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Ono T, Okuda S, Ushiba S, Kanai Y, Matsumoto K. Challenges for Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Graphene Biosensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:333. [PMID: 38255502 PMCID: PMC10817696 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its outstanding physical properties, graphene has attracted attention as a promising biosensor material. Field-effect-transistor (FET)-based biosensors are particularly promising because of their high sensitivity that is achieved through the high carrier mobility of graphene. However, graphene-FET biosensors have not yet reached widespread practical applications owing to several problems. In this review, the authors focus on graphene-FET biosensors and discuss their advantages, the challenges to their development, and the solutions to the challenges. The problem of Debye screening, in which the surface charges of the detection target are shielded and undetectable, can be solved by using small-molecule receptors and their deformations and by using enzyme reaction products. To address the complexity of sample components and the detection mechanisms of graphene-FET biosensors, the authors outline measures against nonspecific adsorption and the remaining problems related to the detection mechanism itself. The authors also introduce a solution with which the molecular species that can reach the sensor surfaces are limited. Finally, the authors present multifaceted approaches to the sensor surfaces that provide much information to corroborate the results of electrical measurements. The measures and solutions introduced bring us closer to the practical realization of stable biosensors utilizing the superior characteristics of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ono
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okuda
- High Frequency & Optical Device Works, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, 4-1 Mizuhara, Itami, Sendai 664-8641, Japan
| | - Shota Ushiba
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Higashikotari, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kanai
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Alberti S, Piccinini E, Ramirez PG, Longo GS, Ceolín M, Azzaroni O. Mesoporous thin films on graphene FETs: nanofiltered, amplified and extended field-effect sensing. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19098-19108. [PMID: 34761778 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03704h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ionic screening and the response of non-specific molecules are great challenges of biosensors based on field-effect transistors (FETs). In this work, we report the construction of graphene based transistors modified with mesoporous silica thin films (MTF-GFETs) and the unique (bio)sensing properties that arise from their synergy. The developed method allows the preparation of mesoporous thin films free of fissures, with an easily tunable thickness, and prepared on graphene-surfaces, preserving their electronic properties. The MTF-GFETs show good sensing capacity to small probes that diffuse inside the mesopores and reach the graphene semiconductor channel such as H+, OH-, dopamine and H2O2. Interestingly, MTF-GFETs display a greater electrostatic gating response in terms of amplitude and sensing range compared to bare-GFETs for charged macromolecules that infiltrate the pores. For example, for polyelectrolytes and proteins of low MW, the amplitude increases almost 100% and the sensing range extends more than one order of magnitude. Moreover, these devices show a size-excluded electrostatic gating response given by the pore size. These features are even displayed at physiological ionic strength. Finally, a developed thermodynamic model evidences that the amplification and extended field-effect properties arise from the decrease of free ions inside the MTFs due to the entropy loss of confining ions in the mesopores. Our results demonstrate that the synergistic coupling of mesoporous films with FETs leads to nanofiltered, amplified and extended field-effect sensing (NAExFES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Alberti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, Suc. 4, CC 16, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Esteban Piccinini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, Suc. 4, CC 16, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Pedro G Ramirez
- Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis (IMASL), UNSL-CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Gabriel S Longo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, Suc. 4, CC 16, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo Ceolín
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, Suc. 4, CC 16, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Omar Azzaroni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, Suc. 4, CC 16, La Plata, Argentina.
