williams JM, Nicholson LK. Tuning a timing device that regulates lateral root development in rice. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2019; 73:493-507. [PMID: 31407206 PMCID: PMC7141409 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-019-00258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl Prolyl Isomerases (PPIases) accelerate cis-trans isomerization of prolyl peptide bonds. In rice, the PPIase LRT2 is essential for lateral root initiation. LRT2 displays in vitro isomerization of a highly conserved W-P peptide bond (104W-P105) in the natural substrate OsIAA11. OsIAA11 is a transcription repressor that, in response to the plant hormone auxin, is targeted to ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation via specific recognition of the cis isomer of its 104W-P105 peptide bond. OsIAA11 controls transcription of specific genes, including its own, that are required for lateral root development. This auxin-responsive negative feedback circuit governs patterning and development of lateral roots along the primary root. The ability to tune LRT2 activity via mutagenesis is crucial for understanding and modeling the role of this bimodal switch in the auxin circuit and lateral root development. We present characterization of the thermal stability and isomerization rates of several LRT2 mutants acting on the OsIAA11 substrate. The thermally stable mutants display activities lower than that of wild-type (WT) LRT2. These include binding diminished but catalytically active P125K, binding incompetent W128A, and binding capable but catalytically incompetent H133Q mutations. Additionally, LRT2 homologs hCypA from human, TaCypA from Triticum aestivum (wheat) and PPIB from E. coli were shown to have 110, 50 and 60% of WT LRT2 activity on the OsIAA11 substrate. These studies identify several thermally stable LRT2 mutants with altered activities that will be useful for establishing relationships between cis-trans isomerization, auxin circuit dynamics, and lateral root development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Andrea Acevedo
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nathan E Korson
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Justin M Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Linda K Nicholson
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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36
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Lu M, Ishima R, Polenova T, Gronenborn AM. 19F NMR relaxation studies of fluorosubstituted tryptophans. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2019; 73:401-409. [PMID: 31435857 PMCID: PMC6878660 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-019-00268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present 19F longitudinal and transverse relaxation studies for four differently fluorosubstituted L-tryptophans, which carry single F atoms in the indole ring, both in the context of the free amino acid and when located in the cyclophilin A protein. For the free 4F-, 5F-, 6F-, 7F-L-Trp, satisfactory agreement between experimentally measured and calculated relaxation rates was obtained, suggesting that the parameters used for calculating the rates for the indole frame are sufficiently accurate. We also measured and calculated relaxation rates for four differently 19F-tryptophan labeled cyclophilin A proteins, transferring the parameters from the free amino acid to the protein-bound moiety. Our results suggest that 19F relaxation data of the large and rigid indole ring in Trp are only moderately affected by protein motions and provide critical reference points for evaluating fluorine NMR relaxation in the future, especially in fluorotryptophan labeled proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Lu
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Rieko Ishima
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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37
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Gronenborn AM. Integrated BioNMR - "getting by with a little help from my friends". JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:192-194. [PMID: 31320228 PMCID: PMC6703907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single types of methodologies are insufficient to adequately describe complex biological structures. As a result, integrated approaches that combine complementary data are being developed. Here, I describe the benefits of integrating solution and magic angle spinning BioNMR approaches to characterize structure and dynamics of protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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38
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Shcherbakov AA, Mandala VS, Hong M. High-Sensitivity Detection of Nanometer 1H- 19F Distances for Protein Structure Determination by 1H-Detected Fast MAS NMR. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4387-4391. [PMID: 31034230 PMCID: PMC7012536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein structure determination by solid-state NMR requires the measurement of many interatomic distances through dipole-dipole couplings. To obtain multiple long-range distance restraints rapidly and with high sensitivity, here we demonstrate a new 1H-detected fast magic-angle-spinning NMR technique that yields many long distances in a two-dimensional (2D)-resolved fashion. The distances are measured up to ∼15 Å, with an accuracy of better than 10%, between 1H and 19F, two nuclear spins that have the highest gyromagnetic ratios. Exogenous fluorines are sparsely introduced into the aromatic residues of the protein, which is perdeuterated and back-exchanged to give amide protons. This 1H-19F distance experiment, termed 2D heteronuclear single-quantum coherence rotational-echo double-resonance (HSQC-REDOR), is demonstrated on the singly fluorinated model protein, GB1. We extracted 33 distances between 5-19F-Trp43 and backbone amide protons, using 2D spectral series that were measured in less than 3 days. Combining these 1H-19F distance restraints with 13C-19F distances and chemical shifts, we calculated a GB1 structure with a backbone root-mean-square deviation of 1.73 Å from the high-resolution structure. This 1H-detected 1H-19F distance technique promises to provide a highly efficient tool for constraining the three-dimensional structures of proteins and protein-ligand complexes, with not only precise and fast measurements but also access to truly long-range distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Shcherbakov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Venkata Shiva Mandala