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Alberti S, Datta A, Jágerská J. Integrated Nanophotonic Waveguide-Based Devices for IR and Raman Gas Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7224. [PMID: 34770531 PMCID: PMC8587819 DOI: 10.3390/s21217224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
On-chip devices for absorption spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy have been developing rapidly in the last few years, triggered by the growing availability of compact and affordable tunable lasers, detectors, and on-chip spectrometers. Material processing that is compatible with mass production has been proven to be capable of long low-loss waveguides of sophisticated designs, which are indispensable for high-light-analyte interactions. Sensitivity and selectivity have been further improved by the development of sorbent cladding. In this review, we discuss the latest advances and challenges in the field of waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (WERS) and waveguide infrared absorption spectroscopy (WIRAS). The development of integrated light sources and detectors toward miniaturization will be presented, together with the recent advances on waveguides and cladding to improve sensitivity. The latest reports on gas-sensing applications and main configurations for WERS and WIRAS will be described, and the most relevant figures of merit and limitations of different sensor realizations summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Alberti
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; (A.D.); (J.J.)
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhu R, Chen Y, Liu X, Xu J, Li M, Wang D. Urea Detection of Electrochemical Transistor Sensors based on Polyanline (PANI)/MWCNT/Cotton Yarns. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Yuedan Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Rufeng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Yuanli Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Xue Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Jia Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Mufang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Dong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Application Wuhan 430200 China
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Acetylcholine biosensor based on the electrochemical functionalization of graphene field-effect transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 148:111796. [PMID: 31665672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a new strategy of Acetylcholinesterease (AchE) immobilization on graphene field-effect transistors (gFETs) for building up Acetylcholine sensors. This method is based on the electrosynthesis of an amino moiety-bearing polymer layer on the graphene channel. The film of the copolymer poly(3-amino-benzylamine-co-aniline) (PABA) does not only provide the suitable electrostatic charge and non-denaturing environment for enzyme immobilization, but it also improves the pH sensitivity of the gFETs (from 40.8 to 56.3 μA/pH unit), probably due to its wider effective pKa distribution. The local pH changes caused by the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis produce a shift in the Dirac point of the gFETs to more negative values, which are evidenced as differences in the gFET conductivity and thereby constituted the signal transduction mechanism of the modified transistors. In this way, the constructed biosensors showed a LOD of 2.3 μM and were able to monitor Ach in the range from 5 to 1000 μM in a flow configuration. Moreover, they showed a sensitivity of -26.6 ± 0.7 μA/Ach decade and also exhibited a very low RSD of 2.6%, revealing good device-to-device reproducibility. The biosensors revealed an excellent selectivity to interferences known to be present in the extracellular milieu, and the response to Ach was recovered by 97.5% after the whole set of interferences injected. Finally, the biosensors showed a fast response time, with an average value of 130 s and a good long-term response.
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Piccinini E, Bliem C, Giussi JM, Knoll W, Azzaroni O. Reversible Switching of the Dirac Point in Graphene Field-Effect Transistors Functionalized with Responsive Polymer Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8038-8044. [PMID: 31094531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The reversible control of the graphene Dirac point using external chemical stimuli is of major interest in the development of advanced electronic devices such as sensors and smart logic gates. Here, we report the coupling of chemoresponsive polymer brushes to reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based field-effect transistors to modulate the graphene Dirac point in the presence of specific divalent cations. Poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate (PMEP) brushes were grown on the transistor channel by atom transfer radical polymerization initiated from amine-pyrene linkers noncovalently attached to rGO surfaces. Our results show an increase in the Dirac point voltage due to electrostatic gating effects upon the specific binding of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the PMEP brushes. We demonstrate that the electrostatic gating is reversibly controlled by the charge density of the polymer brushes, which depends on the divalent cation concentration. Moreover, a theoretical formalism based on the Grahame equation and a Langmuir-type binding isotherm is presented to obtain the PMEP-cation association constant from the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Piccinini
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CONICET , Suc. 4-C.C.16, 1900 La Plata , Argentina
| | | | - Juan M Giussi
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CONICET , Suc. 4-C.C.16, 1900 La Plata , Argentina
| | | | - Omar Azzaroni
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CONICET , Suc. 4-C.C.16, 1900 La Plata , Argentina
- CEST-UNLP Partner Lab for Bioelectronics , Diagonal 64 y 113 , La Plata 1900 , Argentina
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