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
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39
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Structure and Synthesis of Antifungal Disulfide β-Strand Proteins from Filamentous Fungi. Microorganisms 2018; 7:microorganisms7010005. [PMID: 30591636 PMCID: PMC6352176 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery and understanding of the mode of action of new antimicrobial agents is extremely urgent, since fungal infections cause 1.5 million deaths annually. Antifungal peptides and proteins represent a significant group of compounds that are able to kill pathogenic fungi. Based on phylogenetic analyses the ascomycetous, cysteine-rich antifungal proteins can be divided into three different groups: Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (PAF), Neosartorya fischeri antifungal protein 2 (NFAP2) and “bubble-proteins” (BP) produced, for example, by P. brevicompactum. They all dominantly have β-strand secondary structures that are stabilized by several disulfide bonds. The PAF group (AFP antifungal protein from Aspergillus giganteus, PAF and PAFB from P. chrysogenum,Neosartorya fischeri antifungal protein (NFAP)) is the best characterized with their common β-barrel tertiary structure. These proteins and variants can efficiently be obtained either from fungi production or by recombinant expression. However, chemical synthesis may be a complementary aid for preparing unusual modifications, e.g., the incorporation of non-coded amino acids, fluorophores, or even unnatural disulfide bonds. Synthetic variants up to ca. 6–7 kDa can also be put to good use for corroborating structure determination. A short overview of the structural peculiarities of antifungal β-strand disulfide bridged proteins will be given. Here, we describe the structural propensities of some known antifungal proteins from filamentous fungi which can also be prepared with modern synthetic chemistry methods.
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40
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Wang M, Lu M, Fritz MP, Quinn CM, Byeon IJL, Byeon CH, Struppe J, Maas W, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. Fast Magic-Angle Spinning 19 F NMR Spectroscopy of HIV-1 Capsid Protein Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16375-16379. [PMID: 30225969 PMCID: PMC6279522 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
19 F NMR spectroscopy is an attractive and growing area of research with broad applications in biochemistry, chemical biology, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. We have explored fast magic angle spinning (MAS) 19 F solid-state NMR spectroscopy in assemblies of HIV-1 capsid protein. Tryptophan residues with fluorine substitution at the 5-position of the indole ring were used as the reporters. The 19 F chemical shifts for the five tryptophan residues are distinct, reflecting differences in their local environment. Spin-diffusion and radio-frequency-driven-recoupling experiments were performed at MAS frequencies of 35 kHz and 40-60 kHz, respectively. Fast MAS frequencies of 40-60 kHz are essential for consistently establishing 19 F-19 F correlations, yielding interatomic distances of the order of 20 Å. Our results demonstrate the potential of fast MAS 19 F NMR spectroscopy for structural analysis in large biological assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Brown Laboratories; Newark, DE 19716, United States,
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States,
| | - Manman Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Brown Laboratories; Newark, DE 19716, United States,
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States,
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Matthew P. Fritz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Brown Laboratories; Newark, DE 19716, United States,
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States,
| | - Caitlin M. Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Brown Laboratories; Newark, DE 19716, United States,
| | - In-Ja L. Byeon
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States,
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Chang-Hyeock Byeon
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States,
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, United States
| | - Werner Maas
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, United States
| | - Angela M. Gronenborn
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States,
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Brown Laboratories; Newark, DE 19716, United States,
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States,
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41
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Wang M, Lu M, Fritz MP, Quinn CM, Byeon IL, Byeon C, Struppe J, Maas W, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. Fast Magic‐Angle Spinning
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F NMR Spectroscopy of HIV‐1 Capsid Protein Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware Brown Laboratories Newark DE 19716 USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Manman Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware Brown Laboratories Newark DE 19716 USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
- Department of Structural Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Matthew P. Fritz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware Brown Laboratories Newark DE 19716 USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Caitlin M. Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware Brown Laboratories Newark DE 19716 USA
| | - In‐Ja L. Byeon
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
- Department of Structural Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Chang‐Hyeock Byeon
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
- Department of Structural Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker Biospin Corporation 15 Fortune Drive Billerica MA USA
| | - Werner Maas
- Bruker Biospin Corporation 15 Fortune Drive Billerica MA USA
| | - Angela M. Gronenborn
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
- Department of Structural Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Delaware Brown Laboratories Newark DE 19716 USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
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42
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Dalvit C, Vulpetti A. Ligand-Based Fluorine NMR Screening: Principles and Applications in Drug Discovery Projects. J Med Chem 2018; 62:2218-2244. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Vulpetti
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Roos M, Mandala VS, Hong M. Determination of Long-Range Distances by Fast Magic-Angle-Spinning Radiofrequency-Driven 19F- 19F Dipolar Recoupling NMR. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:9302-9313. [PMID: 30211552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanometer-range distances are important for restraining the three-dimensional structure and oligomeric assembly of proteins and other biological molecules. Solid-state NMR determination of protein structures typically utilizes 13C-13C and 13C-15N distance restraints, which can only be measured up to ∼7 Å because of the low gyromagnetic ratios of these nuclear spins. To extend the distance reach of NMR, one can harvest the power of 19F, whose large gyromagnetic ratio in principle allows distances up to 2 nm to be measured. However, 19F possesses large chemical shift anisotropies (CSAs) as well as large isotropic chemical shift dispersions, which pose challenges to dipolar coupling measurements. Here, we demonstrate 19F-19F distance measurements at high magnetic fields under fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) using radiofrequency-driven dipolar recoupling (RFDR). We show that 19F-19F cross-peaks for distances up to 1 nm can be readily observed in two-dimensional 19F-19F correlation spectra using less than 5 ms of RFDR mixing. This efficient 19F-19F dipolar recoupling is achieved using practically accessible MAS frequencies of 15-55 kHz, moderate 19F radio frequency field strengths, and no 1H decoupling. Experiments and simulations show that the fastest polarization transfer for aromatic fluorines with the highest distance accuracy is achieved using either fast MAS (e.g., 60 kHz) with large pulse duty cycles (>50%) or slow MAS with strong 19F pulses. Fast MAS considerably reduces relaxation losses during the RFDR π-pulse train, making finite-pulse RFDR under fast-MAS the method of choice. Under intermediate MAS frequencies (25-40 kHz) and intermediate pulse duty cycles (15-30%), the 19F CSA tensor orientation has a quantifiable effect on the polarization transfer rate; thus, the RFDR buildup curves encode both distance and orientation information. At fast MAS, the impact of CSA orientation is minimized, allowing pure distance restraints to be extracted. We further investigate how relayed transfer and dipolar truncation in multifluorine environments affect polarization transfer. This fast-MAS 19F RFDR approach is complementary to 19F spin diffusion for distance measurements and will be the method of choice under high-field fast-MAS conditions that are increasingly important for protein structure determination by solid-state NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Roos
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 170 Albany Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Venkata S Mandala
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 170 Albany Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 170 Albany Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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44
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Lu M, Sarkar S, Wang M, Kraus J, Fritz M, Quinn CM, Bai S, Holmes ST, Dybowski C, Yap GPA, Struppe J, Sergeyev IV, Maas W, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. 19F Magic Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations of Fluorosubstituted Tryptophans: Integrating Experiment and Theory for Accurate Determination of Chemical Shift Tensors. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:6148-6155. [PMID: 29756776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 19F chemical shift is a sensitive NMR probe of structure and electronic environment in organic and biological molecules. In this report, we examine chemical shift parameters of 4F-, 5F-, 6F-, and 7F-substituted crystalline tryptophan by magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory. Significant narrowing of the 19F lines was observed under fast MAS conditions, at spinning frequencies above 50 kHz. The parameters characterizing the 19F chemical shift tensor are sensitive to the position of the fluorine in the aromatic ring and, to a lesser extent, the chirality of the molecule. Accurate calculations of 19F magnetic shielding tensors require the PBE0 functional with a 50% admixture of a Hartree-Fock exchange term, as well as taking account of the local crystal symmetry. The methodology developed will be beneficial for 19F-based MAS NMR structural analysis of proteins and protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Sucharita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Mingzhang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Jodi Kraus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Matthew Fritz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Shi Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Sean T Holmes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Cecil Dybowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker Biospin Corporation , 15 Fortune Drive , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | - Ivan V Sergeyev
- Bruker Biospin Corporation , 15 Fortune Drive , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | - Werner Maas
- Bruker Biospin Corporation , 15 Fortune Drive , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States.,Department of Structural Biology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
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45
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Hofman GJ, Ottoy E, Light ME, Kieffer B, Kuprov I, Martins JC, Sinnaeve D, Linclau B. Minimising conformational bias in fluoroprolines through vicinal difluorination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5118-5121. [PMID: 29717724 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01493k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Monofluorination at the proline 4-position results in conformational effects, which is exploited for a range of applications. However, this conformational distortion is a hindrance when the natural proline conformation is important. Here we introduce (3S,4R)-3,4-difluoroproline, in which the individual fluorine atoms instil opposite conformational effects, as a suitable probe for fluorine NMR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert-Jan Hofman
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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46
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Defining a conformational ensemble that directs activation of PPARγ. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1794. [PMID: 29728618 PMCID: PMC5935666 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (LBD) is a highly dynamic entity. Crystal structures have defined multiple low-energy LBD structural conformations of the activation function-2 (AF-2) co-regulator-binding surface, yet it remains unclear how ligand binding influences the number and population of conformations within the AF-2 structural ensemble. Here, we present a nuclear receptor co-regulator-binding surface structural ensemble in solution, viewed through the lens of fluorine-19 (19F) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and molecular simulations, and the response of this ensemble to ligands, co-regulator peptides and heterodimerization. We correlate the composition of this ensemble with function in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) utilizing ligands of diverse efficacy in co-regulator recruitment. While the co-regulator surface of apo PPARγ and partial-agonist-bound PPARγ is characterized by multiple thermodynamically accessible conformations, the full and inverse-agonist-bound PPARγ co-regulator surface is restricted to a few conformations which favor coactivator or corepressor binding, respectively. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor. Here the authors provide insights into PPARγ activation by combining fluorine (19F) NMR and molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the nuclear receptor conformational ensemble in solution and the response of this ensemble to ligand and coregulatory peptide binding.
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47
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Abstract
Exciting new technological developments have pushed the boundaries of structural biology, and have enabled studies of biological macromolecules and assemblies that would have been unthinkable not long ago. Yet, the enhanced capabilities of structural biologists to pry into the complex molecular world have also placed new demands on the abilities of protein engineers to reproduce this complexity into the test tube. With this challenge in mind, we review the contents of the modern molecular engineering toolbox that allow the manipulation of proteins in a site-specific and chemically well-defined fashion. Thus, we cover concepts related to the modification of cysteines and other natural amino acids, native chemical ligation, intein and sortase-based approaches, amber suppression, as well as chemical and enzymatic bio-conjugation strategies. We also describe how these tools can be used to aid methodology development in X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, cryo-electron microscopy and in the studies of dynamic interactions. It is our hope that this monograph will inspire structural biologists and protein engineers alike to apply these tools to novel systems, and to enhance and broaden their scope to meet the outstanding challenges in understanding the molecular basis of cellular processes and disease.
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48
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Bondarenko V, Wells M, Xu Y, Tang P. Solution NMR Studies of Anesthetic Interactions with Ion Channels. Methods Enzymol 2018; 603:49-66. [PMID: 29673534 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is one of the major tools to provide atomic resolution protein structural information. It has been used to elucidate the molecular details of interactions between anesthetics and ion channels, to identify anesthetic binding sites, and to characterize channel dynamics and changes introduced by anesthetics. In this chapter, we present solution NMR methods essential for investigating interactions between ion channels and general anesthetics, including both volatile and intravenous anesthetics. Case studies are provided with a focus on pentameric ligand-gated ion channels and the voltage-gated sodium channel NaChBac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Bondarenko
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Marta Wells
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yan Xu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Pei Tang
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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49
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Sugiki T, Furuita K, Fujiwara T, Kojima C. Current NMR Techniques for Structure-Based Drug Discovery. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010148. [PMID: 29329228 PMCID: PMC6017608 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications have been developed for structure-based drug discovery (SBDD). NMR provides many advantages over other methods, such as the ability to directly observe chemical compounds and target biomolecules, and to be used for ligand-based and protein-based approaches. NMR can also provide important information about the interactions in a protein-ligand complex, such as structure, dynamics, and affinity, even when the interaction is too weak to be detected by ELISA or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based high-throughput screening (HTS) or to be crystalized. In this study, we reviewed current NMR techniques. We focused on recent progress in NMR measurement and sample preparation techniques that have expanded the potential of NMR-based SBDD, such as fluorine NMR (19F-NMR) screening, structure modeling of weak complexes, and site-specific isotope labeling of challenging targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Sugiki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Furuita
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | | | - Chojiro Kojima
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
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50
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Current Solution NMR Techniques for Structure-Function Studies of Proteins and RNA Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1105:43-58. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2200-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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